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Přemyslid dynasty

January 07, 2023

The Přemyslid dynasty or House of Přemyslid (Czech: Přemyslovci, German: Premysliden, Polish: Przemyślidzi) was a Bohemian royal dynasty that reigned in the Duchy of Bohemia and later Kingdom of Bohemia and Margraviate of Moravia (9th century–1306), as well as in parts of Poland (including Silesia), Hungary and Austria.

Přemyslid dynasty
Country Duchy of Bohemia
Kingdom of Bohemia
Margraviate of Moravia
Duchy of Troppau
Founded867
FounderBořivoj I
Final rulerWenceslaus III of Bohemia
Titles
Dissolution1306 (Royal branch)
1521 (Opavian branch)
Cadet branchesIn order of seniority:
  • Bretislian
    • Conradian:
      • Znojmo (1035-1191)
      • Brno (1035-1200)
    • Olomouc (1045-1227)
    • Děpoltian (1123-1247)
    • Opavian (1255-1521)

Origin and growth of the Přemyslid dynasty

The dynasty's origin dates back to the 9th century,[1] when the Přemyslids ruled a tiny territory around Prague, populated by a tribe of the Western Slavs. Gradually they expanded, conquering much of the region of Bohemia, located in the Bohemian basin where it was not threatened by the expansion of the Frankish Empire. The first historically-documented Přemyslid duke was Bořivoj I (867).[1] In the following century, the Přemyslids also ruled over Silesia and founded the city of Wroclaw[citation needed] (Czech: Vratislav; German: Breslau), derived from the name of a Bohemian duke, Vratislaus I, father of Saint Wenceslaus. Under the reign of Prince Boleslaus I the Cruel (935) and his son Boleslaus II the Pious (972), the Přemyslids ruled territory stretching to today's Belarus.[1]

The dynasty controlled vital trade routes during this time. The Bohemian lands and Prague were an important center of trade where merchants from all of Europe settled, including many Jews, as recalled in 965 by the Hispano-Jewish merchant and traveller Ibrahim ibn Ya'qub. He wrote, "Prague is a city from the stone, the richest of all states north of the Alps." After their rise to prominence, however, struggles within the family set in motion a decline in power and, in 1002, the Polish duke Boleslaus the Brave occupied Prague.[1] Boleslaus III, son of Boleslaus II, escaped from Bohemia; decades of confusion and anarchy ensued.

The decline ended in the reign of Prince Bretislaus I, grandson of Boleslaus II. He in turn looted Poland, including the cities of Krakow and Gniezno (1038), where he obtained the relics of St. Adalbert. He sought the establishment of the Prague archbishopric and a royal title. His son and successor Vratislaus II became the first King of Bohemia in 1085.

Vratislav's son Sobeslaus I destroyed the Imperial army of King Lothar III in the Battle of Chlumec in 1126. This allowed a further strengthening of Bohemia, culminating during the reign of Vratislav's grandson, King Vladislaus II (1158). Vladislav II founded many monasteries and built the first stone bridge across the Vltava river, one of the earliest in Central and Northern Europe. Once again, internal struggles started the decline of the Přemyslids. Many leaders from the dynasty alternated on the Bohemian throne, leading to their eventual bankruptcy. Finally, on his ascension to the throne, Ottokar I began a series of changes that brought Bohemia out of crisis, and began a period of success[1] that lasted for nearly 220 years.

At the height of its power

 
Last three Přemyslid kings according to illumination from the Chronicon Aulae regiae: Přemysl Ottokar II (one crown – Bohemia), Wenceslaus II (two crowns – Bohemia and Poland) and Wenceslaus III (three crowns – Hungary, Bohemia and Poland)
 
Bohemian king Wenceslaus II as the King of Poland, a romantic drawing by Jan Matejko (1892)

Ottokar I became the third King of Bohemia in the year 1198 but was the first King of Bohemia to acquire a hereditary royal title. This began significant growth of the Přemyslids' dynastic power. There was also a large urban and crafts development in Bohemia.

