Wikipedia
Microsoft PowerPoint
Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation program,[8] created by Robert Gaskins and Dennis Austin[8] at a software company named Forethought, Inc.[8] It was released on April 20, 1987,[9] initially for Macintosh computers only.[8] Microsoft acquired PowerPoint for about $14 million three months after it appeared.[10] This was Microsoft's first significant acquisition,[11] and Microsoft set up a new business unit for PowerPoint in Silicon Valley where Forethought had been located.[11]
A photo presentation being created and edited in PowerPoint, running on Windows 11 | |
| Developer(s) | Microsoft |
|---|---|
| Initial release | May 22, 1990 |
| Stable release | 2209 (16.0.15629.20208) / October 11, 2022[1] |
| Written in | C++ (back-end)[2] |
| Operating system | Microsoft Windows |
| Available in | 102 languages[3] |
List of languages Afrikaans, Albanian, Amharic, Arabic, Armenian, Assamese, Azerbaijani (Latin), Bangla (Bangladesh), Bangla (Bengali India), Basque, Belarusian, Bosnian (Latin), Bulgarian, Catalan, Chinese (Simplified), Chinese (Traditional), Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dari, Dutch, English, Estonian, Filipino, Finnish, French, Galician, Georgian, German, Greek, Gujarati, Hausa, Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Icelandic, Igbo, Indonesian, Irish, isiXhosa, isiZulu, Italian, Japanese, Kannada, Kazakh, Khmer, Kinyarwanda, Kiswahili, Konkani, Korean, Kyrgyz, Latvian, Lithuanian, Luxembourgish, Macedonian (Macedonia), Malay (Latin), Malayalam, Maltese, Maori, Marathi, Mongolian (Cyrillic), Nepali, Norwegian (Bokmål), Norwegian (Nynorsk), Odia, Pashto, Persian (Farsi), Polish, Portuguese (Portugal), Portuguese (Brazil), Punjabi (India), Quechua, Romanian, Romansh, Russian, Scottish Gaelic, Serbian (Cyrillic, Serbia), Serbian (Latin, Serbia), Serbian (Cyrillic, Bosnia and Herzegovina), Sesotho sa Leboa, Setswana, Sindhi (Arabic), Sinhala, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, Swedish, Tamil, Tatar (Cyrillic), Telugu, Thai, Turkish, Turkmen (Latin), Ukrainian, Urdu, Uyghur, Uzbek (Latin), Valencian, Vietnamese, Welsh, Wolof, Yoruba | |
| Type | Presentation program |
| License | Trialware |
| Website | microsoft |
PowerPoint for Mac (version 16.69.1), running on macOS Ventura (13.2) | |
| Developer(s) | Microsoft |
|---|---|
| Initial release | April 20, 1987 |
| Stable release | 16.70 (Build 23021201) / February 14, 2023[4] |
| Written in | C++ (back-end), Objective-C (API/UI)[2] |
| Operating system | macOS 11 or later |
| Available in | 26 languages[5] |
List of languages English, Arabic, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian Bokmål, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Simplified Chinese, Slovak, Spanish, Swedish, Thai, Traditional Chinese, Turkish | |
| Type | Presentation program |
| License | Proprietary commercial software |
Powerpoint for Android running on Android 13 | |
| Developer(s) | Microsoft Corporation |
|---|---|
| Stable release | 16.0.16501.20160 / May 26, 2023[6] |
| Operating system | Android Pie or later |
| Type | Presentation program |
| License | Proprietary commercial software |
| Website | products |
| Developer(s) | Microsoft Corporation |
|---|---|
| Stable release | 2.73 / May 15, 2023[7] |
| Operating system | iOS 15 or later IPadOS 15 or later watchOS 8 or later |
| Available in | 33 languages |
List of languages English, Arabic, Catalan, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Malay, Norwegian Bokmål, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Simplified Chinese, Slovak, Spanish, Swedish, Thai, Traditional Chinese, Turkish, Ukrainian, Vietnamese | |
| Type | Presentation program |
| License | Proprietary commercial software |
| Website | products |
| Developer(s) | Microsoft |
|---|---|
| Final release | 16002.12325.20032.0 / December 10, 2019 |
| Operating system | Windows 10, Windows 10 Mobile |
| Type | Presentation program |
| License | Trialware |
| Website | www |
PowerPoint became a component of the Microsoft Office suite, first offered in 1989 for Macintosh[12] and in 1990 for Windows,[13] which bundled several Microsoft apps. Beginning with PowerPoint 4.0 (1994), PowerPoint was integrated into Microsoft Office development, and adopted shared common components and a converged user interface.[14]
PowerPoint's market share was very small at first, prior to introducing a version for Microsoft Windows, but grew rapidly with the growth of Windows and of Office.[15]: 402–404 Since the late 1990s, PowerPoint's worldwide market share of presentation software has been estimated at 95 percent.[16]
PowerPoint was originally designed to provide visuals for group presentations within business organizations, but has come to be very widely used in many other communication situations, both in business and beyond.[17] The impact of this much wider use of PowerPoint has been experienced as a powerful change throughout society,[18] with strong reactions including advice that it should be used less,[19] should be used differently,[20] or should be used better.[21]
The first PowerPoint version (Macintosh 1987) was used to produce overhead transparencies,[22] the second (Macintosh 1988, Windows 1990) could also produce color 35 mm slides.[22] The third version (Windows and Macintosh 1992) introduced video output of virtual slideshows to digital projectors, which would over time completely replace physical transparencies and slides.[22] A dozen major versions since then have added many additional features and modes of operation[14] and have made PowerPoint available beyond Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows, adding versions for iOS, Android, and web access.[23]
History Edit
Creation at Forethought (1984–1987) Edit
PowerPoint was created by Robert Gaskins and Dennis Austin at a software startup in Silicon Valley named Forethought, Inc.[24] Forethought had been founded in 1983 to create an integrated environment and applications for future personal computers that would provide a graphical user interface, but it had run into difficulties requiring a "restart" and new plan.[25]
On July 5, 1984, Forethought hired Robert Gaskins as its vice president of product development[26]: 51 to create a new application that would be especially suited to the new graphical personal computers, such as Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh.[27] Gaskins produced his initial description of PowerPoint about a month later (August 14, 1984) in the form of a 2-page document titled "Presentation Graphics for Overhead Projection."[28] By October 1984, Gaskins had selected Dennis Austin to be the developer for PowerPoint.[29] Gaskins and Austin worked together on the definition and design of the new product for nearly a year, and produced the first specification document dated August 21, 1985.[30] This first design document showed a product as it would look in Microsoft Windows 1.0,[31] which at that time had not been released.[32]
Development from that spec was begun by Austin in November 1985, for Macintosh first.[26]: 104 About six months later, on May 1, 1986, Gaskins and Austin chose a second developer to join the project, Thomas Rudkin.[26]: 149 Gaskins prepared two final product specification marketing documents in June 1986; these described a product for both Macintosh and Windows.[33][34] At about the same time, Austin, Rudkin, and Gaskins produced a second and final major design specification document, this time showing a Macintosh look.[35]
