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Khoy Khanate

June 17, 2023

The Khoy Khanate, also known as the Principality of Donboli, was a hereditary Kurdish khanate around Khoy and Salmas in Iran ruled by the Donboli tribe from 1210 until 1799.[1][2][3] The khanate has been described as the most powerful khanate in the region during the second half of the 18th century.[4] The official religion of this principality was originally Yezidism,[5] until some rulers eventually converted to Islam. The principality has its origins under the Ayyubid dynasty and was ultimately dissolved in 1799 by Abbas Mirza.[6] During this period, the status of principality oscillated between autonomous and independent.[3]

History

 
Khatun Bridge south of Khoy was built by Ahmad Khan Domboli in around 1756-1786.[7]

Origins and Under the Safavids

The principality under Emir Ibrahim Donboli (d. 1320) had good relations with Ghazan of the Ilkhanate and supposedly saved the Ilkhanate from destruction. Nonetheless, the successor of Ibrahim Donboli, Cemşid Dunbulî (d. 1341), died fighting the Mongolians. The successor Emir Behlül Dunbulî (d. 1359) ended the wars with the Mongolians. He subsequently died in Hakkâri.[8]

The leader of the Donboli tribe before the conquest of the region by the Aq Qoyunlu was Isa Beg. Under the administration of Aq Qoyunlu, Shaikh Ahmad Beg, a descendant of Isa Beg conquered territory around Hakkâri. When the Safavids captured the area, Haji Beg, the grandson of Shaikh Ahmad Beg was chosen as governor of Sokmanabad which now included Khoy (Shah Tahmasp merged Khoy and Sokmanabad into one district). Haji Beg was also entrusted with the defence of the Safavid frontier in Van before he was assassinated in 1548 by the Governor of Van. This event worsened the relations between the principality and Shah Tahmasp I who sent a force to subdue the Kurds and 400 Donboli members were massacred by the Qizilbash. The tribe consequently fled to the Ottoman Empire where they united under Mansur Beg, nephew of Haji Beg.[2] About 400 Donboli members were killed and the massacres were perpetrated by the Qizilbash. The fear of growing Donboli influence in Kurdistan was another reason for the massacre.[9] A nephew of Haji Beg fled to Qotur (then part of the Ottoman Empire) where he gathered the remnants of the tribe.[10][11]

In the subsequent period from the late 16th century to early 17th century, Khoy was not under the rule of the Donboli. However, by the beginning of the 17th century, the principality changed their allegiance again and joined the Safavids and one Donboli, Jamshid Soltan was appointed mayor of Marand after the Safavid capture of Tabriz in 1603. Other Donboli appointments were Salman Soltan who was given the governorship of Salmas and Churs and Maqsud Soltan was given Barkosat.[10] The city of Khoy returned to the Donbolis by the 1620s, since it was stated in a document from 1628 that the ruler of Khoy was a Salman Khan Donboli. Military assistance to the Shah was a condition for the handover. Afterwards, the descendants of Haji Beg would rule Khoy hereditarily and continuously under the title khan until the early 19th century.[12] When Khoy was returned to the Donboli, the city was in ruins from military conflict with the Ottomans and had to receive a certain amount of tax revenues taken from the districts of Sharur and Dere-Alkis 'for foods'.[13]

Afsharids and Zands

When Khoy was captured by Nader Shah from the Ottomans in 1737, the Donboli tribe under Najaf Qoli Khan entered the service of the Shah and also accompanied him in his military campaigns to India, Georgia and Dagestan.[2] In 1743-1744, a powerful uprising took place in Khoy which received support from the local rayah, due to increased taxes by Nader Shah. However, the riots were ultimately suppressed by the Shah who sent in nomadic tribes from Şirvan, Ganja and Yerevan.[14]

 
The old bazaar of Khoy was built by Ahmad Khan Donboli and served as the regional commercial center during the era.[15]