In the second half of the 13th century, the Přemyslids were one of the most powerful dynasties in Central Europe.[2] King Přemysl Ottokar II, son of Wenceslas I, earned the nickname "Iron and Golden King" because of his military power and wealth.[1] After several victorious wars with the Hungarian Kingdom, he acquired Austria, Styria, Carinthia and Carniola, extending Bohemian territory to the Adriatic Sea.

King Ottokar II aspired to the crown of the Holy Roman Empire. His ambitions started the conflict with the House of Habsburg, which had been composed of little-known counts, and suited the interests of German noble houses better than the mighty King Ottokar. The Habsburg representative, Rudolf, was elected as King of the Romans. In the Battle of Marchfeld (1278), Ottokar clashed with the Imperial and Hungarian armies, only to be killed.[1] The Habsburgs then acquired Austria and retained it until the 20th century.

Ottokar's son King Wenceslaus II was just seven when he came to the throne of Bohemia. Over time, thanks to deft diplomacy, he gained the Polish crown for himself and the crown of Hungary for his son.[1] Wenceslas II brought together a vast empire stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Danube River and established numerous cities, among them Plzeň in 1295. Bohemia became a wealthy nation during his reign thanks to a large vein of silver at Kutná Hora.[1] He introduced the silver Prague groschen,[1] which was an important unit of currency in Europe for centuries, and planned to build the first university in Central Europe.

The power and wealth of the Kingdom of Bohemia gave rise to great respect, but also to the hostility of other European royal families. The dynasty began to collapse following the untimely death of Wenceslaus II (1305), and the assassination of his only son, Wenceslaus III in 1306, which ended their rule.[1][2]

On the distaff side, however, the dynasty continued, and in 1355, Bohemian king Charles IV, the grandson of Wenceslaus II, was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome.

Legendary rulers

The name of the dynasty, according to Cosmas in his Chronica Boemorum (1119), comes from its legendary founder, Přemysl, husband of duchess Libuše.[3]

Dukes of Bohemia

The first historical Přemyslid was Duke Bořivoj I, baptised in 874 by Saint Methodius. In 895, Bohemia gained independence from Great Moravia. Between 1003 and 1004, Bohemia was controlled by Boleslaus the Brave, Duke of Poland from the Piast dynasty, grandson of Boleslaus I the Cruel.

In 1085, Duke Vratislaus II, and, in 1158, Duke Vladislaus II, were crowned King of Bohemia as a personal award from the Holy Roman Emperor. The title, however, was not hereditary.

Kings of Bohemia

 
Maximum extent of the kingdom under Ottokar II,
c. 1276

Bohemia was the only princedom in the Holy Roman Empire which was raised to the status of kingdom prior to the Napoleonic wars. The reason for this was strength: as soon as Bohemia overcame its civil strife, the Bohemian duke became the principal ally for any candidate for the Imperial throne. The emperor could thus use Bohemian forces to punish any rebels who were Bohemian neighbours simply by raiding their lands. This is evinced by the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV naming Prince Vratislaus II of Bohemia the first king of Bohemia, Vratislav I, in 1085. He was raised to this prominent position not long after his father Bretislaus pacified Bohemia after years of civil conflict. The kingship was disputed whenever Bohemian internal conflict increased. It was fixed, however, after the position of the emperor in Germany weakened.

In 1198, Duke Ottokar I again gained the title of King of Bohemia as an ally of Philip of Swabia. This title was reconfirmed by Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor and later on in Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor's Golden Bull of Sicily (1212).

Kings of Bohemia, Poland and Hungary, rulers of Austria

 
Territory under the control of the Přemyslids, c. 1301:
  Kingdom of Bohemia
  Kingdom of Poland
  Probable extent of territory under control of Wenceslaus III in Hungary
  Vassals

In 1269-1276, King Ottokar II of Bohemia was the first in history to rule the lands of today's Austria together (except for Tyrol and Salzburg). He also founded the Hofburg Palace in Vienna.