Throughout this development period, the product was called "Presenter." Then, just before release, there was a last-minute check with Forethought's lawyers to register the name as a trademark, and "Presenter" was unexpectedly rejected because it had already been used by someone else. Gaskins says that he thought of "PowerPoint", based on the product's goal of "empowering" individual presenters, and sent that name to the lawyers for clearance, while all the documentation was hastily revised.[36]
Funding to complete development of PowerPoint was assured in mid-January 1987, when a new Apple Computer venture capital fund, called Apple's Strategic Investment Group,[37] selected PowerPoint to be its first investment.[26]: 169–171 A month later, on February 22, 1987, Forethought announced PowerPoint at the Personal Computer Forum in Phoenix; John Sculley, the CEO of Apple, appeared at the announcement and said "We see desktop presentation as potentially a bigger market for Apple than desktop publishing."[38]
PowerPoint 1.0 for Macintosh shipped from manufacturing on April 20, 1987, and the first production run of 10,000 units was sold out.[39]
Acquisition by Microsoft (1987–1992) Edit
By early 1987, Microsoft was starting to plan a new application to create presentations, an activity led by Jeff Raikes, who was head of marketing for the Applications Division.[40] Microsoft assigned an internal group to write a specification and plan for a new presentation product.[41] They contemplated an acquisition to speed up development, and in early 1987 Microsoft sent a letter of intent to acquire Dave Winer's product called MORE, an outlining program that could print its outlines as bullet charts.[42] During this preparatory activity Raikes discovered that a program specifically to make overhead presentations was already being developed by Forethought, Inc., and that it was nearly completed.[40] Raikes and others visited Forethought on February 6, 1987, for a confidential demonstration.[26]: 173
Raikes later recounted his reaction to seeing PowerPoint and his report about it to Bill Gates, who was initially skeptical:[40]
I thought, "software to do overheads—that's a great idea." I came back to see Bill. I said, "Bill, I think we really ought to do this;" and Bill said, "No, no, no, no, no, that's just a feature of Microsoft Word, just put it into Word." ... And I kept saying, "Bill, no, it's not just a feature of Microsoft Word, it's a whole genre of how people do these presentations." And, to his credit, he listened to me and ultimately allowed me to go forward and ... buy this company in Silicon Valley called Forethought, for the product known as PowerPoint.
When PowerPoint was released by Forethought, its initial press was favorable; the Wall Street Journal reported on early reactions: "'I see about one product a year I get this excited about,' says Amy Wohl, a consultant in Bala Cynwyd, Pa. 'People will buy a Macintosh just to get access to this product.'"[43]
On April 28, 1987, a week after shipment, a group of Microsoft's senior executives spent another day at Forethought to hear about initial PowerPoint sales on Macintosh and plans for Windows.[26]: 191 The following day, Microsoft sent a letter to Dave Winer withdrawing its earlier letter of intent to acquire his company,[44] and in mid-May 1987 Microsoft sent a letter of intent to acquire Forethought.[45] As requested in that letter of intent, Robert Gaskins from Forethought went to Redmond for a one-on-one meeting with Bill Gates in early June, 1987,[26]: 197 and by the end of July an agreement was concluded for an acquisition. The New York Times reported:[46]
... July 30, 1987— The Microsoft Corporation announced its first significant software acquisition today, paying $14 million [$36.1 million in present-day terms[47]] for Forethought Inc. of Sunnyvale, Calif. Forethought makes a program called PowerPoint that allows users of Apple Macintosh computers to make overhead transparencies or flip charts. ... [T]he acquisition of Forethought is the first significant one for Microsoft, which is based in Redmond, Wash. Forethought would remain in Sunnyvale, giving Microsoft a Silicon Valley presence. The unit will be headed by Robert Gaskins, Forethought's vice president of product development.
Microsoft's president Jon Shirley offered Microsoft's motivation for the acquisition: "'We made this deal primarily because of our belief in desktop presentations as a product category. ... Forethought was first to market with a product in this category.'"[48]
Microsoft set up within its Applications Division an independent "Graphics Business Unit" to develop and market PowerPoint, the first Microsoft application group distant from the main Redmond location.[48] All the PowerPoint people from Forethought joined Microsoft, and the new location was headed by Robert Gaskins, with Dennis Austin and Thomas Rudkin leading development.[49] PowerPoint 1.0 for Macintosh was modified to indicate the new Microsoft ownership and continued to be sold.[49]
A new PowerPoint 2.0 for Macintosh, adding color 35 mm slides, appeared by mid-1988,[49] and again received good reviews.[50] The same PowerPoint 2.0 product re-developed for Windows was shipped two years later, in mid-1990, at the same time as Windows 3.0.[51] Much of the color technology was the fruit of a joint development partnership with Genigraphics, at that time the dominant presentation services company.[52]
PowerPoint 3.0, which was shipped in 1992 for both Windows and Mac, added live video for projectors and monitors, with the result that PowerPoint was thereafter used for delivering presentations as well as for preparing them. This was at first an alternative to overhead transparencies and 35 mm slides, but over time would come to replace them.[53]
Part of Microsoft Office (since 1993) Edit
PowerPoint had been included in Microsoft Office from the beginning. PowerPoint 2.0 for Macintosh was part of the first Office bundle for Macintosh which was offered in mid-1989.[54] When PowerPoint 2.0 for Windows appeared, a year later, it was part of a similar Office bundle for Windows, which was offered in late 1990.[55] Both of these were bundling promotions, in which the independent applications were packaged together and offered for a lower total price.[54][55]
PowerPoint 3.0 (1992) was again separately specified and developed,[14] and was prominently advertised and sold separately from Office.[56] It was, as before, included in Microsoft Office 3.0, both for Windows and the corresponding version for Macintosh.[57]
A plan to integrate the applications themselves more tightly had been indicated as early as February 1991, toward the end of PowerPoint 3.0 development, in an internal memo by Bill Gates:[58]
Another important question is what portion of our applications sales over time will be a set of applications versus a single product. ... Please assume that we stay ahead in integrating our family together in evaluating our future strategies—the product teams WILL deliver on this. ... I believe that we should position the "OFFICE" as our most important application.
