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Pterophoridae

April 10, 2024

The Pterophoridae or plume moths are a family of Lepidoptera with unusually modified wings, giving them the shape of a narrow winged airplane. Though they belong to the Apoditrysia like the larger moths and the butterflies, unlike these they are tiny and were formerly included among the assemblage called "microlepidoptera".

Pterophoridae
Temporal range: Chattian–Present
Pterophorus pentadactyla
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Superfamily: Pterophoroidea
Family: Pterophoridae
Zeller, 1841
Type species
Pterophorus pentadactyla
Subfamilies
Diversity
>90 genera
>1,000 species

Description and ecology edit

 
Pupa of Platyptilia tetradactyla (Pterophorinae: Platyptiliini)

The forewings of plume moths usually consist of two curved spars with more or less bedraggled bristles trailing behind. This resembles the closely related Alucitidae (many-plumed moths) at first glance, but the latter have a greater number of symmetrical plumes. The hindwings are similarly constructed, but have three spars. This unorthodox structure does not prevent flight.[1] A few genera have normal lepidopteran wings.

The usual resting posture is with the wings extended laterally and narrowly rolled up. Often they resemble a piece of dried grass, and may pass unnoticed by potential predators even when resting in exposed situations in daylight. Some species have larvae which are stem- or root-borers while others are leaf-browsers.

Bucks Plume avoids a crab spider

Economically important pterophorids include the artichoke plume moth (Platyptilia carduidactyla), an artichoke (Cynara cardunculus) pest in California, while the geranium plume moth (Platyptilia pica)[2] and the snapdragon plume moth (Stenoptilodes antirrhina) can cause damage to the ornamental plants garden geranium (Pelargonium x hortorum) and common snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus), respectively. Other plume moths have been used as biological control agents against invasive plant species – Lantanophaga pusillidactyla against West Indian lantana (Lantana camara), Oidaematophorus beneficus against mistflower (Ageratina riparia), Hellinsia balanotes against groundsel bush (Baccharis halimifolia),[3] and Wheeleria spilodactylus against horehound (Marrubium vulgare).[4]

Evolution edit

A fossil species from the extant genus Merrifieldia is known from the Oligocene of France.[5][6]

Taxonomy edit

The small group of moths in the genus Agdistopis has often been treated as a subfamily Macropiratinae within the Pterophoridae, but recent research indicates that this group should be considered a separate family.

The family is divided into the following subfamilies, tribes and genera,[7] some species are also listed:
Subfamily Agdistinae

Subfamily Ochyroticinae

Subfamily Deuterocopinae Gielis, 1993

Subfamily Pterophorinae Zeller, 1841

Footnotes edit

  1. ^ Haynes, K.F. & Birch, M.C. (1984)
  2. ^ MDA (1980)
  3. ^ Palmer, W.A. & Haseler, W.H. (1992)
  4. ^ Baker, J. (2002)
  5. ^ L. Bigot, A. Nel, and J. Nel. 1986. Description de la première espèce fossile connue de Ptérophore (Lepidoptera Pterophoridae). Alexanor 14:283-288
  6. ^ SOHN, JAE-CHEON; LABANDEIRA, CONRAD; DAVIS, DONALD; MITTER, CHARLES (2012-04-30). "An annotated catalog of fossil and subfossil Lepidoptera (Insecta: Holometabola) of the world". Zootaxa. 3286 (1): 1. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3286.1.1. ISSN 1175-5334.
  7. ^ Gielis, Cees (2000-05-31). "Division of the Pterophoridae into Tribes (Lepidoptera)" (PDF). Quadrifina. 3: 57–60 – via ZOBODAT.

References edit

  • Baker, J. (2002): Factors affecting the establishment of a classical biological control agent, the horehound plume moth (Wheeleria spilodactylus) in South Australia. (A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Applied and Molecular Ecology, Adelaide University, Australia)
  • Michigan Department of Agriculture (MDA) (1980): Geranium Plume Moth Quarantine. PDF fulltext
  • Palmer, W.A & Haseler, W.H. (1992): Foodplant Specificity and Biology of Oidaematophorus balanotes (Pterophoridae): A North American Moth Introduced into Australia for the Control of Baccharis halimifolia (Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 46(3), 1992: 195–202). PDF fulltext[permanent dead link]
  • Haynes, K.F. & Birch, M.C. (1984): Mate-locating and courtship behaviors of the artichoke plume moth, Platyptilia carduidactyla (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae) (Environmental Entomology 13.2 1984: 399–408). https://academic.oup.com/ee/article-abstract/13/2/399/2393151]

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pterophoridae.