In 1300, King Wenceslaus II was crowned King of Poland. Prior to this, he held the title "High Duke of Poland (Duke of Kraków)" since 1291 and became its overlord upon the death of Przemysł II of Poland in 1296.

The royal line ended in 1306 with the death of King Wenceslaus III. The Bohemian throne went to the Luxembourgs, and the Polish throne returned to the Piasts.

Dukes of Opava, Krnov, Ratibor and Münsterberg

In 1269, Nicholas, bastard son of King Ottokar II who was legitimized by pope Alexander IV in 1260, became Duke of Opava. In 1337, his son Nicholas II inherited the Duchy of Ratibor. His four sons divided the Duchy of Opava (the Duchy of Ratibor was inherited only by the eldest, John). Thus started the partition of a once-unified land between the descendants of Nicholas II. In 1443, William, Duke of Opava gained the Duchy of Münsterberg, which was held by Přemyslids until 1456. This line of Opavian Přemyslids ended in 1521, with the death of Valentine, Duke of Ratibor.

Family tree

Family Tree of the Premyslid Dukes and Kings of Bohemia

 

Bořivoj I. + Saint Ludmila

Family tree of Elisabeth of Bohemia and Jagiellonians and Habsburgs

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k . Czech Republic Government. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2013-06-26.
  2. ^ a b "House of Přemysl". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2013-06-26.
  3. ^ Peter Demetz. Prague in Black and Gold: Scenes from the Life of a European City. Hill and Wang, 1997. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-8090-1609-9