According to British diplomat Harford Jones-Brydges, who was in Iran in the early 19th century, Hosayn Qoli Donboli fought and defeated the Zand army in 1787 led by Lotf Ali Khan near Shiraz, imprisoning and killing about 18,000 soldiers. However, the castle of Shiraz was not taken and Ali Khan himself was unharmed. Jones-Brydges adds that Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar wished to 'reduce Azerbaijan' and therefore gave his ally Hosayn Qoli Donboli the possession of Tabriz Khanate in 1791.[16]

Decline and Fall

In 1797 Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar was assassinated. As a result, revolts popped up all over the country. One of these rebels was Sadiq Khan Shaqaqi, who revolted with a 15,000 man army.[17] He was able to take over much of Azerbaijan and besieged Qazvin. However, he was subsequently defeated at Qazvin and kicked out of Azerbaijan by the Donboli.[17] In the Spring of 1798 Sadiq Khan Shaqaqi revolted again and attacked the Donbolis (due to Jafar Qoli Khan Donboli being appointed governor of Tabriz) but he was repulsed.[17] Later though he was able to convince the Afshars of Urmia and the Donbolis to rebel.[16][1][17] Fath-Ali Shah Qajar heard of the news in Dh'ul Qadah 1212 (April-May 1798) and made a farman to discourage the elites of Tabriz from supporting the alliance.[1] Iranian forces eventually moved into Azerbaijan, captured Urmia on June 20, and on July 1 moved towards Salmas and Khoy and deposed Jafar Qoli Khan.[16] Hosayn Qoli Donboli was placed on the throne in replacement of his brother. After Fath-Ali Shah left for Tehran in the autumn of 1798, Jafar Qoli Khan attempted to retake the throne from his brother but was repulsed.[1]

In the Spring of 1799 Hosayn Qoli Donboli died of unknown causes and Jafar Qoli Khan was invited back and became the new Khan of Khoy. He requested confirmation from Fath-Ali Shah but the Shahanshah refused and sent Abbas Mirza to defeat the Donbolis.[1] In June 1799 Abbas entered Tabriz and on September 17 the Donbolis were defeated near Khoy, effectively ending the khanate. Mahmud Khan was appointed as governor but not long after he was deposed and the khanate was annexed.[1]

Jafar Qoli Khan Donboli fled to Maku and then to the Ottoman Empire.[18] Later he switched alliances to the Russian Empire and was given Shaki Khanate in 1806.[12] Jafar Qoli Khan had taken part in the Siege of Erivan in 1804 on the Russian side and received a dagger as a gift which he sought to erect in Khoy.[19]