April 10, 2024
pterophoridae, plume, moths, family, lepidoptera, with, unusually, modified, wings, giving, them, shape, narrow, winged, airplane, though, they, belong, apoditrysia, like, larger, moths, butterflies, unlike, these, they, tiny, were, formerly, included, among, . The Pterophoridae or plume moths are a family of Lepidoptera with unusually modified wings giving them the shape of a narrow winged airplane Though they belong to the Apoditrysia like the larger moths and the butterflies unlike these they are tiny and were formerly included among the assemblage called microlepidoptera PterophoridaeTemporal range Chattian Present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NPterophorus pentadactylaScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ArthropodaClass InsectaOrder LepidopteraSuperfamily PterophoroideaFamily PterophoridaeZeller 1841Type speciesPterophorus pentadactylaLinnaeus 1758SubfamiliesAgdistinae Deuterocopinae Ochyroticinae PterophorinaeDiversity gt 90 genera gt 1 000 species Contents 1 Description and ecology 2 Evolution 3 Taxonomy 4 Footnotes 5 References 6 External linksDescription and ecology edit nbsp Pupa of Platyptilia tetradactyla Pterophorinae Platyptiliini The forewings of plume moths usually consist of two curved spars with more or less bedraggled bristles trailing behind This resembles the closely related Alucitidae many plumed moths at first glance but the latter have a greater number of symmetrical plumes The hindwings are similarly constructed but have three spars This unorthodox structure does not prevent flight 1 A few genera have normal lepidopteran wings The usual resting posture is with the wings extended laterally and narrowly rolled up Often they resemble a piece of dried grass and may pass unnoticed by potential predators even when resting in exposed situations in daylight Some species have larvae which are stem or root borers while others are leaf browsers source source source source source source source source Bucks Plume avoids a crab spiderEconomically important pterophorids include the artichoke plume moth Platyptilia carduidactyla an artichoke Cynara cardunculus pest in California while the geranium plume moth Platyptilia pica 2 and the snapdragon plume moth Stenoptilodes antirrhina can cause damage to the ornamental plants garden geranium Pelargonium x hortorum and common snapdragon Antirrhinum majus respectively Other plume moths have been used as biological control agents against invasive plant species Lantanophaga pusillidactyla against West Indian lantana Lantana camara Oidaematophorus beneficus against mistflower Ageratina riparia Hellinsia balanotes against groundsel bush Baccharis halimifolia 3 and Wheeleria spilodactylus against horehound Marrubium vulgare 4 Evolution editA fossil species from the extant genus Merrifieldia is known from the Oligocene of France 5 6 Taxonomy editThe small group of moths in the genus Agdistopis has often been treated as a subfamily Macropiratinae within the Pterophoridae but recent research indicates that this group should be considered a separate family The family is divided into the following subfamilies tribes and genera 7 some species are also listed Subfamily Agdistinae Genus Agdistis Hubner 1825 Agdistis bouyeri Agdistis linnaeiSubfamily Ochyroticinae Genus Ochyrotica Ochyrotica bjoernstadtiSubfamily Deuterocopinae Gielis 1993 Genus Deuterocopus Genus Heptaloba Genus Hexadactilia Genus LeptodeuterocopusSubfamily Pterophorinae Zeller 1841 Tribe Tetraschalini Genus Tetraschalis Genus Titanoptilus Genus Walsinghamiella Tribe Platyptiliini Genus Amblyptilia Hubner 1825 Amblyptilia acanthadactyla Genus Anstenoptilia Genus Asiaephorus Genus Bigotilia Genus Bipunctiphorus Genus Buszkoiana Genus Cnaemidophorus Wallengren 1862 Cnaemidophorus rhododactyla Genus Crocydoscelus Genus Fletcherella Genus Gillmeria Tutt 1905 Gillmeria ochrodactyla Genus Inferuncus Genus Koremaguia Genus Lantanophaga Zimmermann 1958 Lantanophaga pusillidactyla Genus Leesi Genus Lioptilodes Genus Melanoptilia Genus Michaelophorus Genus Nippoptilia Genus Paraamblyptilia Genus Paraplatyptilia Genus Platyptilia Hubner 1825 nbsp Platyptilia celidotus Pterophorinae Platyptiliini nbsp Platyptilia falcatalis Pterophorinae Platyptiliini