President of Iran
The president of Iran (Persian: رئیسجمهور ایران, romanized: Rayis Jomhur-e Irān) is the head of government of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The president is the second highest-ranking official of Iran after the Supreme Leader.
| President of the Islamic Republic of Iran | |
|---|---|
| رئیسجمهور ایران (Persian) | |
Seal of the Presidential Administration of Iran | |
| Style | Mr. President[1] |
| Type | Head of government |
| Member of | |
| Residence |
|
| Seat | Pasteur, Tehran |
| Appointer | Direct vote |
| Term length | Four years, renewable once consecutively |
| Formation | 4 February 1980 |
| First holder | Abolhassan Banisadr |
| Deputy | First Vice President of Iran |
| Salary | 538,592,400 ﷼ annually[2] |
| Website | Official website |
The president is required to gain the Supreme Leader's official approval before being sworn in by the Parliament and the Supreme Leader has the power to dismiss the elected president if he has either been impeached by Parliament or found guilty of a constitutional violation by the Supreme Court.[3] The president carries out the decrees, and answers to the Supreme Leader, who functions as the country's head of state.[4][5] Unlike the executive in other countries, the president of Iran does not have full control over the government, which is ultimately under the direct control of the Supreme Leader.[4][5] Before elections, the nominees must be approved by the guardian council to become a president candidate. Members of the guardian council are chosen by the supreme leader.[6] The president of Iran is elected for a four-year term by direct vote and is not permitted to run for more than two consecutive terms.
Chapter IX of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran sets forth the qualifications for presidential candidates. The procedures for presidential election and all other elections in Iran are outlined by the Supreme Leader.[7][8] The president functions as the executive of the decrees and wishes of the Supreme Leader, including: signing treaties with foreign countries and international organizations; and administering national planning, budget, and state employment affairs.[9][10][8][11][12][13][14][15]
The president also appoints the ministers, subject to the approval of Parliament, as well as to that of the Supreme Leader, who can dismiss or reinstate any of the ministers and vice presidents at any time, regardless of the president or parliament's decision.[16][17][18] The Supreme Leader also directly chooses the ministers of Defense, Intelligence, Foreign Affairs, and Interior, as well as certain other ministries, such as the Science Ministry.[19] Iran's regional policy is directly controlled by the office of the Supreme Leader with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ task limited to protocol and ceremonial occasions. All of Iran's ambassadors to Arab countries, for example, are chosen by the Quds Corps, which directly reports to the Supreme Leader.[20]
The current long-time Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, ruling Iran for more than three decades, has issued decrees and made final decisions on economy, education, environment, foreign policy, national planning, and almost everything else in the country.[20][9][10][11][12][13][14] Khamenei has also made final decisions on the degree of transparency in elections in Iran,[7] and has fired and reinstated presidential cabinet appointments.[16][17]
The current president of Iran is Ebrahim Raisi, who assumed office on 3 August 2021, after the 2021 presidential election. He succeeded Hassan Rouhani, who served 8 years in office from 2013 to 2021.
Background edit
After the Iranian Revolution of 1979 and referendum to create the Islamic Republic on March 29 and 30, the new government needed to craft a new constitution. Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, ordered an election for the Assembly of Experts, the body tasked with writing the constitution.[21] The assembly presented the constitution on October 24, 1979, and Supreme Leader Ruhollah Khomeini and Prime Minister Mehdi Bazargan approved it.
The 1979 Constitution designated the Supreme Leader of Iran as the head of state and the President and Prime Minister as the heads of government. The post of Prime Minister was abolished in 1989.
The first Iranian presidential election was held on January 25, 1980, and resulted in the election of Abulhassan Banisadr with 76% of the votes. Banisadr was impeached on June 22, 1981, by Parliament. Until the early election on July 24, 1981, the duties of the President were undertaken by the Provisional Presidential Council. Mohammad-Ali Rajai was elected president on July 24, 1981, and took office on August 2. Rajai was in office for less than one month because he and his prime minister were both assassinated. Once again a Provisional Presidential Council filled the office until October 13, 1981, when Ali Khamenei was elected president.
The election on August 3, 2005 resulted in a victory for Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. The election on June 12, 2009 was reported by government authorities as a victory for Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, the incumbent candidate, although this is greatly disputed by supporters of rival candidates, who noted the statistical anomalies in voting reports and large-scale overvoting in the officially announced tallies.[22]
Ali Khamenei, Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, Mohammad Khatami, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Hassan Rouhani were each elected president for two terms.