Line of Khans of Khoy

  • Sahbaz Khan Donboli I (descendant of Hajji Beg), died 1731, 1st Khan of Khoy
  • Najaf Qoli Khan I (his son), born 1713, †1785, r. 1731–1785, 1734 entered service of Nader Shah Afshar and became chief musketeer, took part in campaign to India, entitled amir ol-'omara (lit. "commander of commanders"), 1742-1785 beglerbegi (governor-general) of Tabriz, 1769 governor of Khoy, 2nd Khan of Khoy
  • Sahbaz Khan Donboli II (his nephew), †1773, 1744 joined his uncle and entered service of Nader Shah Afshar, 1750 allied with Azad Khan Afghan, 1757 allied with Mohammad Hassan Khan Qajar (father of Agha Mohammad Khan), 1762 allied with Karim Khan Zand, 1747–1763 governor of Khoy and Salmas, 3rd Khan of Khoy
  • Ahmad Khan Donboli (his brother), *1735, †1786, 1763–1786 governor of Khoy, 4th Khan of Khoy
  • Hosayn Qoli Donboli (his son), *1756, †1798, 1786–1793 and 1798-1799 governor of Khoy, 1791 allied with Agha Mohammad Khan and his Qajar dynasty, became governor of Tabriz, Khoy and Ardabil, 1792 entitled amir ol-'omara ("chief commander") and beglerbegi ("governor-general") of Azerbaijan, 1793 fell out of favor but was in 1798 reinstated by Fath Ali Shah Qajar in all posts, 5th Khan of Khoy
  • Jafar Qoli Khan Donboli (his brother), †1814, 1793–1797 and 1798–1799 governor of Khoy, migrated 1800 to Russia and became 1806-1814 governor of Shekki, 6th Khan of Khoy. His grandchild, Fatali Khan Khoyski, became in 1918 the first prime minister of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
  • Mohammad Sadeq Khan (son of Hossein Qoli Khan), amir ol-'omara, 1798–1813 governor of Azerbaijan, 7th Khan of Khoy.[20]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f Werner, Christoph (2000). An Iranian Town in Transition: A Social and Economic History of the Elites of Tabriz, 1747-1848. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-04309-0.
  2. ^ a b c Oberling (1995).
  3. ^ a b Başçı (2019), p. 63.
  4. ^ Rybakov, R. B., ed. (1995). История Востока: в шести томах (in Russian). Vol. 3. Moscow: Восточная Литература. p. 443. ISBN 5-02-017913-2.
  5. ^ Kerborani, Bahadin Hawar (2021), "Paying the Price of Dasht-i Karbala: Historical Perceptions of Yezidis in the Ottoman Era", Kurds and Yezidis in the Middle East, I.B. Tauris, doi:10.5040/9780755601226.ch-006, ISBN 978-0-7556-0119-6, S2CID 230526075, retrieved 2021-06-06
  6. ^ Başçı (2019), p. 96.
  7. ^ Balilan Asl, Lida; Jafari, Elham (2013). "Khoy's Expansion from Early Islam to Late Qajar According to Historical Documents" (PDF). International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development. 3 (2): 25. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  8. ^ Başçı (2019), p. 72.
  9. ^ Petrushevsky (1949), p. 55.
  10. ^ a b Oberling & Dawud (1995).
  11. ^ Başçı (2019), p. 73.
  12. ^ a b Petrushevsky (1949), p. 56.
  13. ^ Petrushevsky (1949), p. 56 & 100.
  14. ^ Petrushevsky (1949), p. 149.
  15. ^ "Khoy Bazaar in Iran's West Azarbaijan". Tasnim News. 1 March 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  16. ^ a b c Jones-Brydges, Hardford (1833). The dynasty of the Kajars. London. LCCN 05001740. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
  17. ^ a b c d Tapper, Richard (2006-11-02). Frontier Nomads of Iran: A Political and Social History of the Shahsevan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-02906-3.
  18. ^ Bournoutian, George (2020-12-29). From the Kur to the Aras: A Military History of Russia's Move into the South Caucasus and the First Russo-Iranian War, 1801-1813. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-44516-1.
  19. ^ Dubrovin, N. F. (1866). Закавказье от 1803-1806 года (in Russian). Saint Petersburg. p. 328.
  20. ^ Manoutchehr M. Eskandari-Qajar: Life at the Court of the Early Qajar Shahs, transl. and edit. from "Tarikh-e 'Azodi" by Soltan Ahmad Mirza 'Azod al-Dowleh, Mage Publishers, Washington 2014, pp. 140 ff.

Bibliography

  • Başçı, Veysel (2019), "Dunbulî Beyliği Tarihi ve Tarihi Kronikleri [XIII-XVIII. YY.]", Kadim Akademi SBD (in Turkish), 3 (2): 63–114, retrieved 28 May 2020
  • Oberling, Pierre (1995), "DONBOLĪ", Encyclopedia Iranica, vol. VII
  • Petrushevsky, Ilya Pavlovich (1949), Очерки по истории феодальных отношений в Азербайджане и Армении в XVI-начале XIX вв (in Russian), Saint Petersburg State University

Further reading

  • Matthee, Rudi (10 January 2020). "Relations between the Center and the Periphery in Safavid Iran: The Western Borderlands v. the Eastern Frontier Zone". The Historian. 77 (3): 431–463. doi:10.1111/hisn.12068. S2CID 143393018.