Platyptilia aarviki Platyptilia calodactyla Platyptilia carduidactyla artichoke plume moth Platyptilia celidotus Platyptilia eberti Platyptilia falcatalis Platyptilia gonodactyla Platyptilia nemoralis Platyptilia nussi Genus Platyptiliodes Genus Postplatyptilia Genus Quadriptilia Genus Sinpunctiptilia Sinpunctiptilia emissalis Genus Sochchora Genus Sphenarches Genus Stenoptilia Hubner 1825 Stenoptilia bipunctidactyla Stenoptilia kiitulo Stenoptilia pterodactyla Stenoptilia zophodactylus Genus Stenoptilodes Zimmermann 1958 Stenoptilodes antirrhina snapdragon plume moth Genus Stockophorus Genus Uroloba Genus Vietteilus Genus Xyroptila Tribe Marasmarchini Genus Arcoptilia Genus Exelastis Genus Fuscoptilia Genus Marasmarcha Genus Parafuscoptilia Tribe Oxyptilini Genus Apoxyptilus Alipanah et al 2010 Genus Buckleria Tutt 1905 Buckleria vanderwolfi Genus Capperia Genus Crombrugghia nbsp Stenodacma wahlbergi Pterophorinae Oxyptilini Genus Dejongia Genus Eucapperia Eucapperia continentalis Genus Geina Genus Intercapperia Genus Megalorhipida Amsel 1935 Megalorrhipida leucodactyla Genus Oxyptilus Genus Paracapperia Genus Prichotilus Rose and Pooni 2003 Genus Procapperia Genus Pseudoxyptilus Alipanah et al 2010 Genus Stangeia Tutt 1905 Stangeia xerodes nbsp Stangeia xerodes Pterophorinae Oxyptilini Genus Stenodacma Genus Tomotilus Genus Trichoptilus Tribe Oidaematophorini Genus Adaina Genus Crassuncus Genus Emmelina Tutt 1905 Emmelina monodactyla Genus Gypsochares Genus Hellinsia Tutt 1905 Hellinsia balanotes Hellinsia emmelinoida Genus Helpaphorus Genus Karachia Genus Oidaematophorus Wallengren 1862 Oidaematophorus beneficus Genus Picardia Genus Pselnophorus Wallengren 1881 Pselnophorus meruensis Genus Puerphorus Genus Setosipennula Tribe Pterophorini Genus Calyciphora Genus Cosmoclostis Cosmoclostis aglaodesma Cosmoclostis hemiadelpha Cosmoclostis pesseuta Genus Diacrotricha Genus Imbophorus Imbophorus aptalis Imbophorus leucophasmus Imbophorus pallidus Genus Merrifieldia Genus Oirata Genus Patagonophorus Genus Porrittia Genus Pterophorus Pterophorus pentadactyla white plume moth Genus Septuaginta Genus Singularia Genus Tabulaephorus Genus Wheeleria Tutt 1905 Wheeleria spilodactylusFootnotes edit Haynes K F amp Birch M C 1984 MDA 1980 Palmer W A amp Haseler W H 1992 Baker J 2002 L Bigot A Nel and J Nel 1986 Description de la premiere espece fossile connue de Pterophore Lepidoptera Pterophoridae Alexanor 14 283 288 SOHN JAE CHEON LABANDEIRA CONRAD DAVIS DONALD MITTER CHARLES 2012 04 30 An annotated catalog of fossil and subfossil Lepidoptera Insecta Holometabola of the world Zootaxa 3286 1 1 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 3286 1 1 ISSN 1175 5334 Gielis Cees 2000 05 31 Division of the Pterophoridae into Tribes Lepidoptera PDF Quadrifina 3 57 60 via ZOBODAT References editBaker J 2002 Factors affecting the establishment of a classical biological control agent the horehound plume moth Wheeleria spilodactylus in South Australia A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Applied and Molecular Ecology Adelaide University Australia PDF fulltext Michigan Department of Agriculture MDA 1980 Geranium Plume Moth Quarantine PDF fulltext Palmer W A amp Haseler W H 1992 Foodplant Specificity and Biology of Oidaematophorus balanotes Pterophoridae A North American Moth Introduced into Australia for the Control of Baccharis halimifolia Journal of the Lepidopterists Society 46 3 1992 195 202 PDF fulltext permanent dead link Haynes K F amp Birch M C 1984 Mate locating and courtship behaviors of the artichoke plume moth Platyptilia carduidactyla Lepidoptera Pterophoridae Environmental Entomology 13 2 1984 399 408 https academic oup com ee article abstract 13 2 399 2393151 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pterophoridae British Insects the Families of Lepidoptera Archived 2020 02 14 at the Wayback Machine http www plumemoth com D L Matthews PhD Florida Museum The Plume Moths of Australia A slow motion video of a flying plume moth taken by three fast cameras https www beatus lab org fun stuff Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pterophoridae amp oldid 1194860639, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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