January 07, 2023
přemyslid, dynasty, house, přemyslid, czech, přemyslovci, german, premysliden, polish, przemyślidzi, bohemian, royal, dynasty, that, reigned, duchy, bohemia, later, kingdom, bohemia, margraviate, moravia, century, 1306, well, parts, poland, including, silesia,. The Premyslid dynasty or House of Premyslid Czech Premyslovci German Premysliden Polish Przemyslidzi was a Bohemian royal dynasty that reigned in the Duchy of Bohemia and later Kingdom of Bohemia and Margraviate of Moravia 9th century 1306 as well as in parts of Poland including Silesia Hungary and Austria Premyslid dynastyCountryDuchy of Bohemia Kingdom of Bohemia Margraviate of Moravia Duchy of TroppauFounded867FounderBorivoj IFinal rulerWenceslaus III of BohemiaTitlesKing and Duke of Bohemia Czech Cesky kral King of Hungary King of Poland Duke of Olomouc Duke of Brno Duke of Znojmo Duke of Opava Duke of Raciborz Duke of Munsterberg Duke of Krnov Margrave of Moravia Landgrave of Austria Landgrave of Styria Landgrave of Carinthia Landgrave of CarniolaDissolution1306 Royal branch 1521 Opavian branch Cadet branchesIn order of seniority Bretislian Conradian Znojmo 1035 1191 Brno 1035 1200 Olomouc 1045 1227 Depoltian 1123 1247 Opavian 1255 1521 Contents 1 Origin and growth of the Premyslid dynasty 2 At the height of its power 3 Legendary rulers 4 Dukes of Bohemia 5 Kings of Bohemia 6 Kings of Bohemia Poland and Hungary rulers of Austria 7 Dukes of Opava Krnov Ratibor and Munsterberg 8 Family tree 9 Family tree of Elisabeth of Bohemia and Jagiellonians and Habsburgs 10 See also 11 ReferencesOrigin and growth of the Premyslid dynasty EditThe dynasty s origin dates back to the 9th century 1 when the Premyslids ruled a tiny territory around Prague populated by a tribe of the Western Slavs Gradually they expanded conquering much of the region of Bohemia located in the Bohemian basin where it was not threatened by the expansion of the Frankish Empire The first historically documented Premyslid duke was Borivoj I 867 1 In the following century the Premyslids also ruled over Silesia and founded the city of Wroclaw citation needed Czech Vratislav German Breslau derived from the name of a Bohemian duke Vratislaus I father of Saint Wenceslaus Under the reign of Prince Boleslaus I the Cruel 935 and his son Boleslaus II the Pious 972 the Premyslids ruled territory stretching to today s Belarus 1 The dynasty controlled vital trade routes during this time The Bohemian lands and Prague were an important center of trade where merchants from all of Europe settled including many Jews as recalled in 965 by the Hispano Jewish merchant and traveller Ibrahim ibn Ya qub He wrote Prague is a city from the stone the richest of all states north of the Alps After their rise to prominence however struggles within the family set in motion a decline in power and in 1002 the Polish duke Boleslaus the Brave occupied Prague 1 Boleslaus III son of Boleslaus II escaped from Bohemia decades of confusion and anarchy ensued The decline ended in the reign of Prince Bretislaus I grandson of Boleslaus II He in turn looted Poland including the cities of Krakow and Gniezno 1038 where he obtained the relics of St Adalbert He sought the establishment of the Prague archbishopric and a royal title His son and successor Vratislaus II became the first King of Bohemia in 1085 Vratislav s son Sobeslaus I destroyed the Imperial army of King Lothar III in the Battle of Chlumec in 1126 This allowed a further strengthening of Bohemia culminating during the reign of Vratislav s grandson King Vladislaus II 1158 Vladislav II founded many monasteries and built the first stone bridge across the Vltava river one of the earliest in Central and Northern Europe Once again internal struggles started the decline of the Premyslids Many leaders from the dynasty alternated on the Bohemian throne leading to their eventual bankruptcy Finally on his ascension to the throne Ottokar I began a series of changes that brought Bohemia out of crisis and began a period of success 1 that lasted for nearly 220 years At the height of its power Edit Last three Premyslid kings according to illumination from the Chronicon Aulae regiae Premysl Ottokar II one crown Bohemia Wenceslaus II two crowns Bohemia and Poland and Wenceslaus III three crowns Hungary Bohemia and Poland Bohemian king Wenceslaus II as the King of Poland a romantic drawing by Jan Matejko 1892 Ottokar I became the third King of Bohemia in the year 1198 but was the first King of Bohemia to acquire a hereditary royal title This began significant growth of the Premyslids dynastic power There was also a large urban and crafts development in Bohemia In the second half of the 13th century the Premyslids were one of the