Prospero Fontana
Prospero Fontana (1512–1597) was a Bolognese painter of late Renaissance and Mannerist art. He is perhaps best known for his frescoes and architectural detailing. The speed in which he completed paintings earned him commissions where he worked with other prominent artists of the period.[1] He was a prominent figure in the city of Bologna, serving as official arbitrator in the business disputes of local artists.[2] In his later career Fontana trained younger painters,[3] including his own daughter Lavinia.
Prospero Fontana | |
|---|---|
| Born | 1512 |
| Died | 1597 Bologna |
| Education | Innocenzo da Imola |
| Known for | Painting |
| Movement | Mannerism |
| Elected | Accademia delle Arti del Disegno |
| Patron(s) | Pope Julius III |
Professional life edit
Prospero Fontana was likely taught by Innocenzo da Imola, but there is a degree of uncertainty surrounding the relationship between the two men.[4] As a teenager, Fontana was an assistant on Perino del Vaga's Palazzo Doria in Genoa. However, art historians cannot definitively identity Fontana's contributions to the decorations.[4]
In the 1550s, Fontana painted Pope Julius III's portrait and was pensioned at the pontifical court. He also decorated the Palazzo di Firenze for the Pope's brother, Balduino del Monte. During his time in Rome, he collaborated with Taddeo Zuccaro on the Villa Giulia in Rome (1553). J. A. Gere suggests that Fontana supervised the project and was responsible for the paintings in the North Room.[5]
Fontana worked with Giorgio Vasari on a few commissions, which are briefly described in the Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors and Architects. Vasari notes that Fontana was unable to complete his work on the Chateau of Fontainebleau (1560) in France due to a health issue.[6] Finished collaborative work includes the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence (1563-5). Florian Härb observes the similarities between several of Vasari's drawings and Fontana's larger paintings, which indicate that the drawings were the basis for much of Fontana's commissions. There are multiple explanations offered by Härb and Charles Davis, including Fontana's admiration of Vasari's style and prominence in Renaissance Italy.[7]
In 1565, Fontana was elected to the Accademia delle Arti del Disegno in Florence.[8] In 1576, Fontana was one of several artists and intellectuals consulted by Cardinal Gabriele Paleotti in the debate over the reformation of religious art.[9]
Pellegrino Tabaldi and Fontana worked on the Cappella Poggi in S Giacomo Maggiore in Bologna.
Towards the end of his career, Fontana opened a school of art in Bologna. Some of his most notable students were Ludovico Carracci, Agostino Carracci, Lorenzo Sabbatini, and Denys Calvaert.[10] In Bologna, Fontana served as an arbitrator and resolved professional disputes. Robert W. Gaston explains that this was a prestigious position at the time.[2]
Fontana died in Bologna in 1597. The altarpiece of the Adoration of the Magi, in the church of Santa Maria delle Grazie, is considered to be his masterpiece. A large quantity of his work remains in Bologna.
Artistry edit
Artistic influences edit
The majority of the artists who trained and collaborated with Fontana were heavily influenced by Raphael.[4] He also looked to the work of Antonio da Correggio, Sebastiano del Piombo, and Giulio Romano.[11]
Style edit
Fontana was well known for the speed in which he completed commissions. Carlo Cesare Malvasia criticized him for being careless and unprofessional.[2]
His early style is considered conservative. He gradually incorporated elements of Mannerism into his style after working with prominent artists of the movement.[1] He is an early representative of the Bolognese school of painting. His style has been compared to that of Paolo Veronese.
Major works edit
- Holy Family with the Infant Saint John the Baptist, 1545, oil on canvas — Church of Santa Maria del Baraccano, Bologna
- Beata Diana Andalò professing with Saint Dominic, 1545, oil on panel — San Domenico, Bologna
- Disputa di Santa Caterina, 1551, oil on panel, 361 x 178 cm — Santa Maria del Baraccano, Bologna
- Julius III, 1553, oil on panel — Biblioteca Universitaria, Bologna
Personal life edit
Prospero's father, Silvio Fontana, was a stonemason.[12]
Prospero married Antonia de Bonardis in 1539. They had two daughters, Emilia and Lavinia. Emilia died in 1568, just five years after her wedding to Floriano Bertelli.[13] Prospero taught his surviving daughter Lavinia how to paint in his workshop.
