Qerandiqo Berzeg
Hajji Qerandiqo Berzeg (Adyghe: Джэрандыкъо Бэрзэдж, romanized: Dɉərandıqo Bərzədɉ; Ubykh: Гьарандыхъва Барзагь, romanized: Gârandıqua Barzagy; Turkish: Hacı Giranduk Berzeg) was a Circassian military commander who served as the 6th leader of the Circassian Confederation from 1860 to 1864. Most of his life, including his late childhood, was spent in the Russo-Circassian War (1763-1864) fronts. He reportedly met his own son in the battlefield, where he lost two of his other sons. After the Circassian genocide, he was exiled to the Ottoman Empire, volunteered in the Ottoman army against Russia, and died there of old age.[1][2]
Qerandiqo Berzeg | |
|---|---|
Гьарандыхъва Барзагь Джэрандыкъо Бэрзэдж | |
Qerandiqo Berzeg in exile. Photograph taken in Constantinople by Abdullah Frères | |
| Confederate Leader of Circassia | |
| In office 13 June 1860 – 21 May 1864 | |
| Preceded by | Seferbiy Zaneqo |
| Succeeded by | Office abolished |
| Princely Leader of the Ubykh | |
| In office 1846–1864 | |
| Preceded by | Ismail Berzeg |
| Succeeded by | Office abolished |
| Leader of the Circassian Majlis | |
| In office 13 June 1860 – 21 May 1864 | |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Office abolished |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1804 Mytykhuasua, Ş̂açə, Circassia |
| Died | 1881 (aged 76–77) Yeniköy, Balıkesir, Ottoman Empire |
| Relations | Associate of Sultan Abdulaziz |
| Children | İslam Bey, Tevfik Bey, two unnamed children dead in battle |
| Parent | Hatajuq Berzeg (father) |
| Awards | Order of Osmaniye |
| Nickname | Ubykh Shamil |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Circassian Confederation Ottoman Empire |
| Years of service | 1841-1881 |
| Battles/wars | Russo-Circassian War Crimean War Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) |
Biography
Early life
Not much is recorded about Berzeg's early life, as Circassians did not write down their history, and all knowledge comes from Russian sources. Qerandiqo Berzeg was born in the Mytykhuasua village of Ş̂açə (Sochi). His father was Hatajuq Berzeg, and his uncle was Ismail Berzeg, the prince of Ubykhia. He spent his youth in Russo-Circassian War fronts. Being a pious Muslim, he went to Mecca for hajj in 1839.
Military career
After returning from hajj, he joined the war again. His first big military success was in Sukhumi, 1841, when he freed the Sadz region from Russian occupation. In 1846, with the death of Ismail Berzeg, he was elected as the prince of Ubykhia. In 1857, he unified his forces with Ishamil Zayush and attacked the Russian forces in Gagra. His biggest campaign was in 1854 when he set out to re-capture areas and forts invaded by the Russian army, and vastly succeeded.[2]
In 1860, when he was 60 years old, he helped unite Circassia and was elected the president of the Independence Majlis of Circassia (Adyghe: Шъхьафитныгъэ Хасэ, romanized: Şhafitnığə Xasə).
Life in exile
After the defeat in 1864, he could not decide whether to accept defeat or fight one last battle and die. He went to meet with Mikhail Chacba, prince of Abkhazia to ask for advice. When he was absent, his army of 3 thousand were attacked by the Russian army, and caught without a leader, were completely destroyed. After this, to avoid further bloodshed, Berzeg decided to admit defeat. On March 24, 1864, Berzeg declared full surrender on behalf of the Circassian people and was exiled to Ottoman territory.
After the Circassian genocide, he was personally invited by Sultan Abdulaziz of the Ottoman Empire and honored. He was offered a noble house in Istanbul but he formally rejected this offer and moved to a small village in Manyas instead.[3] During the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-1878, he assembled an army of Circassians and returned to fight against the Russians once again.[4] He died in 1881.
Legacy
Hajji Berzeg is respected by Circassians worldwide as national hero.
Mausoleum
In late 2021, Circassian activists started a campaign to have his grave restored in a manner that suits a leader and started fundraising. In March 2022, the Turkish government decided to investigate, and later announced that "the grave will be restored in a way that suits the commander, who has shown an example of great valor."[5][6][7]
The construction was completed in June 2022, and was opened with a ceremony. Deputy Yavuz Subaşı, who attended the ceremony, said in his speech that "Berzeg is not only a Circassian leader, but also a very important Ottoman commander. Circassians must preserve their language and religion."[8][9]
In his last will, Hajji Berzeg stated that he wanted at least a piece of his body to be buried in his homeland. To connect Berzeg with his homeland in accordance with his last will, during the ceremony, soil brought from the Circassian homeland by Asım Berzeg, the grandson of Hajji Berzeg, was sprinkled on the grave. Although it was deemed not permissible to open the grave and remove parts of it Islamically, at least some soil taken from the Tepecik Neighborhood, where the grave is located, was taken to the lands where Berzeg was born, to symbolically fulfill his last wish.[8][9]
Quotes
We may have lost the war, but we will never lose our humanity and decency. Traitors among us made us lose this war. And so, on this day, we stand defeated forced to leave our homeland, however it shall never leave our hearts, it is inside us and by God, we will never forget it.
— Hajji Qerandiqo Berzeg
I spent my life burning with passion for the independence of my homeland. When I was not in battle against the Russians, I spent most of my time curing my wounds and feeding the children. Since my life was spent defending my homeland in battle, I met my own son properly when he was old enough to come and join my army. Even just right now, I have sixteen different wounds on my body, acquired during the thirty five years of honorful battle against the inhumane invaders.
— Hajji Qerandiqo Berzeg
Now, I see that the people who I struggled for are begging me, "For the sake of God, do not leave us!" One day, surely I shall return to my homeland on top of my horse, standing victorious, and if I can not, at least bury me in my homeland.
— Hajji Qerandiqo Berzeg
Sources
- ^ . Muammer Dursun Erer. 2013. Archived from the original on 24 April 2020.
- ^ a b . Archived from the original on 31 July 2019.
- ^ Фильм о покорении Кавказа, содержащий биографию Хаджи Догомуко Керендуко Берзек
- ^ В. И. Ворошилов. История убыхов. Майкоп, 2006.
- ^ "Çerkez komutanın mezarı restore edilecek - Balıkesir Haberleri". www.haberturk.com (in Turkish). 2022-03-22. Retrieved 2022-03-24.
- ^ "Çerkez komutanın mezarı restore edilecek". Haberler (in Turkish). 2022-03-22. Retrieved 2022-03-24.
- ^ "Çerkez Komutanın Mezarı Restore Edilecek". Olay53.com (in Turkish). 2022-03-22. Retrieved 2022-03-24.
- ^ a b "Manyas'ta Çerkes Osmanlı komutanının anıt mezarı yenilendi". Haberler (in Turkish). 2022-06-11. Retrieved 2022-06-11.
- ^ a b "Manyas'ta Çerkes Osmanlı komutanının anıt mezarı yenilendi". Son Dakika (in Turkish). 2022-06-11. Retrieved 2022-06-11.