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Kaza

May 12, 2024

This article is about a type of administrative unit in the Middle East. For other uses, see Kaza (disambiguation).

A kaza (Ottoman Turkish: قضا, "judgment" or "jurisdiction")[note 1] was an administrative division of the Ottoman Empire. It is also discussed in English under the names district,[2] subdistrict,[3][4] and juridical district.[5] Kazas continued to be used by some of the empire's successor states. At present, they are used by Iraq, Lebanon, Jordan, and in Arabic discussion of Israel. In these contexts, they are also known by the Arabic name qada, qadā, or qadaa (Arabic: قضاء, qaḍāʾ).

Former use edit

Ottoman Empire edit

In the Ottoman Empire, a kaza was originally equivalent to the kadiluk, the district subject to the legal and administrative jurisdiction of a kadi or judge of Islamic law.[6] This usually corresponded to a major city of the empire with its surrounding villages. A small number of kazas made up each sanjak ("banner") under a sanjakbey.[6] Each kaza was in turn made up of one or more nahiyes ("districts") under müdürs[clarification needed] and mütesellims and several karyes ("villages") under muhtars.[7]

With the first round of Tanzimat reforms in 1839, the administrative duties of each district's kadi were transferred to a kaymakam ("governor") appointed by the Ministry of the Interior[7] and a treasurer, with the kadis restricted to solely religious and judicial roles.[8] Kazas were further emended and distinguished from the kadiluks under the 1864 Provincial Reform Law, implemented over the following decade as part of efforts by the Porte to establish uniform and rational administration across the empire.[5] The 1871 revisions removed the kazas' responsibility for direct supervision of their villages, placing them all under nearby nahiyes instead.[7]

Mandatory Palestine edit

The subdistricts of Mandatory Palestine were known as nafa (נָפָה‎) in Hebrew but as kaza, qada, etc. in Arabic. The same terms continue to be used in present-day Israel and Palestine.

Syria edit

Syria used kazas, qadas, etc. as its second-level administrative division after independence but later[when?] renamed them mintaqahs.

Turkey edit

The Republic of Turkey continued to use kazas until the late 1920s,[when?] when it renamed them subprovinces (ilçe).

Current use edit

Kaza, qada, etc. is also used to refer to the following:

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Translations into the languages used by the other ethnicities of the Ottoman Empire,[1] other than those already listed above:
    • Modern Turkish and Ladino: kaza[1]
    • Armenian: աւան (awan, a calque meaning "borough")[1]
    • Bulgarian: околия (okoliya, a calque meaning "district")[1] and кааза̀ (kaazà)
    • French: casa
    • Greek: υποδιοίκησις (ypodioíkisis, a calque meaning "subprefecture"), δήμος (dímos, a calque meaning "people" or "district"),[1] and καζάς (kazás)

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e Strauss, Johann (2010). "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the Kanun-ı Esasi and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages". In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.). The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy. Würzburg: Orient-Institut Istanbul. p. 21-51. (info page on book at Martin Luther University) // CITED: p. 41-44 (PDF p. 43-46/338).
  2. ^ Suraiya Faroqhi. Approaching Ottoman History: An Introduction to the Sources. Cambridge University Press, 1999. p. 88. ISBN 9780521666480
  3. ^ Donald Quataert. The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922. 2nd Ed. Volume 34 of New Approaches to European History. Cambridge University Press, 2005. p. 108. ISBN 9781139445917
  4. ^ Note, however, that this name is often applied to the nahiye level of the Ottoman administation.
  5. ^ a b Eugene L. Rogan. Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850-1921. Volume 12 of Cambridge Middle East Studies. Cambridge University Press, 2002. p. 12. ISBN 9780521892230
  6. ^ a b Selçuk Akşin Somel. "Kazâ". The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire. Volume 152 of A to Z Guides. Rowman & Littlefield, 2010. p. 151. ISBN 9780810875791
  7. ^ a b c Gökhan Çetinsaya. The Ottoman Administration of Iraq, 1890-1908. SOAS/Routledge Studies on the Middle East. Routledge, 2006. p. 8-9. ISBN 9780203481325
  8. ^ Selçuk Akşin Somel. "Kadı". The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire. Volume 152 of A to Z Guides. Rowman & Littlefield, 2010. p. 144-145. ISBN 9780810875791

