This article is about the Greek letter. For the Cyrillic letter, see Psi (Cyrillic).
Psi/ˈ(p)saɪ,ˈ(p)siː/[1] (uppercase Ψ, lowercase ψ or 𝛙; Greek: ψιpsi[ˈpsi]) is the twenty-third and penultimate letter of the Greek alphabet and is associated with a numeric value of 700. In both Classical and Modern Greek, the letter indicates the combination /ps/ (as in English word "lapse").
The Greek alphabet on a black-figure pottery vessel, with an archaic chickenfoot-shaped psi.
For Greek loanwords in Latin and modern languages with Latin alphabets, psi is usually transliterated as "ps".
The letter's origin is uncertain. It may or may not derive from the Phoenician alphabet. It appears in the 7th century BC, expressing /ps/ in the Eastern alphabets, but /kʰ/ in the Western alphabets (the sound expressed by Χ in the Eastern alphabets). In writing, the early letter appears in an angular shape (). There were early graphical variants that omitted the stem ("chickenfoot-shaped psi" as: or ).
The Western letter (expressing /kʰ/, later /x/) was adopted into the Old Italic alphabets, and its shape is also continued into the Algiz rune of the Elder Futhark.
Psi, or its Arcadian variant or was adopted in the Latin alphabet in the form of "Antisigma" (Ↄ, ↃC, or 𐌟) during the reign of Emperor Claudius as one of the three Claudian letters.[2] However, it was abandoned after his death.
These characters are used only as mathematical symbols. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style.
See also
Look up Ψ or ψ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
^"psi". The Chambers Dictionary (9th ed.). Chambers. 2003. ISBN0-550-10105-5.
^Oliver, Revilo P. (1949). "The Claudian Letter Ⱶ". American Journal of Archaeology. 53 (3): 249–257. doi:10.2307/500662. JSTOR 500662. S2CID 193082268.
^IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (1970). "Abbreviations and symbols for nucleic acids, polynucleotides, and their constituents". Biochemistry. 9 (20): 4022–4027. doi:10.1021/bi00822a023.
^Although the university itself refers to its logo as a trident, not the Greek letter psi: "The IU trident—the only logo at Indiana University". Indiana University. Retrieved 2020-07-31. At IU, the trident is the only logo we use, both institution-wide and at the unit level.
^Buchholz, W. (1986). "A new System of proof-theoretic ordinal functions" (PDF). Ann. Pure Appl. Logic. 32 (3): 195–207. doi:10.1016/0168-0072(86)90052-7.
^Unicode Code Charts: Greek and Coptic (Range: 0370-03FF)
October 21, 2023
greek, this, article, about, greek, letter, cyrillic, letter, cyrillic, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sourc. This article is about the Greek letter For the Cyrillic letter see Psi Cyrillic This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Psi Greek news newspapers books scholar JSTOR May 2013 Learn how and when to remove this template message Psi ˈ p s aɪ ˈ p s iː 1 uppercase PS lowercase ps or 𝛙 Greek psi psi ˈpsi is the twenty third and penultimate letter of the Greek alphabet and is associated with a numeric value of 700 In both Classical and Modern Greek the letter indicates the combination ps as in English word lapse The Greek alphabet on a black figure pottery vessel with an archaic chickenfoot shaped psi For Greek loanwords in Latin and modern languages with Latin alphabets psi is usually transliterated as ps The letter s origin is uncertain It may or may not derive from the Phoenician alphabet It appears in the 7th century BC expressing ps in the Eastern alphabets but kʰ in the Western alphabets the sound expressed by X in the Eastern alphabets In writing the early letter appears in an angular shape There were early graphical variants that omitted the stem chickenfoot shaped psi as or The Western letter expressing kʰ later x was adopted into the Old Italic alphabets and its shape is also continued into the Algiz rune of the Elder Futhark Psi or its Arcadian variant or was adopted in the Latin alphabet in the form of Antisigma Ↄ ↃC or 𐌟 during the reign of Emperor Claudius as one of the three Claudian letters 2 However it was abandoned after his death The classical Greek letter was adopted into the early Cyrillic alphabet as Ѱ Contents 1 Use as a symbol 2 Character encodings 3 See also 4 Notes and referencesUse as a symbolThe letter psi is commonly used in physics to represent wave functions in quantum mechanics such as in the Schrodinger equation and bra ket notation ϕ ps displaystyle langle phi psi rangle nbsp It is also used to represent the generalized positional states of a qubit in a quantum computer Psi is also used as the symbol for the polygamma function defined by ps m z d m d z m G z G z displaystyle psi m z frac d m dz m frac Gamma z Gamma z nbsp where G z displaystyle Gamma z nbsp is the gamma function The letters PS or ps can also be a symbol for Psychology psychiatry and sometimes parapsychology involving paranormal or relating with the supernatural subjects especially research into extrasensory perception In mathematics the reciprocal Fibonacci constant the division polynomials and the supergolden ratio Water potential in movement of water between