Qualifications and election edit
The procedures for presidential election and all other elections in Iran are outlined by the Supreme Leader.[7] The President of Iran is elected for a four-year term in a national election by universal adult suffrage by everyone of at least 18 years of age.[23] Presidents can only be reelected once if in a consecutive manner.[24] Candidates for the presidency must be approved by the Council of Guardians, a twelve-member body consisting of six clerics (selected by Iran's Supreme Leader) and six lawyers (proposed by the Supreme Leader-appointed head of Iran's judicial system, and voted in by the Parliament).[25] According to the Constitution of Iran candidates for the presidency must possess the following qualifications:
- Iranian origin;
- Iranian nationality;
- administrative capacity and resourcefulness;
- a good past record;
- trustworthiness and piety; and
- convinced belief in the fundamental principles of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the official madhhab of the country.[26][27]
Within these guidelines the Council vetoes candidates who are deemed unacceptable. The approval process is considered to be a check on the president's power, and usually amounts to a small number of candidates being approved. In the 1997 election, for example, only four out of 238 presidential candidates were approved by the council. Western observers have routinely criticized the approvals process as a way for the Council and Supreme Leader to ensure that only conservative and like-minded Islamic fundamentalists can win office. However, the council rejects the criticism, citing approval of so-called reformists in previous elections. The council rejects most of the candidates stating that they are not "a well-known political figure", a requirement by the current law.
The President must be elected with a simple majority of the popular vote. If no candidate receives a majority in the first round, a runoff election is held between the top two candidates.
Presidential council edit
According to the Iranian constitution, when the President dies or is impeached, a special provisional Presidential Council temporarily rules in their place until an election can be held. The President automatically becomes the Head of the Supreme National Security Council and the Head of the Supreme Council of Cultural Revolution.
Powers and responsibilities edit
The President's duties include the following, subject to supervision and approval by the Supreme Leader:
- Second in command (after Supreme Leader) of the executive branch of government and chairperson of the cabinet
- The deputy commander-in-chief of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army
- Declare a state of emergency after passage by the parliament (The proclamation of martial law is forbidden.)
- Head (Presided) of the Supreme National Security Council
- Head (Presided) of the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution
- Appointment of first Vice President of Iran and other Vice Presidents
- Nomination of Cabinet members to the Parliament
- Sends and receives all foreign ambassadors
- Issue executive orders
- Issue medals in honor of service for the nation
- Signature of treaties, protocols, contracts, after the approval of the Islamic Parliament of Iran
- The President is obliged to sign the legislation approved by the Parliament, or the result of a referendum, after it is forwarded to them and the legal stages are covered, and to forward to the relevant authorities for implementation. (He has no right to veto).
some of these duties require the approval of the Supreme Leader.[28]
Oath of office edit
I, as the President, upon the Holy Qur'an and in the presence of the Iranian nation, do hereby swear in the name of Almighty God to safeguard the official Faith, the system of the Islamic republic and the Constitution of the country; to use all my talents and abilities in the discharge of responsibilities undertaken by me; to devote myself to the service of the people, glory of the country, promotion of religion and morality, support of right and propagation of justice; to refrain from being autocratic; to protect the freedom and dignity of individuals and the rights of the Nation recognized by the Constitution; to spare no efforts in safeguarding the frontiers and the political, economic and cultural freedoms of the country; to guard the power entrusted to me by the Nation as a sacred trust like an honest and faithful trustee, by seeking help from God and following the example of the Prophet of Islam and the sacred Imams, peace be upon them, and to entrust it to the one elected by the Nation after me.