The move from bundling separate products to integrated development began with PowerPoint 4.0, developed in 1993–1994 under new management from Redmond.[59] The PowerPoint group in Silicon Valley was reorganized from the independent "Graphics Business Unit" (GBU) to become the "Graphics Product Unit" (GPU) for Office, and PowerPoint 4.0 changed to adopt a converged user interface and other components shared with the other apps in Office.[14]
When it was released, the computer press reported on the change approvingly: "PowerPoint 4.0 has been re-engineered from the ground up to resemble and work with the latest applications in Office: Word 6.0, Excel 5.0, and Access 2.0. The integration is so good, you'll have to look twice to make sure you're running PowerPoint and not Word or Excel."[60] Office integration was further underscored in the following version, PowerPoint 95, which was given the version number PowerPoint 7.0 (skipping 5.0 and 6.0) so that all the components of Office would share the same major version number.[61]
Although PowerPoint by this point had become part of the integrated Microsoft Office product, its development remained in Silicon Valley. Succeeding versions of PowerPoint introduced important changes, particularly version 12.0 (2007) which had a very different shared Office "ribbon" user interface, and a new shared Office XML-based file format.[62] This marked the 20th anniversary of PowerPoint, and Microsoft held an event to commemorate that anniversary at its Silicon Valley Campus for the PowerPoint team there. Special guests were Robert Gaskins, Dennis Austin, and Thomas Rudkin, and the featured speaker was Jeff Raikes, all from PowerPoint 1.0 days, 20 years before.[63]
Since then major development of PowerPoint as part of Office has continued. New development techniques (shared across Office) for PowerPoint 2016 have made it possible to ship versions of PowerPoint 2016 for Windows, Mac, iOS, Android, and web access nearly simultaneously,[citation needed] and to release new features on an almost monthly schedule.[64] PowerPoint development is still carried out in Silicon Valley as of 2017[update].[65]
In 2010, Jeff Raikes, who had most recently been President of the Business Division of Microsoft (including responsibility for Office),[66] observed: "of course, today we know that PowerPoint is oftentimes the number two—or in some cases even the number one—most-used tool" among the applications in Office.[40]
Edit
PowerPoint's initial sales were about 40,000 copies sold in 1987 (nine months), about 85,000 copies in 1988, and about 100,000 copies in 1989, all for Macintosh.[67] PowerPoint's market share in its first three years was a tiny part of the total presentation market, which was very heavily dominated by MS-DOS applications on PCs.[68] The market leaders on MS-DOS in 1988–1989[69] were Harvard Graphics (introduced by Software Publishing in 1986[70]) in first place, and Lotus Freelance Plus (also introduced in 1986[71]) as a strong second.[72] They were competing with more than a dozen other MS-DOS presentation products,[73] and Microsoft did not develop a PowerPoint version for MS-DOS.[74] After three years, PowerPoint sales were disappointing. Jeff Raikes, who had bought PowerPoint for Microsoft, later recalled: "By 1990, it looked like it wasn't a very smart idea [for Microsoft to have acquired PowerPoint], because not very many people were using PowerPoint."[40]
This began to change when the first version for Windows, PowerPoint 2.0, brought sales up to about 200,000 copies in 1990 and to about 375,000 copies in 1991, with Windows units outselling Macintosh.[67]: 403 PowerPoint sold about 1 million copies in 1992, of which about 80 percent were for Windows and about 20 percent for Macintosh,[67]: 403 and in 1992 PowerPoint's market share of worldwide presentation graphics software sales was reported as 63 percent.[67]: 404 By the last six months of 1992, PowerPoint revenue was running at a rate of over $100 million annually ($258 million in present-day terms[47]).[67]: 405 [75]
Sales of PowerPoint 3.0 doubled to about 2 million copies in 1993, of which about 90 percent were for Windows and about 10 percent for Macintosh,[67]: 403 and in 1993 PowerPoint's market share of worldwide presentation graphics software sales was reported as 78 percent.[67]: 404 In both years, about half of total revenue came from sales outside the U.S.[67]: 404
By 1997 PowerPoint sales had doubled again, to more than 4 million copies annually, representing 85 percent of the world market.[76] Also in 1997, an internal publication from the PowerPoint group said that by then over 20 million copies of PowerPoint were in use, and that total revenues from PowerPoint over its first ten years (1987 to 1996) had already exceeded $1 billion.[77]
Since the late 1990s, PowerPoint's market share of total world presentation software has been estimated at 95 percent by both industry and academic sources.[78]
Operation Edit
The earliest version of PowerPoint (1987 for Macintosh) could be used to print black and white pages to be photocopied onto sheets of transparent film for projection from overhead projectors, and to print speaker's notes and audience handouts; the next version (1988 for Macintosh, 1990 for Windows) was extended to also produce color 35mm slides by communicating a file over a modem to a Genigraphics imaging center with slides returned by overnight delivery for projection from slide projectors. PowerPoint was used for planning and preparing a presentation, but not for delivering it (apart from previewing it on a computer screen, or distributing printed paper copies).[79] The operation of PowerPoint changed substantially in its third version (1992 for Windows and Macintosh), when PowerPoint was extended to also deliver a presentation by producing direct video output to digital projectors or large monitors.[79] In 1992 video projection of presentations was rare and expensive, and practically unknown from a laptop computer. Robert Gaskins, one of the creators of PowerPoint, says he publicly demonstrated that use for the first time at a large Microsoft meeting held in Paris on February 25, 1992, by using an unreleased development build of PowerPoint 3.0 running on an early pre-production sample of a powerful new color laptop and feeding a professional auditorium video projector.[80]: 373–375
By about 2003, ten years later, digital projection had become the dominant mode of use, replacing transparencies and 35mm slides and their projectors.[80]: 410–414 [81] As a result, the meaning of "PowerPoint presentation" narrowed to mean specifically digital projection:[82]
... in the business lexicon, "PowerPoint presentation" had come to refer to a presentation made using a PowerPoint slideshow projected from a computer. Although the PowerPoint software had been used to generate transparencies for over a decade, this usage was not typically encompassed by a common understanding of the term.
In contemporary operation, PowerPoint is used to create a file (called a "presentation" or "deck") containing a sequence of pages (called "slides" in the app) which usually have a consistent style (from template masters), and which may contain information imported from other apps or created in PowerPoint, including text, bullet lists, tables, charts, drawn shapes, images, audio clips, video clips, animations of elements, and animated transitions between slides, plus attached notes for each slide.[83]
After such a file is created, typical operation is to present it as a slide show using a portable computer, where the presentation file is stored on the computer or available from a network, and the computer's screen shows a "presenter view" with current slide, next slide, speaker's notes for the current slide, and other information.[84] Video is sent from the computer to one or more external digital projectors or monitors, showing only the current slide to the audience, with sequencing controlled by the speaker at the computer. A smartphone remote control built in to PowerPoint for iOS (optionally controlled from Apple Watch)[85] and for Android[86] allows the presenter to control the show from elsewhere in the room.
In addition to a computer slide show projected to a live audience by a speaker, PowerPoint can be used to deliver a presentation in a number of other ways:
- Displayed on the screen of the presentation computer or tablet (for a very small group)[87]
- Printed for distribution as paper documents (in several formats)[88]
- Distributed as files for private viewing, even on computers without PowerPoint[89]
- Packaged for distribution on CD or a network, including linked and embedded data[90]
- Transmitted as a live broadcast presentation over the web[91]
- Embedded in a web page or blog[92]
- Shared on social networks such as Facebook or Twitter[93]
- Set up as a self-running unattended display[94]
- Recorded as video/audio (H.264/AAC), to be distributed as for any other video[95]
Some of these ways of using PowerPoint have been studied by JoAnne Yates and Wanda Orlikowski of the MIT Sloan School of Management:[82]
The standard form of such presentations involves a single person standing before a group of people, talking and using the PowerPoint slideshow to project visual aids onto a screen. ... In practice, however, presentations are not always delivered in this mode. In our studies, we often found that the presenter sat at a table with a small group of people and walked them through a "deck", composed of paper copies of the slides. In some cases, decks were simply distributed to individuals, without even a walk-through or discussion. ... Other variations in the form included sending the PowerPoint file electronically to another site and talking through the slides over an audio or video channel (e.g., telephone or video conference) as both parties viewed the slides. ... Another common variation was placing a PowerPoint file on a web site for people to view at different times.