plant cells In biochemistry it denotes pseudouridine an uncommon nucleoside 3 Stream function in fluid mechanics defining the curve to which the flow velocity is always tangent One of the dihedral angles in the backbones of proteins The planet Neptune Indiana University as a superimposed I and U 4 A sai the name of which is pronounced the same way in English Pharmacology general pharmacy In virology the ps site is a viral packaging signal The J ps meson in particle physics In the computability theory ps P x displaystyle psi P x nbsp represents the return value Y displaystyle Y nbsp of a program P displaystyle P nbsp In circadian physiology ps represents the phase relationship between a zeitgeber and a biological rhythm In building to represent an adjustment to a U value accounting for thermal bridge effects The ordinal collapsing function and notation developed by Wilfried Buchholz 5 In Biblical studies as an abbreviation for the book of Psalms 6 Character encodingsGreek Coptic Psi Character information Preview PS ps ᴪ Ⲯ ⲯUnicode name GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PSI GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI GREEK LETTER SMALL CAPITAL PSI COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER PSI COPTIC SMALL LETTER PSIEncodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hexUnicode 936 U 03A8 968 U 03C8 7466 U 1D2A 11438 U 2CAE 11439 U 2CAFUTF 8 206 168 CE A8 207 136 CF 88 225 180 170 E1 B4 AA 226 178 174 E2 B2 AE 226 178 175 E2 B2 AFNumeric character reference amp 936 wbr amp x3A8 wbr amp 968 wbr amp x3C8 wbr amp 7466 wbr amp x1D2A wbr amp 11438 wbr amp x2CAE wbr amp 11439 wbr amp x2CAF wbr Named character reference amp Psi amp psi DOS Greek 150 96 175 AFDOS Greek 2 212 D4 246 F6Windows 1253 216 D8 248 F8TeX Psi psi 7 Cyrillic Psi Character information Preview Ѱ ѱUnicode name CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER PSI CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER PSIEncodings decimal hex dec hexUnicode 1136 U 0470 1137 U 0471UTF 8 209 176 D1 B0 209 177 D1 B1Numeric character reference amp 1136 wbr amp x470 wbr amp 1137 wbr amp x471 wbr Mathematical Psi Character information Preview 𝚿 𝛙 𝛹 𝜓 𝜳 𝝍Unicode name MATHEMATICAL BOLDCAPITAL PSI MATHEMATICAL BOLDSMALL PSI MATHEMATICAL ITALICCAPITAL PSI MATHEMATICAL ITALICSMALL PSI MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALICCAPITAL PSI MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALICSMALL PSIEncodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hexUnicode 120511 U 1D6BF 120537 U 1D6D9 120569 U 1D6F9 120595 U 1D713 120627 U 1D733 120653 U 1D74DUTF 8 240 157 154 191 F0 9D 9A BF 240 157 155 153 F0 9D 9B 99 240 157 155 185 F0 9D 9B B9 240 157 156 147 F0 9D 9C 93 240 157 156 179 F0 9D 9C B3 240 157 157 141 F0 9D 9D 8DUTF 16 55349 57023 D835 DEBF 55349 57049 D835 DED9 55349 57081 D835 DEF9 55349 57107 D835 DF13 55349 57139 D835 DF33 55349 57165 D835 DF4DNumeric character reference amp 120511 wbr amp x1D6BF wbr amp 120537 wbr amp x1D6D9 wbr amp 120569 wbr amp x1D6F9 wbr amp 120595 wbr amp x1D713 wbr amp 120627 wbr amp x1D733 wbr amp 120653 wbr amp x1D74D wbr Character information Preview 𝝭 𝞇 𝞧 𝟁Unicode name MATHEMATICAL SANS SERIFBOLD CAPITAL PSI MATHEMATICAL SANS SERIFBOLD SMALL PSI MATHEMATICAL SANS SERIFBOLD ITALIC CAPITAL PSI MATHEMATICAL SANS SERIFBOLD ITALIC SMALL PSIEncodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hexUnicode 120685 U 1D76D 120711 U 1D787 120743 U 1D7A7 120769 U 1D7C1UTF 8 240 157 157 173 F0 9D 9D AD 240 157 158 135 F0 9D 9E 87 240 157 158 167 F0 9D 9E A7 240 157 159 129 F0 9D 9F 81UTF 16 55349 57197 D835 DF6D 55349 57223 D835 DF87 55349 57255 D835 DFA7 55349 57281 D835 DFC1Numeric character reference amp 120685 wbr amp x1D76D wbr amp 120711 wbr amp x1D787 wbr amp 120743 wbr amp x1D7A7 wbr amp 120769 wbr amp x1D7C1 wbr These characters are used only as mathematical symbols Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters with markup and formatting to indicate text style See also nbsp Look up PS or ps in Wiktionary the free dictionary Psi and phi type figurine Psi Cyrillic Notes and references psi The Chambers Dictionary 9th ed Chambers 2003 ISBN 0 550 10105 5 Oliver Revilo P 1949 The Claudian Letter Ⱶ American Journal of Archaeology 53 3 249 257 doi 10 2307 500662 JSTOR 500662 S2CID 193082268 IUPAC IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature 1970 Abbreviations and symbols for nucleic acids polynucleotides and their constituents Biochemistry 9 20 4022 4027 doi 10 1021 bi00822a023 Although the university itself refers to its logo as a trident not the Greek letter psi The IU trident the only logo at Indiana University Indiana University Retrieved 2020 07 31 At IU the trident is the only logo we use both institution wide and at the unit level Buchholz W 1986 A new System of proof theoretic ordinal functions PDF Ann Pure Appl Logic 32 3 195 207 doi 10 1016 0168 0072 86 90052 7 Gesenius Hebrew Grammar Unicode Code Charts Greek and Coptic Range 0370 03FF Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Psi Greek amp oldid 1167408587, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