June 17, 2023
khoy, khanate, also, known, principality, donboli, hereditary, kurdish, khanate, around, khoy, salmas, iran, ruled, donboli, tribe, from, 1210, until, 1799, khanate, been, described, most, powerful, khanate, region, during, second, half, 18th, century, officia. The Khoy Khanate also known as the Principality of Donboli was a hereditary Kurdish khanate around Khoy and Salmas in Iran ruled by the Donboli tribe from 1210 until 1799 1 2 3 The khanate has been described as the most powerful khanate in the region during the second half of the 18th century 4 The official religion of this principality was originally Yezidism 5 until some rulers eventually converted to Islam The principality has its origins under the Ayyubid dynasty and was ultimately dissolved in 1799 by Abbas Mirza 6 During this period the status of principality oscillated between autonomous and independent 3 Contents 1 History 1 1 Origins and Under the Safavids 1 2 Afsharids and Zands 1 3 Decline and Fall 2 Line of Khans of Khoy 3 See also 4 Notes 5 Bibliography 6 Further readingHistory Khatun Bridge south of Khoy was built by Ahmad Khan Domboli in around 1756 1786 7 Origins and Under the Safavids The principality under Emir Ibrahim Donboli d 1320 had good relations with Ghazan of the Ilkhanate and supposedly saved the Ilkhanate from destruction Nonetheless the successor of Ibrahim Donboli Cemsid Dunbuli d 1341 died fighting the Mongolians The successor Emir Behlul Dunbuli d 1359 ended the wars with the Mongolians He subsequently died in Hakkari 8 The leader of the Donboli tribe before the conquest of the region by the Aq Qoyunlu was Isa Beg Under the administration of Aq Qoyunlu Shaikh Ahmad Beg a descendant of Isa Beg conquered territory around Hakkari When the Safavids captured the area Haji Beg the grandson of Shaikh Ahmad Beg was chosen as governor of Sokmanabad which now included Khoy Shah Tahmasp merged Khoy and Sokmanabad into one district Haji Beg was also entrusted with the defence of the Safavid frontier in Van before he was assassinated in 1548 by the Governor of Van This event worsened the relations between the principality and Shah Tahmasp I who sent a force to subdue the Kurds and 400 Donboli members were massacred by the Qizilbash The tribe consequently fled to the Ottoman Empire where they united under Mansur Beg nephew of Haji Beg 2 About 400 Donboli members were killed and the massacres were perpetrated by the Qizilbash The fear of growing Donboli influence in Kurdistan was another reason for the massacre 9 A nephew of Haji Beg fled to Qotur then part of the Ottoman Empire where he gathered the remnants of the tribe 10 11 In the subsequent period from the late 16th century to early 17th century Khoy was not under the rule of the Donboli However by the beginning of the 17th century the principality changed their allegiance again and joined the Safavids and one Donboli Jamshid Soltan was appointed mayor of Marand after the Safavid capture of Tabriz in 1603 Other Donboli appointments were Salman Soltan who was given the governorship of Salmas and Churs and Maqsud Soltan was given Barkosat 10 The city of Khoy returned to the Donbolis by the 1620s since it was stated in a document from 1628 that the ruler of Khoy was a Salman Khan Donboli Military assistance to the Shah was a condition for the handover Afterwards the descendants of Haji Beg would rule Khoy hereditarily and continuously under the title khan until the early 19th century 12 When Khoy was returned to the Donboli the city was in ruins from military conflict with the Ottomans and had to receive a certain amount of tax revenues taken from the districts of Sharur and Dere Alkis for foods 13 Afsharids and Zands When Khoy was