Abbas Mirza
Abbas Mirza (Persian: عباس میرزا; August 26, 1789 – October 25, 1833)[1] was a Qajar crown prince of Iran. He developed a reputation as a military commander during the Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813 and the Russo-Persian War of 1826–1828, as well as through the Ottoman–Persian War of 1821–1823. He is furthermore noted as an early modernizer of Persia's armed forces and institutions, and for his death before his father, Fath Ali Shah.
| Prince Abbas Mirza شاهزاده عباس ميرزا | |
|---|---|
Prince Abbas Mirza, signed by L. Herr, dated 1833. | |
| Crown prince of Iran | |
| Successor | Mohammad Mirza |
| Born | 26 August 1789 Nava, Mazandaran, Qajar Iran |
| Died | 25 October 1833 (aged 44) Mashhad, Qajar Iran |
| Burial | |
| Issue | Mohammad Mirza |
| Dynasty | Qajar |
| Father | Fath-Ali Shah Qajar |
| Mother | Asiyeh Khanum |
Abbas was an intelligent prince, possessed some literary taste, and is noteworthy on account of the comparative simplicity of his life.[2]
With Abbas Mirza as the military commander of the Persian forces, Iran lost all of its territories in the Caucasus comprising the South Caucasus and parts of the North Caucasus (Dagestan) to Russia in conformity with the 1813 Treaty of Gulistan and the 1828 Treaty of Turkmenchay, following the outcomes of the 1804–1813 and 1826–1828 wars.
Biography edit
Abbas Mirza was born on 26 August 1789 in Nava, Mazandaran,[3] a younger son of Fath Ali Shah, but, on account of his mother's royal birth, was destined by his father to succeed him.[2] Considered the favorite son by his father,[4] he was named governor (beglarbeg) of the Azerbaijan region of Persia, in approximately 1798, when he was 10 years old.[1][5] In 1801, three years after Agha Mohammad Khan's death, the Russians capitalized on the moment, and annexed Kartli-Kakheti. As (Eastern) Georgia had been under intermittent Iranian suzerainty since the early 16th century, this act by the Russians was seen as intrusion into Iranian territory. In 1804, eager to take the rest of Iran's territories, the Russian army led by general Pavel Tsitsianov, besieged, captured and sacked the city of Ganja, thereby initiating the Russo-Persian War (1804–1813). Fath-Ali Shah appointed Abbas Mirza as commander of the expeditionary force of 30,000 men.[1][5] His aid was eagerly solicited by both England and Napoleon, anxious to checkmate one another in the East,[2] especially as Persia bordered a common rival, namely Imperial Russia. Preferring the friendship of France, Abbas Mirza continued the war against Russia's young General Kotlyarevsky, aged only twenty-nine but his new ally could give him very little assistance.[6]
The early stages of the war following Fath Ali Shah's orders to invade and regain Georgia and the northern parts of the contemporary Azerbaijani Republic ended up in years of relatively territorial stale warfare. However, as Prof. Alexander Mikaberidze adds, Abbas Mirza led the army in an overall disastrous campaign against the Russians, suffering defeats at Gyumri, Kalagiri, the Zagam River (1805), Karakapet (1806), Karababa (1808), Ganja (1809), Meghri, the Aras River, and Akhalkalaki (1810).[5] The tide started to decisively turn as Russia was sending more and more advanced weaponry and increasing numbers of soldiers. Commanding the southernmost Russian divisions during the long war, Kotlyarevsky defeated the numerically superior Persian army in the Battle of Aslanduz (1812) and in early 1813 stormed and took Lankaran. The Russians were encamped on the opposite bank of River Aras when his two British advisers, Capt Christie and Lt Pottinger, told him to post sentry pickets in short order, but Mirza ignored the warnings. Christie and other British officers tried to rally an army retreating in panic; for days the Russians launched fierce assaults, but at last Christie fell, and Mirza ordered a full retreat. Complacency cost 10,000 Persian lives; Mirza believing wrongly in the weight of superior numbers. In spite of the absence of leadership, The Persians at Lenkoran held out for weeks until, breaking through, the Russians slaughtered the garrison of 4,000 officers and men.[citation needed]
In October 1813, with Abbas Mirza still commander-in-chief, Persia was compelled to make a severely disadvantageous peace known as the Treaty of Gulistan, irrevocably ceding swaths of its territory in the Caucasus, comprising present-day Georgia, Dagestan, and most of what most recently became the Republic of Azerbaijan.[7] The only promise the Shah received in return was a lukewarm guarantee the Mirza would succeed to his throne, without let or hindrance. Persia's dire losses attracted the attention of the British Empire; following the reversal of initial successes, the Russians now posed a serious threat from the Caucasus.[8]
The drastic losses suffered by his forces made him realize that he needed to train Persia's military in the European style of war, and he started sending his students to Europe for military training. By introducing European-style regiments, Abbas Mirza believed it would enable Iran to gain the upper hand over Russia and to reclaim its lost territories. [5] Influenced by Sultan Selim III's reforms, Abbas Mirza set out to create an Iranian version of the Ottoman Nizam-ı Cedid, and reduce the Qajar dependence on tribal and provincial forces.[5] In 1811 and 1815, two groups were sent to Britain, and in 1812 a printing press was finished in Tabriz as a means to reproduce European military handbooks. Tabriz also saw a gunpowder factory and a munitions depot. The training continued with constant drilling by British advisers, with a focus on the infantry and artillery.[1]