most powerful dynasties in Central Europe 2 King Premysl Ottokar II son of Wenceslas I earned the nickname Iron and Golden King because of his military power and wealth 1 After several victorious wars with the Hungarian Kingdom he acquired Austria Styria Carinthia and Carniola extending Bohemian territory to the Adriatic Sea King Ottokar II aspired to the crown of the Holy Roman Empire His ambitions started the conflict with the House of Habsburg which had been composed of little known counts and suited the interests of German noble houses better than the mighty King Ottokar The Habsburg representative Rudolf was elected as King of the Romans In the Battle of Marchfeld 1278 Ottokar clashed with the Imperial and Hungarian armies only to be killed 1 The Habsburgs then acquired Austria and retained it until the 20th century Ottokar s son King Wenceslaus II was just seven when he came to the throne of Bohemia Over time thanks to deft diplomacy he gained the Polish crown for himself and the crown of Hungary for his son 1 Wenceslas II brought together a vast empire stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Danube River and established numerous cities among them Plzen in 1295 Bohemia became a wealthy nation during his reign thanks to a large vein of silver at Kutna Hora 1 He introduced the silver Prague groschen 1 which was an important unit of currency in Europe for centuries and planned to build the first university in Central Europe The power and wealth of the Kingdom of Bohemia gave rise to great respect but also to the hostility of other European royal families The dynasty began to collapse following the untimely death of Wenceslaus II 1305 and the assassination of his only son Wenceslaus III in 1306 which ended their rule 1 2 On the distaff side however the dynasty continued and in 1355 Bohemian king Charles IV the grandson of Wenceslaus II was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome Legendary rulers EditThe name of the dynasty according to Cosmas in his Chronica Boemorum 1119 comes from its legendary founder Premysl husband of duchess Libuse 3 Premysl and Libuse Nezamysl Mnata Vojen Vnislav Kresomysl Neklan HostivitDukes of Bohemia EditThe first historical Premyslid was Duke Borivoj I baptised in 874 by Saint Methodius In 895 Bohemia gained independence from Great Moravia Between 1003 and 1004 Bohemia was controlled by Boleslaus the Brave Duke of Poland from the Piast dynasty grandson of Boleslaus I the Cruel In 1085 Duke Vratislaus II and in 1158 Duke Vladislaus II were crowned King of Bohemia as a personal award from the Holy Roman Emperor The title however was not hereditary Borivoj I c 870 889 Spytihnev I 895 915 Vratislaus I 915 921 Saint Wenceslaus Wenceslaus I Duke of Bohemia 921 935 Boleslaus I the Cruel 935 972 Boleslaus II the Pious 972 999 Boleslaus III the Red haired 999 1002 Vladivoj 1002 1003 Boleslaus IV 1003 1004 Jaromir 1004 1012 Ulrich 1012 1033 Jaromir 1033 1034 Ulrich 1034 Bretislaus I 1035 1055 Spytihnev II 1055 1061 Vratislaus II 1061 1092 king 1085 1092 as Vratislav I Conrad I of Brno 1092 Bretislaus II 1092 1100 Borivoj II 1101 1107 Svatopluk 1107 1109 Vladislaus I 1109 1117 Borivoj II 1117 1120 Vladislaus I 1120 1125 Sobeslaus I 1125 1140 Vladislaus II 1140 1172 king 1158 1172 as Vladislaus I Frederick 1172 1173 Sobeslaus II 1173 1178 Frederick 1178 1189 Conrad II Otto 1189 1191 Wenceslaus II 1191 1192 Ottokar I 1192 1193 Henry Bretislaus 1193 1197 Vladislaus Henry 1197 Ottokar I 1197 1198 Kings of Bohemia Edit Maximum extent of the kingdom under Ottokar II c 1276 Bohemia was the only princedom in the Holy Roman Empire which was raised to the status of kingdom prior to the Napoleonic wars The reason for this was strength as soon as Bohemia overcame its civil strife the Bohemian duke became the principal ally for any candidate for the Imperial throne The emperor could thus use Bohemian forces to punish any rebels who were Bohemian neighbours simply by raiding their lands This is evinced by the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV naming Prince Vratislaus II of Bohemia the first king of Bohemia Vratislav I in 1085 He was raised to this prominent position not long after his father Bretislaus pacified Bohemia after years of civil conflict The kingship was disputed whenever Bohemian internal conflict increased It was fixed however after the position of the emperor in Germany weakened In 1198 Duke Ottokar I again gained the title of King of Bohemia as an ally of Philip of Swabia This title was reconfirmed by Otto IV Holy Roman Emperor and later on in Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor s Golden Bull of Sicily 1212 Ottokar I czech Premysl Otakar I 1198 1230 Wenceslaus I czech Vaclav I 