Notes edit
- ^ a b "Fontana family (ii) | Grove Art". www.oxfordartonline.com. doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t028831. Retrieved 2019-02-21.
- ^ a b c Gaston, Robert W. (July 2, 2014). "Prospero Fontana's Holy Family with saints". Art Journal. 19. National Gallery of Victoria.
- ^ Flick, Gert-Rudolf (2008). "Prospero Fontana". Masters & Pupils: The Artistic Succession from Perugino to Manet, 1480-1880. London: Hogarth Arts. pp. 94–5. ISBN 978-09554063-2-4.
- ^ a b c Flick, Gert-Rudolf (2008). "Prospero Fontana". Masters & Pupils: The Artistic Succession from Perugino to Manet, 1440-1880. London: Hogarth Arts. p. 78. ISBN 978-09554063-2-4.
- ^ Gere, J. A. (April 1965). "The Decoration of the Villa Giulia". Burlington Magazine. Italian Painting between the Renaissance and the Baroque in Connection with the Manchester Exhibition. 107 (745): 201–2, 205. JSTOR 874535.
- ^ Vasari, Giorgio. "Francesco Primaticcio". The Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects. Vol. VI.
- ^ Härb, Florian (1998). Monbeig-Goguel, Catherine (ed.). "Prospero Fontana Alias Giorgio Vasari: Collaboration and the Limits of Authorship". Francesco Salviati e la Bella Maniera: 577–608.
- ^ Turner, Jane, ed. (2000). "(1) Prospero Fontana". Encyclopedia of Italian Renaissance & Mannerist Art. Vol. I: Abacco to Lysippus. New York: Grove's Dictionaries, Inc. pp. 561. ISBN 978-0-333-76094-9.
- ^ Fortunati, Vera (1998). "Lavinia Fontana: A Woman Artist in the Age of the Counter-Reformation". Lavinia Fontana of Bologna 1552-1614. Milan: Electa. p. 14. ISBN 978-88-435-6394-4.
- ^ Flick, Gert-Rudolf (2008). "Prospero Fontana". Masters & Pupils: The Artistic Succession from Perugino to Manet, 1480-1880. London: Hogarth Arts. pp. 94–5. ISBN 978-09554063-2-4.
- ^ Fortunati, Vera (1998). "Lavinia Fontana: A Woman Artist in the Age of the Counter-Reformation". Lavinia Fontana of Bologna 1552-1614. Milan: Electa. p. 13. ISBN 978-88-435-6394-4.
- ^ Murphy, Caroline P. (2003). Lavinia Fontana: A Painter and Her Patrons in Sixteenth-Century Bologna. Singapore: Yale University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-300-09913-3.
- ^ Murphy, Caroline P. (2003). Lavinia Fontana: A Painter and Her Patrons in Sixteenth-Century Bologna. Singapore: Yale University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-300-09913-3.
References edit
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Fontana, Prospero". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 607–608.
- Flick, Gert-Rudolf (2008). "Prospero Fontana." Masters & Pupils: The Artistic Succession from Perugino to Manet, 1440-1880. London: Hagarth Arts. pp. 76–95. ISBN 978-09554063-2-4.
- Gaston, Robert W. (July 2, 2014). “Prospero Fontana’s Holy Family with saints.” Art Journal 19. https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/essay/prospero-fontanas-holy-family-with-saints/.
- "(1) Prospero Fontana". Encyclopedia of Italian Renaissance & Mannerist Art. Vol 1. Jane Turner, ed. Grove Encyclopedias of European Art. Suffolk: 2000. p. 561. ISBN 1-884446-02-7.