They found that some of these ways of using PowerPoint could influence the content of presentations, for example when "the slides themselves have to carry more of the substance of the presentation, and thus need considerably more content than they would have if they were intended for projection by a speaker who would orally provide additional details and nuance about content and context."[82]
Other platforms Edit
PowerPoint for mobile Edit
PowerPoint Mobile is included with Windows Mobile 5.0. It is a presentation program capable of reading and editing Microsoft PowerPoint presentations, although authoring abilities are limited to adding notes, editing text, and rearranging slides. It can't create new presentations.[96][97] Versions of PowerPoint Mobile for Windows Phone 7 can also watch presentation broadcasts streamed from the Internet.[98] In 2015, Microsoft released PowerPoint Mobile for Windows 10 as a universal app. In this version of PowerPoint users can create and edit new presentations, present, and share their PowerPoint documents.[99]
PowerPoint for the web Edit
PowerPoint for the web is a free lightweight version of Microsoft PowerPoint available as part of Office on the web, which also includes web versions of Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Word.
PowerPoint for the web does not support inserting or editing charts, equations, or audio or video stored on your PC, but they are all displayed in the presentation if they were added in using a desktop app. Some elements, like WordArt effects or more advanced animations and transitions, are not displayed at all, although they are preserved in the document. PowerPoint for the web also lacks the Outline, Master, Slide Sorter, and Presenter views present in the desktop app, as well as having limited printing options.[100]
Cultural impact Edit
Business uses Edit
PowerPoint was originally targeted just for business presentations. Robert Gaskins, who was responsible for its design, has written about his intended customers: "... I did not target other existing large groups of users of presentations, such as school teachers or military officers. ... I also did not plan to target people who were not existing users of presentations ... such as clergy and school children ... . Our focus was purely on business users, in small and large companies, from one person to the largest multinationals."[101]: 76–77 Business people had for a long time made presentations for sales calls and for internal company communications, and PowerPoint produced the same formats in the same style and for the same purposes.[101]: 420
PowerPoint use in business grew over its first five years (1987-1992) to sales of about 1 million copies annually, for worldwide market share of 63 percent.[67] Over the following five years (1992-1997) PowerPoint sales accelerated, to a rate of about 4 million copies annually, for worldwide market share of 85 percent.[102] The increase in business use has been attributed to "network effects," whereby additional users of PowerPoint in a company or an industry increased its salience and value to other users.[103]
Not everyone immediately approved of the greater use of PowerPoint for presentations, even in business. CEOs who very early were reported to discourage or ban PowerPoint presentations at internal business meetings included Lou Gerstner (at IBM, in 1993),[104] Scott McNealy (at Sun Microsystems, in 1996),[105] and Steve Jobs (at Apple, in 1997).[106] But even so, Rich Gold, a scholar who studied corporate presentation use at Xerox PARC, could write in 1999: "Within today's corporation, if you want to communicate an idea ... you use PowerPoint."[107]
Uses beyond business Edit
At the same time that PowerPoint was becoming dominant in business settings, it was also being adopted for uses beyond business: "Personal computing ... scaled up the production of presentations. ... The result has been the rise of presentation culture. In an information society, nearly everyone presents."[108]
In 1998, at about the same time that Gold was pronouncing PowerPoint's ubiquity in business, the influential Bell Labs engineer Robert W. Lucky could already write about broader uses:[109]
... the world has run amok with the giddy power of presentation graphics. A new language is in the air, and it is codified in PowerPoint. ... In a family discussion about what to do on a given evening, for example, I feel like pulling out my laptop and giving a Vugraph presentation... In church, I am surprised that the preachers haven't caught on yet. ... How have we gotten on so long without PowerPoint?
Over a decade or so, beginning in the mid 1990s, PowerPoint began to be used in many communication situations, well beyond its original business presentation uses, to include teaching in schools[110] and in universities,[111] lecturing in scientific meetings[112] (and preparing their related poster sessions[113]), worshipping in churches,[114] making legal arguments in courtrooms,[115] displaying supertitles in theaters,[116] driving helmet-mounted displays in spacesuits for NASA astronauts,[117] giving military briefings,[118] issuing governmental reports,[119] undertaking diplomatic negotiations,[120][121] writing novels,[122] giving architectural demonstrations,[123] prototyping website designs,[124] creating animated video games,[125] editing images,[126] creating art projects,[127] and even as a substitute for writing engineering technical reports,[128] and as an organizing tool for writing general business documents.[129]
By 2003, it seemed that PowerPoint was being used everywhere. Julia Keller reported for the Chicago Tribune:[130]
PowerPoint ... is one of the most pervasive and ubiquitous technological tools ever concocted. In less than a decade, it has revolutionized the worlds of business, education, science, and communications, swiftly becoming the standard for just about anybody who wants to explain just about anything to just about anybody else. From corporate middle managers reporting on production goals to 4th-graders fashioning a show-and-tell on the French and Indian War to church pastors explicating the seven deadly sins ... PowerPoint seems poised for world domination.
Cultural reactions Edit
As uses broadened, cultural awareness of PowerPoint grew and commentary about it began to appear. "With the widespread adoption of PowerPoint came complaints ... often very general statements reflecting dissatisfaction with modern media and communication practices as well as the dysfunctions of organizational culture."[131] Indications of this awareness included increasing mentions of PowerPoint use in the Dilbert comic strips of Scott Adams,[132] comic parodies of poor or inappropriate use such as the Gettysburg Address in PowerPoint[133][134] or summaries of Shakespeare's Hamlet and Nabokov's Lolita in PowerPoint,[135] and a vast number of publications on the general subject of PowerPoint, especially about how to use it.[136][137]
Out of all the analyses of PowerPoint over a quarter of a century, at least three general themes emerged as categories of reaction to its broader use: (1) "Use it less": avoid PowerPoint in favor of alternatives, such as using more-complex graphics and written prose, or using nothing;[19] (2) "Use it differently": make a major change to a PowerPoint style that is simpler and pictorial, turning the presentation toward a performance, more like a Steve Jobs keynote;[20] and (3) "Use it better": retain much of the conventional PowerPoint style but learn to avoid making many kinds of mistakes that can interfere with communication.[21]
Use it less Edit
An early reaction was that the broader use of PowerPoint was a mistake, and should be reversed. An influential example of this came from Edward Tufte, an authority on information design, who has been a professor of political science, statistics, and computer science at Princeton and Yale, but is best known for his self-published books on data visualization, which have sold nearly 2 million copies as of 2014.[138]
In 2003, he published a widely-read booklet titled The Cognitive Style of PowerPoint, revised in 2006.[19] Tufte found a number of problems with the "cognitive style" of PowerPoint, many of which he attributed to the standard default style templates:[19]
PowerPoint's convenience for some presenters is costly to the content and the audience. These costs arise from the cognitive style characteristics of the standard default PP presentation: foreshortening of evidence and thought, low spatial resolution, an intensely hierarchical single-path structure as the model for organizing every type of content, breaking up narratives and data into slides and minimal fragments, rapid temporal sequencing of thin information rather than focused spatial analysis, conspicuous chartjunk and PP Phluff, branding of slides with logotypes, a preoccupation with format not content, incompetent designs for data graphics and tables, and a smirky commercialism that turns information into a sales pitch and presenters into marketeers [italics in original].