1230 1253 Ottokar II czech Premysl Otakar II 1253 1278 Wenceslaus II czech Vaclav II 1278 1305 Wenceslaus III czech Vaclav III 1305 1306 Kings of Bohemia Poland and Hungary rulers of Austria Edit Territory under the control of the Premyslids c 1301 Kingdom of Bohemia Kingdom of Poland Probable extent of territory under control of Wenceslaus III in Hungary Vassals In 1269 1276 King Ottokar II of Bohemia was the first in history to rule the lands of today s Austria together except for Tyrol and Salzburg He also founded the Hofburg Palace in Vienna In 1300 King Wenceslaus II was crowned King of Poland Prior to this he held the title High Duke of Poland Duke of Krakow since 1291 and became its overlord upon the death of Przemysl II of Poland in 1296 Wenceslaus II 1300 1305 Wenceslaus III 1305 1306 also King of Hungary 1301 1305 as VencelThe royal line ended in 1306 with the death of King Wenceslaus III The Bohemian throne went to the Luxembourgs and the Polish throne returned to the Piasts Dukes of Opava Krnov Ratibor and Munsterberg EditIn 1269 Nicholas bastard son of King Ottokar II who was legitimized by pope Alexander IV in 1260 became Duke of Opava In 1337 his son Nicholas II inherited the Duchy of Ratibor His four sons divided the Duchy of Opava the Duchy of Ratibor was inherited only by the eldest John Thus started the partition of a once unified land between the descendants of Nicholas II In 1443 William Duke of Opava gained the Duchy of Munsterberg which was held by Premyslids until 1456 This line of Opavian Premyslids ended in 1521 with the death of Valentine Duke of Ratibor Family tree EditFamily Tree of the Premyslid Dukes and Kings of Bohemia Borivoj I Saint Ludmila Spytihnev I Vratislav I Saint Vaclav I Boleslav I the Cruel Boleslav II the Pious Boleslav III the Red haired Jaromir the Eunuch Vaclav the Infantdead Oldrich Bretislav I Achilles Duke of Bohemia and Moravia earlier Duke of Moravia Bretislian Spytihnev II Vratislav II Bretislav II Judith of Bohemia mother of Boleslaus III of Poland Borivoj II Vladislav I Vladislav II Bedrich Ottokar I Wenceslas I Ottokar II the Golden and Iron Wenceslas II Wenceslas III d 1306 as last male member of the royal Premyslid dynasty Anne of Bohemia 1290 1313 Elisabeth of Bohemia 1292 1330 last member of the royal Premyslid dynasty Nicholas I of Opavia started line of Dukes of Opava died out in 1521 Vladislaus II of Moravia Ottonian Queen Dagmar of Denmark mother of Valdemar the Young Vladislav III Henry Henry Bretislav III Henry Henry Bretislav Sobeslav I Sobeslav II the Peasant Wenceslas II Bishop Jaromir Konrad I of Brno and Znojmo Conradian Konrad of Brno Conradian earlier Duke of Moravia Litolt of Znojmo Conradian earlier Duke of Moravia Oldrich of Brno Cobradian Duke of Moravia part of Brno Konrad of Znojmo Conradian earlier Duke of Moravia Konrad II Ota of Brno and Znojmo Conradian Otto of Olomouc Otto II the Black Svatopluk Abbess Mlada Dobrava m Mieszko I of Poland ancestors of piast line in Poland which includes Boleslaw III above Strachkvas ChristianFamily tree of Elisabeth of Bohemia and Jagiellonians and Habsburgs EditCharles IV Holy Roman Emperor and king of Bohemia Wenceslaus King of the Romans and king of Bohemia Sigismund Holy Roman Emperor King of Hungary and Bohemia Elisabeth of Luxemburg Queen of Hungary Germany and Bohemia Ladislaus the Posthumous King of Hungary and Bohemia Archduke of Austria Elisabeth of Austria Queen of Poland King Vladislas II of Bohemia and Hungary King Louis II of Hungary and of Bohemia Princess and Queen Anna of Bohemia and Hungary Ferdinand I Holy Roman Emperor and King of Hungary and Bohemia Maxmilian II Rudolph II Matthias Charles of Steiermark Ferdinand II Ferdinand III Ferdinand IV Leopold I Joseph I Marie Amalia Charles III of Bavaria Charles II Maria Theresa Joseph II Leopold II Francis I Ferdinand V Francis Charles Francis II Joseph Emperor Maxmilian Charles Louis Francis Ferdinand d Este Otto Charles IV Otto von Habsburg Karl von Habsburg John of Zgorzelec Elisabeth Duchess of Luxembourg John Henry Emperor Jost of MoraviaSee also EditList of rulers of Bohemia Kingdom of Bohemia List of Polish rulers List of rulers of HungaryReferences Edit a b c d e f g h i j k Premyslid Dynasty Czech Republic Government Archived from the original on 2018 06 12 Retrieved 2013 06 26 a b House of Premysl Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 2013 06 26 Peter Demetz Prague in Black and Gold Scenes from the Life of a European City Hill and Wang 1997 p 3 ISBN 978 0 8090 1609 9 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Premyslid dynasty amp oldid 1124566695, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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