In grammar, the prolative case (abbreviatedPROL), also called the vialis case (abbreviatedVIA), prosecutive case (abbreviatedPROS), traversal case, mediative case, or translative case,[1] is a grammatical case of a noun or pronoun that has the basic meaning of "by way of" or "via".
In Finnish, the prolative case follows an established application in a number of fossilized expressions to indicate "by (medium of transaction)".[2] It can be used in other constructions, but then it does not sound 'natural'.[3] Examples would be "postitse" ("by post"), "puhelimitse" ("by telephone"), "meritse" ("by sea"), "netitse" ("over the Internet"). A number of Finnish grammarians classify the prolative form as an adverb because it does not require agreement with adjectives like other Finnish cases.[4] This claim is not true, however, because an adjective will agree with the prolative: "Hän hoiti asian pitkitse kirjeitse" ("He/she dealt with the matter by way of a long letter").
Basque grammars frequently list the nortzat / nortako case (suffix -tzat or -tako) as "prolative" (prolatiboa).[6] However, the meaning of this case is unrelated to the one just described above for other languages and alternatively has been called "essive / translative",[7] as it means "for [something else], as (being) [something else]"; e.g., hiltzat eman "to give up for dead", lelotzat hartu zuten "they took him for a fool".[8] The meaning "by way of" of the case labelled prolative in the above languages is expressed in Basque by means of the instrumental (suffix -[e]z).
This case is also called the prosecutive case in some languages.[1] It is found under this name in Tundra Nenets,[9] in Old Basque and, with spatial nouns, in Mongolian.[10]
Anhava, Jaakko (2015). "Criteria For Case Forms in Finnish and Hungarian Grammars". journal.fi. Helsinki: Finnish Scholarly Journals Online.
Referencesedit
^ abHaspelmath, Martin. Terminology of Case in Handbook of Case, Oxford University Press, 2006.
^Mäkinen, Panu. "Finnish Grammar - Adverbial Cases". users.jyu.fi. University of Jyväskylä. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
^Länsimäki, Maija. "Kirjeitse annettu määräys. Suomen kielen prolatiiveista". Retrieved 13 April 2015.
^Korpela, Jukka. "Finnish Cases". www.cs.tut.fi. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
^Richard H. Kölbl: Kauderwelsch Band 204, Grönländisch Wort für Wort, ISBN3-89416-373-9, page 37
^Check for example: Ilari Zubiri and Entzi Zubiri's Euskal Gramatika Osoa (Bilbao: Didaktiker, 1995); the declension reference 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine at the website of the Basque Autonomous Government's Institute for Euskaldunization and Alphabetization of Adults (HABE); etc.
^Jon D. Patrick, Ilari Zubiri: A Student Grammar of Euskara (Munich: Lincom Europa, 2001) [1]
^Examples (translated from Spanish) given in Luis Baraiazarra's Diccionario 3000 Hiztegia (available online at euskadi.net), under the entry for Spanish "dar" [2].
^Tapani Salminen (2008-10-06). "Tundra Nenets". Department of Finno-Ugrian Studies, University of Helsinki, Finland. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
^Sechenbaatar [Sečenbaγatur], Borjigin. 2003. The Chakhar dialect of Mongol: a morphological description. Helsinki: Finno-Ugrian society. ISBN952-5150-68-2
April 10, 2024
prolative, case, grammar, prolative, case, abbreviated, prol, also, called, vialis, case, abbreviated, prosecutive, case, abbreviated, pros, traversal, case, mediative, case, translative, case, grammatical, case, noun, pronoun, that, basic, meaning, finnish, p. In grammar the prolative case abbreviated PROL also called the vialis case abbreviated VIA prosecutive case abbreviated PROS traversal case mediative case or translative case 1 is a grammatical case of a noun or pronoun that has the basic meaning of by way of or via In Finnish the prolative case follows an established application in a number of fossilized expressions to indicate by medium of transaction 2 It can be used in other constructions but then it does not sound natural 3 Examples would be postitse by post puhelimitse by telephone meritse by sea netitse over the Internet A number of Finnish grammarians classify the prolative form as an adverb because it does not require agreement with adjectives like other Finnish cases 4 This claim is not true however because an adjective will agree with the prolative Han hoiti asian pitkitse kirjeitse He she dealt with the matter by way of a long letter The prolative exists in a similar state in the Estonian language The vialis case in Eskimo Aleut languages has a similar interpretation used to express movement using a surface or way For example in the Greenlandic language umiarsuakkut by ship 5 or in Central Alaskan Yup ik kuigkun by river or ikamrakun by sled Basque grammars frequently list the nortzat nortako case suffix tzat or tako as prolative prolatiboa 6 However the meaning of this case is unrelated to the one just described above for other languages and alternatively has been called essive translative 7 as it means for something else as being something else e g hiltzat eman to give up for dead lelotzat hartu zuten they took him for a fool 8 The meaning by way of of the case labelled prolative in the above languages is expressed in Basque by means of the instrumental suffix e z This case is also called the prosecutive case in some languages 1 It is found under this name in Tundra Nenets 9 in Old Basque and with spatial nouns in Mongolian 10 See also editPerlative caseFurther reading editAnhava Jaakko 2015 Criteria For Case Forms in Finnish and Hungarian Grammars journal fi Helsinki Finnish Scholarly Journals Online References edit a b Haspelmath Martin Terminology of Case in Handbook of Case Oxford University Press 2006 Makinen Panu Finnish Grammar Adverbial Cases users jyu fi University of Jyvaskyla Retrieved 6 March 2015 Lansimaki Maija Kirjeitse annettu maarays Suomen kielen prolatiiveista Retrieved 13 April 2015 Korpela Jukka Finnish Cases www cs tut fi Retrieved 13 April 2015 Richard H Kolbl Kauderwelsch Band 204 Gronlandisch Wort fur Wort ISBN 3 89416 373 9 page 37 Check for example Ilari Zubiri and Entzi Zubiri s Euskal Gramatika Osoa Bilbao Didaktiker 1995 the declension reference Archived 2007 09 27 at the Wayback Machine at the website of the Basque Autonomous Government s Institute for Euskaldunization and Alphabetization of Adults HABE etc Jon D Patrick Ilari Zubiri A Student Grammar of Euskara Munich Lincom Europa 2001 1 Examples translated from Spanish given in Luis Baraiazarra s Diccionario 3000 Hiztegia available online at euskadi net under the entry for Spanish dar 2 Tapani Salminen 2008 10 06 Tundra Nenets Department of Finno Ugrian Studies University of Helsinki Finland Retrieved 2008 12 30 Sechenbaatar Secenbagatur Borjigin 2003 The Chakhar dialect of Mongol a morphological description Helsinki Finno Ugrian society ISBN 952 5150 68 2 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Prolative case amp oldid 1217088877, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