He received his opportunity to test his newly reformed military when the Ottoman–Persian War (1821–1823) began, and they proved themselves adept with several victories. This resulted in a peace treaty signed in 1823 after the Battle of Erzurum. The war was a victory for Persia, especially considering they were outnumbered, and this gave much needed confidence to his forces. His second war with Russia, which began in 1826, started off on a good note as he won back most of the territory lost in the Russo-Persian War (1804–1813); however it ended in a string of costly defeats after which Persia was forced to cede the last of its Caucasian territories, comprising all of what is modern day Armenia, Nakhchivan, the rest of the remainder of the contemporary Azerbaijani Republic that was still in Iranian hands, and Iğdır Province, all conform the 1828 Treaty of Turkmenchay.[9] The eventual loss was due less to his army's skill and more to do with lack of reinforcements and overwhelming superiority in numbers. The irrevocable losses, which in total amounted up for all of Qajar Iran's territories in the North Caucasus and the South Caucasus, affected Abbas Mirza severely and his health began to suffer. He also lost enthusiasm for any more military reform.[1] In 1833, he sought to restore order in Khorasan province, which was nominally under Persian supremacy, and while engaged in the task died at Mashhad in 1833. In 1834, his eldest son, Mohammed Mirza, succeeded Fath Ali Shah as the next king.[2] R. G. Watson (History of Persia, 128–9) described him as “the noblest of the Qajar race”.[10]
He is most remembered for his valor in battle and his failed attempts to modernize the Persian army. He was unsuccessful in the latter due, in part, to the lack of government centralization in Iran during the era. Furthermore, it was Abbas Mirza who first dispatched Iranian students to Europe for a western education.[11] He was unable to prove successful in the long run in his wars with Russia as he ended up losing more territory than he gained.[4]
In popular culture edit
- Tabriz in Fog: an Iranian historical drama about Abbas Mirza's life.
Sons edit
- Prince Mohammed Mirza, to become Mohammad Shah Qajar
- Prince Bahram Mirza Mo'ez ed-Dowleh
- Prince Djahangir Mirza
- Prince Bahman Mirza
- Prince Fereydoun Mirza Nayeb-ol-Eyaleh
- Prince Eskandar Mirza
- Prince Khosrow Mirza
- Prince Ghahreman Mirza
- Prince Ardeshir Mirza Rokn ed-Dowleh
- Prince Ahmad Mirza Mo'in ed-Dowleh
- Prince Ja'far Gholi Mirza
- Prince Mostafa Gholi Mirza
- Prince Soltan Morad Mirza Hessam-al-Saltaneh
- Prince Manouchehr Mirza
- Prince Farhad Mirza Mo'tamed ed-Dowleh
- Prince Firouz Mirza Nosrat ed-Dowleh
- Prince Khanlar Mirza Ehtesham ed-Dowleh
- Prince Bahador Mirza
- Prince Mohammad Rahim Mirza
- Prince Mehdi Gholi Mirza
- Prince Hamzeh Mirza Heshmat ed-Dowleh
- Prince Ildirim Bayazid Mirza
- Prince Lotfollah Mirza Shoa'a ed-Dowleh
- Prince Mohammad Karim Mirza
- Prince Ja'ffar Mirza
- Prince Abdollah Mirza
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ a b c d e Hoiberg 2010, p. 10
- ^ a b c d One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Abbas Mirza". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 10.
- ^ Busse 1982, pp. 79–84.
- ^ a b Magnusson & Goring 1990, p. 2
- ^ a b c d e Mikaberidze 2011, p. 2.
- ^ Hopkirk, pp. 60-63
- ^ Timothy C. Dowling Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond p 728 ABC-CLIO, 2 dec. 2014 ISBN 1598849484
- ^ Hopkirk, pp. 65-68
- ^ Timothy C. Dowling Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond p 729 ABC-CLIO, 2 December 2014; ISBN 1598849484
- ^ Lockhart 2007
- ^ Clawson & Rubin 2005, p. 34
References edit
- "articles on Abbas Mirza, Persia-Russia Wars, Persia-Ottoman wars, Golestan Treaty, and Torkaman-Chay Treaty". The Persian Encyclopedia.
- Bournoutian, George (2021). From the Kur to the Aras: A Military History of Russia's Move into the South Caucasus and the First Russo-Iranian War, 1801–1813. Brill. ISBN 978-9004445154.
- Busse, H. (1982). "ʿAbbās Mīrzā Qajar". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume I/1: Āb–ʿAbd-al-Hamīd. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 79–84. ISBN 978-0-71009-090-4.
- Clawson, Patrick; Rubin, Michael (2005). Eternal Iran: Continuity and Chaos. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-6276-6. LCCN 2005045941.
- Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "'Abbās Mīrzā". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. I: A-Ak - Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.
- Hambly, Gavin R.G (1991). "Agha Muhammad Khan and the establishment of the Qajar dynasty". The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 104–144. ISBN 9780521200950.
- Keddie, Nikki R.; Bonine, Michael E., eds. (1981). Modern Iran: The Dialectics of Continuity and Change. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-8739-5465-3. LCCN 80019463.
- Lockhart, L (2007). "Abbas Mirza". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
- Magnusson, Magnus; Goring, Rosemary, eds. (1990). "Abbas Mirza". Cambridge Biographical Dictionary. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39518-6. LCCN 90001542.
- Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-337-8.
- Rockwood, Camilla, ed. (2007). "Aaron". Chambers Biographical Dictionary (8th ed.). Edinburgh, UK: Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd. ISBN 978-0550-10200-3.