Tufte particularly advised against using PowerPoint for reporting scientific analyses, using as a dramatic example some slides made during the flight of the space shuttle Columbia after it had been damaged by an accident at liftoff, slides which poorly communicated the engineers' limited understanding of what had happened.[19]: 8–14 For such technical presentations, and for most occasions apart from its initial domain of sales presentations, Tufte advised against using PowerPoint at all; in many situations, according to Tufte, it would be better to substitute high-resolution graphics or concise prose documents as handouts for the audience to study and discuss, providing a great deal more detail.[19]
Many commentators enthusiastically joined in Tufte's vivid criticism of PowerPoint uses,[139] and at a conference held in 2013 (a decade after Tufte's booklet appeared) one paper claimed that "Despite all the criticism about his work, Tufte can be considered as the single most influential author in the discourse on PowerPoint. ... While his approach was not rigorous from a research perspective, his articles received wide resonance with the public at large ... ."[140] There were also others who disagreed with Tufte's assertion that the PowerPoint program reduces the quality of presenters' thoughts: Steven Pinker, professor of psychology at MIT and later Harvard, had earlier argued that "If anything, PowerPoint, if used well, would ideally reflect the way we think."[141] Pinker later reinforced this opinion: "Any general opposition to PowerPoint is just dumb, ... It's like denouncing lectures—before there were awful PowerPoint presentations, there were awful scripted lectures, unscripted lectures, slide shows, chalk talks, and so on."[142]
Much of the early commentary, on all sides, was "informal" and "anecdotal", because empirical research had been limited.[143]
Use it differently Edit
A second reaction to PowerPoint use was to say that PowerPoint can be used well, but only by substantially changing its style of use. This reaction is exemplified by Richard E. Mayer, a professor of psychology at the University of California, Santa Barbara, who has studied cognition and learning, particularly the design of educational multimedia, and who has published more than 500 publications, including over 30 books.[144] Mayer's theme has been that "In light of the science, it is up to us to make a fundamental shift in our thinking—we can no longer expect people to struggle to try to adapt to our PowerPoint habits. Instead, we have to change our PowerPoint habits to align with the way people learn."[20]
Tufte had argued his judgment that the information density of text on PowerPoint slides was too low, perhaps only 40 words on a slide, leading to over-simplified messages;[145] Mayer responded that his empirical research showed exactly the opposite, that the amount of text on PowerPoint slides was usually too high, and that even fewer than 40 words on a slide resulted in "PowerPoint overload" that impeded understanding during presentations.[146]
Mayer suggested a few major changes from traditional PowerPoint formats:[20]
- replacing brief slide titles with longer "headlines" expressing complete ideas;
- showing more slides but simpler ones;
- removing almost all text including nearly all bullet lists (reserving the text for the spoken narration);
- using larger, higher-quality, and more important graphics and photographs;
- removing all extraneous decoration, backgrounds, logos and identifications, everything but the essential message.
Mayer's ideas are claimed by Carmine Gallo to have been reflected in Steve Jobs's presentations: "Mayer outlined fundamental principles of multimedia design based on what scientists know about cognitive functioning. Steve Jobs's slides adhere to each of Mayer's principles ... ."[147]: 92 Though not unique to Jobs, many people saw the style for the first time in Jobs's famous product introductions.[148] Steve Jobs would have been using Apple's Keynote, which was designed for Jobs's own slide shows beginning in 2003, but Gallo says that "speaking like Jobs has little to do with the type of presentation software you use (PowerPoint, Keynote, etc.) ... all the techniques apply equally to PowerPoint and Keynote."[147]: 14, 46 Gallo adds that "Microsoft's PowerPoint has one big advantage over Apple's Keynote presentation software—it's everywhere ... it's safe to say that the number of Keynote presentations is minuscule in comparison with PowerPoint. Although most presentation designers who are familiar with both formats prefer to work in the more elegant Keynote system, those same designers will tell you that the majority of their client work is done in PowerPoint."[147]: 44
Consistent with its association with Steve Jobs's keynotes, a response to this style has been that it is particularly effective for "ballroom-style presentations" (as often given in conference center ballrooms) where a celebrated and practiced speaker addresses a large passive audience, but less appropriate for "conference room-style presentations" which are often recurring internal business meetings for in-depth discussion with motivated counterparts.[149]
Use it better Edit
A third reaction to PowerPoint use was to conclude that the standard style is capable of being used well, but that many small points need to be executed carefully, to avoid impeding understanding. This kind of analysis is particularly associated with Stephen Kosslyn, a cognitive neuroscientist who specializes in the psychology of learning and visual communication, and who has been head of the department of psychology at Harvard, has been Director of Stanford's Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, and has published some 300 papers and 14 books.[150]
Kosslyn presented a set of psychological principles of "human perception, memory, and comprehension" that "appears to capture the major points of agreement among researchers."[151] He reports that his experiments support the idea that it is not intuitive or obvious how to create effective PowerPoint presentations that conform to those agreed principles, and that even small differences that might not seem significant to a presenter can produce very different results in audiences' understanding. For this reason, Kosslyn says, users need specific education to be able to identify best ways to avoid "flaws and failures":[151]
Specifically, we hypothesized and found that the psychological principles are often violated in PowerPoint slideshows across different fields ..., that some types of presentation flaws are noticeable and annoying to audience members ..., and that observers have difficulty identifying many violations in graphical displays in individual slides ... . These studies converge in painting the following picture: PowerPoint presentations are commonly flawed; some types of flaws are more common than others; flaws are not isolated to one domain or context; and, although some types of flaws annoy the audience, flaws at the level of slide design are not always obvious to an untrained observer ... .