captured by Nader Shah from the Ottomans in 1737 the Donboli tribe under Najaf Qoli Khan entered the service of the Shah and also accompanied him in his military campaigns to India Georgia and Dagestan 2 In 1743 1744 a powerful uprising took place in Khoy which received support from the local rayah due to increased taxes by Nader Shah However the riots were ultimately suppressed by the Shah who sent in nomadic tribes from Sirvan Ganja and Yerevan 14 The old bazaar of Khoy was built by Ahmad Khan Donboli and served as the regional commercial center during the era 15 According to British diplomat Harford Jones Brydges who was in Iran in the early 19th century Hosayn Qoli Donboli fought and defeated the Zand army in 1787 led by Lotf Ali Khan near Shiraz imprisoning and killing about 18 000 soldiers However the castle of Shiraz was not taken and Ali Khan himself was unharmed Jones Brydges adds that Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar wished to reduce Azerbaijan and therefore gave his ally Hosayn Qoli Donboli the possession of Tabriz Khanate in 1791 16 Decline and Fall In 1797 Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar was assassinated As a result revolts popped up all over the country One of these rebels was Sadiq Khan Shaqaqi who revolted with a 15 000 man army 17 He was able to take over much of Azerbaijan and besieged Qazvin However he was subsequently defeated at Qazvin and kicked out of Azerbaijan by the Donboli 17 In the Spring of 1798 Sadiq Khan Shaqaqi revolted again and attacked the Donbolis due to Jafar Qoli Khan Donboli being appointed governor of Tabriz but he was repulsed 17 Later though he was able to convince the Afshars of Urmia and the Donbolis to rebel 16 1 17 Fath Ali Shah Qajar heard of the news in Dh ul Qadah 1212 April May 1798 and made a farman to discourage the elites of Tabriz from supporting the alliance 1 Iranian forces eventually moved into Azerbaijan captured Urmia on June 20 and on July 1 moved towards Salmas and Khoy and deposed Jafar Qoli Khan 16 Hosayn Qoli Donboli was placed on the throne in replacement of his brother After Fath Ali Shah left for Tehran in the autumn of 1798 Jafar Qoli Khan attempted to retake the throne from his brother but was repulsed 1 In the Spring of 1799 Hosayn Qoli Donboli died of unknown causes and Jafar Qoli Khan was invited back and became the new Khan of Khoy He requested confirmation from Fath Ali Shah but the Shahanshah refused and sent Abbas Mirza to defeat the Donbolis 1 In June 1799 Abbas entered Tabriz and on September 17 the Donbolis were defeated near Khoy effectively ending the khanate Mahmud Khan was appointed as governor but not long after he was deposed and the khanate was annexed 1 Jafar Qoli Khan Donboli fled to Maku and then to the Ottoman Empire 18 Later he switched alliances to the Russian Empire and was given Shaki Khanate in 1806 12 Jafar Qoli Khan had taken part in the Siege of Erivan in 1804 on the Russian side and received a dagger as a gift which he sought to erect in Khoy 19 Line of Khans of KhoyThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed August 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Sahbaz Khan Donboli I descendant of Hajji Beg died 1731 1st Khan of Khoy Najaf Qoli Khan I his son born 1713 1785 r 1731 1785 1734 entered service of Nader Shah Afshar and became chief musketeer took part in campaign to India entitled amir ol omara lit commander of commanders 1742 1785 beglerbegi governor general of Tabriz 1769 governor of Khoy 2nd Khan of Khoy Sahbaz Khan Donboli II his nephew 1773 1744 joined his uncle and entered service of Nader Shah Afshar 1750 allied with Azad Khan Afghan 1757 allied with Mohammad Hassan Khan Qajar father of Agha Mohammad