Commentary on the presidency in constitution edit
TIME Magazine noted that presidential elections in Iran change nothing as Supreme Leader Khamenei — and not the President — wields the ultimate power.[29] Tallha Abdulrazaq, an Iraqi researcher at the University of Exeter's Strategy and Security Institute, stated that Khamenei, the longtime Supreme Leader of Iran, always uses the president as a kind of a buffer zone between him and the people. “Anything that goes right, Khamenei then can say 'I am the wise leader who put this guy in charge and he made the right policy decisions.' Anything that goes wrong, he can say ‘we should get rid of this guy. He is not good for the country, he is not good for you.’"[30]
Latest election edit
| Candidate | Party | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ebrahim Raisi | Combatant Clergy Association | 18,021,945 | 72.35 | |
| Mohsen Rezaee | Resistance Front of Islamic Iran | 3,440,835 | 13.81 | |
| Abdolnaser Hemmati | Executives of Construction Party | 2,443,387 | 9.81 | |
| Amir-Hossein Ghazizadeh Hashemi | Islamic Law Party | 1,003,650 | 4.03 | |
| Total | 24,909,817 | 100.00 | ||
| Valid votes | 24,909,817 | 86.64 | ||
| Invalid/blank votes | 3,840,919 | 13.36 | ||
| Total votes | 28,750,736 | 100.00 | ||
| Registered voters/turnout | 59,310,307 | 48.48 | ||
| Source: Fars News | ||||
See also edit
References edit
- ^ "HH The Amir, President of Iran Give Joint Press Statements". Qatar Embassy in London. 12 January 2020. from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
- ^ "حقوق رئیس جمهور و نمایندگان چقدر است؟". Mashreghnews.ir. 2019-06-29. from the original on 2017-02-15. Retrieved 2019-07-09.
- ^ Erdbrink, Thomas (2011-10-25). "Iran's supreme leader floats proposal to abolish presidency". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. from the original on 2019-12-21. Retrieved 2021-06-16.
- ^ a b (see Article 110 of the constitution)
- ^ a b Axel Tschentscher. "ICL - Iran - Constitution". Servat.unibe.ch. from the original on 2018-08-21. Retrieved 2019-07-09.
- ^ "Council of Guardians | Definition, Role, Selection, & History". Encyclopedia Britannica. from the original on 2021-02-18. Retrieved 2021-03-17.
- ^ a b c "Leader outlines elections guidelines, calls for transparency". Tehran Times. 2016-10-15. from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
- ^ a b Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 2017-08-06 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 5-23-2008
- ^ a b "Iran's Khamenei hits out at Rafsanjani in rare public rebuke". Middle East Eye. from the original on 2016-04-04. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
- ^ a b "Khamenei says Iran must go green - Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East". Al-Monitor. 17 November 2015. from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
- ^ a b Louis Charbonneau and Parisa Hafezi (16 May 2014). "Exclusive: Iran pursues ballistic missile work, complicating nuclear talks". Reuters. from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
- ^ a b . Archived from the original on 2016-03-07. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
- ^ a b "Khamenei outlines 14-point plan to increase population". Al-Monitor. 2014-05-22. from the original on 2017-08-01. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
- ^ a b "Iran: Executive, legislative branch officials endorse privatization plan". www.payvand.com. from the original on 2017-01-05. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
- ^ Ali Vafadar (1995). The constitution and political change. p. 559.
- ^ a b . CP. Archived from the original on 2017-08-08. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
- ^ a b "BBC NEWS - Middle East - Iranian vice-president 'sacked'". from the original on 2018-10-03. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
- ^ Amir Saeed Vakil, Pouryya Askary (2004). constitution in now law like order. p. 362.
- ^ "Did Khamenei block Rouhani's science minister?". Al-monitor.com. 2017-10-23. from the original on 2017-10-24. Retrieved 2019-07-09.
- ^ a b . ASHARQ AL-AWSAT English Archive. 2017-09-25. Archived from the original on 2017-10-10. Retrieved 2019-07-09.
- ^ "Assembly of Experts". from the original on 17 March 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2009.
- ^ "Moussavi vows to 'pay any cost' to fight Iran election results". CNN. 2009-06-15. from the original on 2019-10-11. Retrieved 2017-05-22.
- ^ . www.ilna.ir. Archived from the original on 13 May 2007. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
- ^ "constitution" (PDF). www.wipo.int. Retrieved 26 December 2020..
- ^ Bazzi, Mohamad (12 June 2009). "Iran Elections: Latest News". Washington Post. from the original on 5 December 2010. Retrieved 13 June 2009.
- ^ Constitution of Iran 2018-08-21 at the Wayback Machine Article 115 - Qualifications
- ^ "قانون اساسی جمهوری اسلامی ایران". Majlis.ir. from the original on 2017-08-04. Retrieved 2014-03-30.
- ^ "functions". www.president.ir. from the original on 2020-11-24. Retrieved 2020-12-22.
- ^ "Iran's Election Will Change Nothing". Time. from the original on 2017-05-21. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
- ^ "Elections won't change much. Iran still belongs to Khamenei". TRT World. from the original on 2017-05-17. Retrieved 2017-05-21.