The many "flaws and failures" identified were those "likely to disrupt the comprehension or memory of the material." Among the most common examples were "Bulleted items are not presented individually, growing the list from the top to the bottom," "More than four bulleted items appear in a single list," "More than two lines are used per bulleted sentence," and "Words are not large enough (i.e., greater than 20 point) to be easily seen." Among audience reactions common problems reported were "Speakers read word-for-word from notes or from the slides themselves," "The slides contained too much material to absorb before the next slide was presented," and "The main point was obscured by lots of irrelevant detail."[151]
Kosslyn observes that these findings could help to explain why the many studies of the instructional effectiveness of PowerPoint have been inconclusive and conflicting, if there were differences in the quality of the presentations tested in different studies that went unobserved because "many may feel that 'good design' is intuitively clear."[151]
In 2007 Kosslyn wrote a book about PowerPoint, in which he suggested a very large number of fairly modest changes to PowerPoint styles and gave advice on recommended ways of using PowerPoint.[21] In a later second book about PowerPoint he suggested nearly 150 clarifying style changes (in fewer than 150 pages).[152] Kosslyn summarizes:[21]: 2–3, 200
... there's nothing fundamentally wrong with the PowerPoint program as a medium; rather, I claim that the problem lies in how it is used. ... In fact, this medium is a remarkably versatile tool that can be extraordinarily effective. ... For many purposes, PowerPoint presentations are a superior medium of communication, which is why they have become standard in so many fields.
In 2017, an online poll of social media users in the UK was reported to show that PowerPoint "remains as popular with young tech-savvy users as it is with the Baby Boomers," with about four out of five saying that "PowerPoint was a great tool for making presentations," in part because "PowerPoint, with its capacity to be highly visual, bridges the wordy world of yesterday with the visual future of tomorrow."[153]
Also in 2017, the Managerial Communication Group of MIT Sloan School of Management polled their incoming MBA students, finding that "results underscore just how differently this generation communicates as compared with older workers."[154] Fewer than half of respondents reported doing any meaningful, longer-form writing at work, and even that minority mostly did so very infrequently, but "85 percent of students named producing presentations as a meaningful part of their job responsibilities. Two-thirds report that they present on a daily or weekly basis—so it's no surprise that in-person presentations is the top skill they hope to improve."[154] One of the researchers concluded: "We're not likely to see future workplaces with long-form writing. The trend is toward presentations and slides, and we don't see any sign of that slowing down."[154]
U.S. military excess Edit
Use of PowerPoint by the U.S. military services began slowly, because they were invested in mainframe computers, MS-DOS PCs and specialized military-specification graphic output devices, all of which PowerPoint did not support.[155] But because of the strong military tradition of presenting briefings, as soon as they acquired the computers needed to run it, PowerPoint became part of the U.S. military.[156]
By 2000, ten years after PowerPoint for Windows appeared, it was already identified as an important feature of U.S. armed forces culture, in a front-page story in the Wall Street Journal:[157]
Old-fashioned slide briefings, designed to update generals on troop movements, have been a staple of the military since World War II. But in only a few short years PowerPoint has altered the landscape. Just as word processing made it easier to produce long, meandering memos, the spread of PowerPoint has unleashed a blizzard of jazzy but often incoherent visuals. Instead of drawing up a dozen slides on a legal pad and running them over to the graphics department, captains and colonels now can create hundreds of slides in a few hours without ever leaving their desks. If the spirit moves them they can build in gunfire sound effects and images that explode like land mines. ... PowerPoint has become such an ingrained part of the defense culture that it has seeped into the military lexicon. "PowerPoint Ranger" is a derogatory term for a desk-bound bureaucrat more adept at making slides than tossing grenades.
U.S. military use of PowerPoint may have influenced its use by armed forces of other countries: "Foreign armed services also are beginning to get in on the act. 'You can't speak with the U.S. military without knowing PowerPoint,' says Margaret Hayes, an instructor at National Defense University in Washington D.C., who teaches Latin American military officers how to use the software."[157]
After another 10 years, in 2010 (and again on its front page) the New York Times reported that PowerPoint use in the military was then "a military tool that has spun out of control":[158]
Like an insurgency, PowerPoint has crept into the daily lives of military commanders and reached the level of near obsession. The amount of time expended on PowerPoint, the Microsoft presentation program of computer-generated charts, graphs and bullet points, has made it a running joke in the Pentagon and in Iraq and Afghanistan. ... Commanders say that behind all the PowerPoint jokes are serious concerns that the program stifles discussion, critical thinking and thoughtful decision-making. Not least, it ties up junior officers ... in the daily preparation of slides, be it for a Joint Staff meeting in Washington or for a platoon leader's pre-mission combat briefing in a remote pocket of Afghanistan.
The New York Times account went on to say that as a result some U.S. generals had banned the use of PowerPoint in their operations:[158]
"PowerPoint makes us stupid," Gen. James N. Mattis of the Marine Corps, the Joint Forces commander, said this month at a military conference in North Carolina. (He spoke without PowerPoint.) Brig. Gen. H. R. McMaster, who banned PowerPoint presentations when he led the successful effort to secure the northern Iraqi city of Tal Afar in 2005, followed up at the same conference by likening PowerPoint to an internal threat. "It's dangerous because it can create the illusion of understanding and the illusion of control," General McMaster said in a telephone interview afterward. "Some problems in the world are not bullet-izable."
Several incidents, about the same time, gave wide currency to discussions by serving military officers describing excessive PowerPoint use and the organizational culture that encouraged it.[159][160][161] In response to the New York Times story, Peter Norvig and Stephen M. Kosslyn sent a joint letter to the editor stressing the institutional culture of the military: "... many military personnel bemoan the overuse and misuse of PowerPoint. ... The problem is not in the tool itself, but in the way that people use it—which is partly a result of how institutions promote misuse."[162]
The two generals who had been mentioned in 2010 as opposing the institutional culture of excessive PowerPoint use were both in the news again in 2017, when James N. Mattis became U.S. Secretary of Defense,[163] and H. R. McMaster was appointed as U.S. National Security Advisor.[164]
Artistic medium Edit