May 12, 2024
kaza, this, article, about, type, administrative, unit, middle, east, other, uses, disambiguation, kaza, ottoman, turkish, قضا, judgment, jurisdiction, note, administrative, division, ottoman, empire, also, discussed, english, under, names, district, subdistri. This article is about a type of administrative unit in the Middle East For other uses see Kaza disambiguation A kaza Ottoman Turkish قضا judgment or jurisdiction note 1 was an administrative division of the Ottoman Empire It is also discussed in English under the names district 2 subdistrict 3 4 and juridical district 5 Kazas continued to be used by some of the empire s successor states At present they are used by Iraq Lebanon Jordan and in Arabic discussion of Israel In these contexts they are also known by the Arabic name qada qada or qadaa Arabic قضاء qaḍaʾ Contents 1 Former use 1 1 Ottoman Empire 1 2 Mandatory Palestine 1 3 Syria 1 4 Turkey 2 Current use 3 See also 4 Notes 5 ReferencesFormer use editOttoman Empire edit In the Ottoman Empire a kaza was originally equivalent to the kadiluk the district subject to the legal and administrative jurisdiction of a kadi or judge of Islamic law 6 This usually corresponded to a major city of the empire with its surrounding villages A small number of kazas made up each sanjak banner under a sanjakbey 6 Each kaza was in turn made up of one or more nahiyes districts under mudurs clarification needed and mutesellims and several karyes villages under muhtars 7 With the first round of Tanzimat reforms in 1839 the administrative duties of each district s kadi were transferred to a kaymakam governor appointed by the Ministry of the Interior 7 and a treasurer with the kadis restricted to solely religious and judicial roles 8 Kazas were further emended and distinguished from the kadiluks under the 1864 Provincial Reform Law implemented over the following decade as part of efforts by the Porte to establish uniform and rational administration across the empire 5 The 1871 revisions removed the kazas responsibility for direct supervision of their villages placing them all under nearby nahiyes instead 7 Mandatory Palestine edit The subdistricts of Mandatory Palestine were known as nafa נ פ ה in Hebrew but as kaza qada etc in Arabic The same terms continue to be used in present day Israel and Palestine Syria edit Syria used kazas qadas etc as its second level administrative division after independence but later when renamed them mintaqahs Turkey edit The Republic of Turkey continued to use kazas until the late 1920s when when it renamed them subprovinces ilce Current use editKaza qada etc is also used to refer to the following Districts of Iraq second level below the governorates Districts of Lebanon second level below the governorates Subdistricts of Israel second level below the districts in Arabic Subdistricts of Jordan third level below the governorates and the districts See also editAlcalde QadiNotes edit Translations into the languages used by the other ethnicities of the Ottoman Empire 1 other than those already listed above Modern Turkish and Ladino kaza 1 Armenian աւան awan a calque meaning borough 1 Bulgarian okoliya okoliya a calque meaning district 1 and kaaza kaaza French casa Greek ypodioikhsis ypodioikisis a calque meaning subprefecture dhmos dimos a calque meaning people or district 1 and kazas kazas References edit a b c d e Strauss Johann 2010 A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire Translations of the Kanun i Esasi and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages In Herzog Christoph Malek Sharif eds The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy Wurzburg Orient Institut Istanbul p 21 51 info page on book at Martin Luther University CITED p 41 44 PDF p 43 46 338 Suraiya Faroqhi Approaching Ottoman History An Introduction to the Sources Cambridge University Press 1999 p 88 ISBN 9780521666480 Donald Quataert The Ottoman Empire 1700 1922 2nd Ed Volume 34 of New Approaches to European History Cambridge University Press 2005 p 108 ISBN 9781139445917 Note however that this name is often applied to the nahiye level of the Ottoman administation a b Eugene L Rogan Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire Transjordan 1850 1921 Volume 12 of Cambridge Middle East Studies Cambridge University Press 2002 p 12 ISBN 9780521892230 a b Selcuk Aksin Somel Kaza The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire Volume 152 of A to Z Guides Rowman amp Littlefield 2010 p 151 ISBN 9780810875791 a b c Gokhan Cetinsaya The Ottoman Administration of Iraq 1890 1908 SOAS Routledge Studies on the Middle East Routledge 2006 p 8 9 ISBN 9780203481325 Selcuk Aksin Somel Kadi The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire Volume 152 of A to Z Guides Rowman amp Littlefield 2010 p 144 145 ISBN 9780810875791 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kaza amp oldid 1213015556, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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