Khan 1762 allied with Karim Khan Zand 1747 1763 governor of Khoy and Salmas 3rd Khan of Khoy Ahmad Khan Donboli his brother 1735 1786 1763 1786 governor of Khoy 4th Khan of Khoy Hosayn Qoli Donboli his son 1756 1798 1786 1793 and 1798 1799 governor of Khoy 1791 allied with Agha Mohammad Khan and his Qajar dynasty became governor of Tabriz Khoy and Ardabil 1792 entitled amir ol omara chief commander and beglerbegi governor general of Azerbaijan 1793 fell out of favor but was in 1798 reinstated by Fath Ali Shah Qajar in all posts 5th Khan of Khoy Jafar Qoli Khan Donboli his brother 1814 1793 1797 and 1798 1799 governor of Khoy migrated 1800 to Russia and became 1806 1814 governor of Shekki 6th Khan of Khoy His grandchild Fatali Khan Khoyski became in 1918 the first prime minister of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic Mohammad Sadeq Khan son of Hossein Qoli Khan amir ol omara 1798 1813 governor of Azerbaijan 7th Khan of Khoy 20 See alsoTabriz Khanate Donboli tribe Fatali Khan Khoyski Rustam Khan Khoyski Amanollah Khan Zia os SoltanNotes a b c d e f Werner Christoph 2000 An Iranian Town in Transition A Social and Economic History of the Elites of Tabriz 1747 1848 Otto Harrassowitz Verlag ISBN 978 3 447 04309 0 a b c Oberling 1995 a b Basci 2019 p 63 Rybakov R B ed 1995 Istoriya Vostoka v shesti tomah in Russian Vol 3 Moscow Vostochnaya Literatura p 443 ISBN 5 02 017913 2 Kerborani Bahadin Hawar 2021 Paying the Price of Dasht i Karbala Historical Perceptions of Yezidis in the Ottoman Era Kurds and Yezidis in the Middle East I B Tauris doi 10 5040 9780755601226 ch 006 ISBN 978 0 7556 0119 6 S2CID 230526075 retrieved 2021 06 06 Basci 2019 p 96 Balilan Asl Lida Jafari Elham 2013 Khoy s Expansion from Early Islam to Late Qajar According to Historical Documents PDF International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development 3 2 25 Retrieved 10 April 2021 Basci 2019 p 72 Petrushevsky 1949 p 55 a b Oberling amp Dawud 1995 sfnp error no target CITEREFOberlingDawud1995 help Basci 2019 p 73 a b Petrushevsky 1949 p 56 Petrushevsky 1949 p 56 amp 100 Petrushevsky 1949 p 149 Khoy Bazaar in Iran s West Azarbaijan Tasnim News 1 March 2019 Retrieved 9 May 2021 a b c Jones Brydges Hardford 1833 The dynasty of the Kajars London LCCN 05001740 Retrieved 25 April 2021 a b c d Tapper Richard 2006 11 02 Frontier Nomads of Iran A Political and Social History of the Shahsevan Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 02906 3 Bournoutian George 2020 12 29 From the Kur to the Aras A Military History of Russia s Move into the South Caucasus and the First Russo Iranian War 1801 1813 BRILL ISBN 978 90 04 44516 1 Dubrovin N F 1866 Zakavkaze ot 1803 1806 goda in Russian Saint Petersburg p 328 Manoutchehr M Eskandari Qajar Life at the Court of the Early Qajar Shahs transl and edit from Tarikh e Azodi by Soltan Ahmad Mirza Azod al Dowleh Mage Publishers Washington 2014 pp 140 ff BibliographyBasci Veysel 2019 Dunbuli Beyligi Tarihi ve Tarihi Kronikleri XIII XVIII YY Kadim Akademi SBD in Turkish 3 2 63 114 retrieved 28 May 2020 Oberling Pierre 1995 DONBOLi Encyclopedia Iranica vol VII Petrushevsky Ilya Pavlovich 1949 Ocherki po istorii feodalnyh otnoshenij v Azerbajdzhane i Armenii v XVI nachale XIX vv in Russian Saint Petersburg State UniversityFurther readingMatthee Rudi 10 January 2020 Relations between the Center and the Periphery in Safavid Iran The Western Borderlands v the Eastern Frontier Zone The Historian 77 3 431 463 doi 10 1111 hisn 12068 S2CID 143393018 Portal Iran Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Khoy Khanate amp oldid 1117097869, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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