Musician David Byrne has been using PowerPoint as a medium for art for years, producing a book and DVD and showing at galleries his PowerPoint-based artwork.[127] Byrne has written: "I have been working with PowerPoint, the ubiquitous presentation software, as an art medium for a number of years. It started off as a joke (this software is a symbol of corporate salesmanship, or lack thereof) but then the work took on a life of its own as I realized I could create pieces that were moving, despite the limitations of the 'medium.'"[165]
In 2005 Byrne toured with a theater piece styled as a PowerPoint presentation. When he presented it in Berkeley, on March 8, 2005, the University of California news service reported: "Byrne also defended [PowerPoint's] appeal as more than just a business tool—as a medium for art and theater. His talk was titled 'I ♥ PowerPoint' ... . Berkeley alumnus Bob Gaskins and Dennis Austin ... were in the audience ... . Eventually, Byrne said, PowerPoint could be the foundation for 'presentational theater,' with roots in Brechtian drama and Asian puppet theater."[166] After that performance, Byrne described it in his own online journal: "Did the PowerPoint talk in Berkeley for an audience of IT legends and academics. I was terrified. The guys that originally turned PowerPoint into a program were there, what were THEY gonna think? ... [Gaskins] did tell me afterwards that he liked the PowerPoint as theater idea, which was a relief."[167]
The expressions "PowerPoint Art" or "pptArt" are used to define a contemporary Italian artistic movement which believes that the corporate world can be a unique and exceptional source of inspiration for the artist.[168][169] They say: "The pptArt name refers to PowerPoint, the symbolic and abstract language developed by the corporate world which has become a universal and highly symbolic communication system beyond cultures and borders."[170]
The wide use of PowerPoint had, by 2010, given rise to " ... a subculture of PowerPoint enthusiasts [that] is teaching the old application new tricks, and may even be turning a dry presentation format into a full-fledged artistic medium,"[171] by using PowerPoint animation to create "games, artworks, anime, and movies."[172]
PowerPoint Viewer Edit
PowerPoint Viewer is the name for a series of small free application programs to be used on computers without PowerPoint installed, to view, project, or print (but not create or edit) presentations.[173]
The first version was introduced with PowerPoint 3.0 in 1992, to enable electronic presentations to be projected using conference-room computers and to be freely distributed; on Windows, it took advantage of the new feature of embedding TrueType fonts within PowerPoint presentation files to make such distribution easier.[174] The same kind of viewer app was shipped with PowerPoint 3.0 for Macintosh, also in 1992.[175]
Beginning with PowerPoint 2003, a feature called "Package for CD" automatically managed all linked video and audio files plus needed fonts when exporting a presentation to a disk or flash drive or network location,[176] and also included a copy of a revised PowerPoint Viewer application so that the result could be presented on other PCs without installing anything.[177]
The latest version that runs on Windows "was created in conjunction with PowerPoint 2010, but it can also be used to view newer presentations created in PowerPoint 2013 and PowerPoint 2016. ... All transitions, videos and effects appear and behave the same when viewed using PowerPoint Viewer as they do when viewed in PowerPoint 2010." It supports presentations created using PowerPoint 97 and later.[173] The latest version that runs on Macintosh is PowerPoint 98 Viewer for the Classic Mac OS and Classic Environment, for Macs supporting System 7.5 to Mac OS X Tiger (10.4).[178] It can open presentations only from PowerPoint 3.0, 4.0, and 8.0 (PowerPoint 98), although presentations created on Mac can be opened in PowerPoint Viewer on Windows.[179]
As of May 2018[update], the last versions of PowerPoint Viewer for all platforms have been retired by Microsoft; they are no longer available for download and no longer receive security updates.[180] The final PowerPoint Viewer for Windows (2010)[181] and the final PowerPoint Viewer for Classic Mac OS (1998)[182][183] are available only from archives. The recommended replacements for PowerPoint Viewer: "On Windows 10 PCs, download the free ... PowerPoint Mobile application from the Windows Store,"[180] and "On Windows 7 or Windows 8/8.1 PCs, upload the file to OneDrive and view it for free using ... PowerPoint Online."[180]
Versions Edit
| Legend: | Old version, not maintained | Older version, still maintained | Current stable version | Latest preview version |
|---|
| Date | Name | Version | System | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| April 1987[184] | PowerPoint | 1.0 | Macintosh | Shipped by Forethought, Inc. |
| October 1987[185] | PowerPoint | 1.01 | Macintosh | Relabeled and shipped by Microsoft |
| May 1988[186] | PowerPoint | 2.0 | Macintosh | |
| December 1988[187] | PowerPoint | 2.01 | Macintosh | Added Genigraphics software and services |
| May 1990[188] | PowerPoint | 2.0 | Windows | Announced with Windows 3.0, numbered to match contemporary Macintosh version |
| May 1992[189] | PowerPoint | 3.0 | Windows | Announced with Windows 3.1 |
| September 1992[190] | PowerPoint | 3.0 | Macintosh | |
| February 1994[191] | PowerPoint | 4.0 | Windows | |
| October 1994[192] | PowerPoint | 4.0 | Macintosh | Native for Power Mac |
| July 1995[193] | PowerPoint 95 | 7.0 | Windows | Versions 5.0 and 6.0 were skipped on Windows, so all apps in Office 95 were 7.0[194] |
| January 1997[195] | PowerPoint 97 | 8.0 | Windows | |
| March 1998[196] | PowerPoint 98 | 8.0 | Macintosh | Versions 5.0, 6.0, and 7.0 were skipped on Macintosh, to match Windows[197] |
| June 1999[198] | PowerPoint 2000 | 9.0 | Windows | |
| August 2000[199] | PowerPoint 2001 | 9.0 | Macintosh | |
| May 2001[200] | PowerPoint XP | 10.0 | Windows | |
| November 2001[201] | PowerPoint v. X | 10.0 | Macintosh | |
| October 2003[202][203] | PowerPoint 2003 | 11.0 | Windows | |
| June 2004[204] | PowerPoint 2004 | 11.0 | Macintosh | |
| May 2005[205] | PowerPoint Mobile | 11.0 | Windows Mobile 5 | |
| January 2007[206] | PowerPoint 2007 | 12.0 | Windows | End of support October 10, 2017[207] |
| September 2007[208] | PowerPoint Mobile | 12.0 | Windows Mobile 6 | |
| January 2008[209] | PowerPoint 2008 | 12.0 | Macintosh | |
| June 2010[210] | PowerPoint 2010 | 14.0 | Windows | Version 13.0 was skipped for triskaidekaphobia concerns[211] |
| June 2010[212] | PowerPoint 2010 Web App | 14.0 | Web | |
| June 2010[213] | PowerPoint Mobile 2010 | 14.0 | Windows Phone 7 | |
| November 2010[214] | PowerPoint 2011 | 14.0 | Macintosh | Version 13.0 was skipped for triskaidekaphobia concerns[211] End of support October 10, 2017[215] |
| April 2012[216] | PowerPoint Mobile 2010 | 14.0 | Nokia Symbian | |
| October 2012[217] | PowerPoint Web App 2013 | 15.0 | Web | |
| November 2012[218] | PowerPoint Mobile 2013 | 15.0 | Windows Phone 8 | |
| November 2012[219] | PowerPoint RT 2013 | 15.0 | Windows RT | |
| January 2013[220] | PowerPoint 2013 | 15.0 | Windows | |
| June 2013[221] | PowerPoint Mobile 2013 for iPhone | 15.0 | iPhone | |
| July 2013[222] | PowerPoint Mobile 2013 for Android | 15.0 | Android | |
| February 2014[223] | PowerPoint 2013 Online | 15.0 | Web | |
| March 2014[224] | PowerPoint 2013 for iPad | 15.0 | iPad | |
| November 2014[225] | PowerPoint Mobile 2013 for iOS | 15.0 | iOS | |
| June 2015[226] | PowerPoint Mobile 2016 for Android | 16.0 | Android | |
| July 2015[227] | PowerPoint 2016 for Macintosh | 16.0 | Macintosh | There had been no PowerPoint 2013 for Mac.[228] Was version 15.0 from July 2015 to January 2018.[229] |
| July 2015[230] | PowerPoint Mobile 2016 | 16.0 | Windows 10 Mobile | |
| July 2015[231] | PowerPoint Mobile 2016 for iOS | 16.0 | iOS | |
| September 2015[232] | PowerPoint 2016 for Windows | 16.0 | Windows | |
| January 2018[233] | PowerPoint 2016 for Windows Store | 16.0 | Windows | |
| 2018 | PowerPoint 2019 | 17.0 | Windows and other OS | |
| Date | Name | Version | System | Comments |
- PowerPoint 1.0
- For Macintosh: April 1987[184]
- Innovations included: multiple slides in a single file, organizing slides with a slide sorter view and a title view (precursor of outline view), speakers' notes pages attached to each slide, printing of audience handouts with multiple slides per page, text with outlining styles and full word-processor formatting, graphic shapes with attached text for drawing diagrams and tables.[234] It also shipped with a hardbound book as its manual.[235]
- "It produced overhead transparencies on a black-and-white Macintosh for laser printing. Presenters could now directly control their own overheads and would no longer have to work through the person with the typewriter. PowerPoint handled the task of making the overheads all look alike; one change reformats them all. Typographic fonts were better than an Orator typeball, and charts and diagrams could be imported from MacDraw, MacPaint, and Excel, thanks to the new Mac clipboard."[236]
- System requirements: (Mac) Original Macintosh or better, System 1.0 or higher, 512K RAM.[237]
- PowerPoint 2.0
- For Macintosh: May 1988;[186] for Windows: May 1990[188]
- Part of Microsoft Office for Mac and Microsoft Office for Windows. Innovations included: color, more word processing features, find and replace, spell checking, color schemes for presentations, guide to color selection, ability to change color scheme retrospectively, shaded coloring for fills.[234]
- "It added color 35 mm slides, transmitting the resulting file over a modem to Genigraphics for imaging on Genigraphics' film recorders and photo processing in Genigraphics' labs overnight. Genigraphics was the leading professional service bureau, having developed its own Digital Equipment Corp. PDP-11-based computer systems for its artists. After a short time, though, Genigraphics itself switched to PowerPoint."[236]
- System requirements: (Mac) Original Macintosh or better, System 4.1 or higher, 1 MB RAM. (Windows) 286 PC or higher, Windows 3.0, 1 MB RAM.[237]
- PowerPoint 3.0
- For Windows, May 1992;[189] for Mac: September 1992[190]
- Part of Microsoft Office for Windows 3.0 and Microsoft Office for Mac 3.0. Innovations included: the first application designed exclusively for the new Windows 3.1 platform, full support for TrueType fonts (new in Windows 3.1), presentation templates, editing in outline view, new drawing, including freeform tool, autoshapes, flip, rotate, scale, align, and transforming imported pictures into their drawing primitives to make them editable, transitions between slides in slide show, progressive builds, incorporating sound and video.[234] Animations included "flying bullets" where bullet points "flew" into the slide one by one, and some degree of Pen Computing support was included.[235]
- "It added video-out to feed the new video projectors, with effects that could replace a bank of synchronized slide projectors. This version added fades, dissolves, and other transitions, as well as animation of text and pictures, and could incorporate video clips with synchronized audio."[236]
- System requirements: (Windows) 286 PC or higher, Windows 3.1, 2 MB RAM. (Mac) Macintosh Plus or better, System 7 or higher, 4 MB RAM.[237]
- PowerPoint 4.0
- For Windows: February 1994;[191] for Mac: October 1994[192]
- Part of Microsoft Office for Windows 4.0 and Microsoft Office for Mac 4.2. Innovations included: autolayouts, Word tables, rehearsal mode, hidden slides, and the "AutoContent Wizard."[235]
- Introduced a standard "Microsoft Office" look and feel (shared with Word and Excel), with status bar, toolbars, tooltips. Full OLE 2.0 with in-place activation.[234]
- System requirements: (Windows) 386 PC or higher, Windows 3.1, 8 MB RAM. (Mac) 68020 Mac or better, System 7 or higher, 8 MB RAM.[237]
- PowerPoint 7.0
- For Windows: July 1995[193]
- Part of Microsoft Office for Windows 95. Innovations included: new animation effects, real curves and textures, black and white view, autocorrect, insert symbol, meeting support features such as "Meeting Minder."[235]
- "A complete rewrite of the product from the ground up in C++, full object model with internal VBA programmability."[234]
- System requirements: (Windows) 386 DX PC or higher, Windows 95, 6 MB RAM.[237]
- PowerPoint 8.0
- For Windows: January 1997;[195] for Mac: March 1998[196]
- Part of Microsoft Office for Windows 97 and Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition. Innovations included: "Office Assistant," file compression, save to HTML, "Pack and Go," "AutoClipArt," transparent GIFs.[235]
- System requirements: (Windows) 486 PC or higher, 8 MB RAM. (Mac) PowerPC Mac or better, 16 MB RAM.[237]
- PowerPoint 9.0
- For Windows: June 1999;[198] for Mac: August 2000[199]
- Part of Microsoft Office for Windows 2000 and Microsoft Office for Mac 2001. Innovations included: three-pane "browser" view (selectable list of slide miniatures or titles, large single slide, notes), autofit text, real tables, presentation conferencing, save to web, picture bullets, animated GIFs, aliased fonts.[235]
- System requirements: (Windows) Pentium 75MHz+, Windows 95 or higher, 20 MB RAM. (Mac) PowerPC Mac 120MHz+ or better, MacOS 8.5 or higher, minimum 48 MB RAM.[237]
- PowerPoint 10.0
- For Windows: May 2001;[200] for Mac: November 2001[201]
- Part of Microsoft Office for Windows XP and Microsoft Office for Mac v.X. Innovations included: install from web, most clipart on web, use of Exchange and SharePoint for storage and collaboration.[200]
- System requirements: (Windows) Pentium III, Windows 98 or higher, 40 MB RAM.[237] (Mac) OS X 10.1 ("Puma") or later (will not run under OS 9).[238]
- PowerPoint 11.0
- For Windows: October 2003;[202] for Mac: June 2004;[204] for Mobile: May 2005[205]
- Part of Microsoft Office for Windows 2003 and Microsoft Office for Mac 2004. Innovations included: tools visible to presenter during slide show (notes, thumbnails, time clock, re-order and edit slides), "Package for CD" to write presentation and viewer app to CD.[204] "Microsoft Producer for PowerPoint 2003" was a free plug-in from Microsoft, using a video camera, "that creates Web page presentations, with talking head narration, coordinated and timed to your existing PowerPoint presentation" for delivery over the web.[239] The Genigraphics software to send a presentation for imaging as 35mm slides was removed from this version.[240]
- System requirements: (Windows) Pentium 233Mhz+, Windows 2000 with SP3 or later, 128 MB RAM.[241] (Mac) Power Mac G3 or better, OS X 10.2.8 or later, 256 MB RAM.[204]
- PowerPoint 12.0
- For Windows: January 2007;[206] for Mobile: September 2007;[208] for Mac: January 2008[209]
- Part of Microsoft Office for Windows 2007 and Microsoft Office for Mac 2008. Innovations included: new user interface ("Office Fluent") employing a changeable "ribbon" of tools across the top to replace menus and toolbars, SmartArt graphics, many graphical improvements in text and drawing, improved "Presenter View" (from 2003), widescreen slide formats. The "AutoContent Wizard" was removed from this version.[242]
- A major change in PowerPoint 2007 was from a binary file format, used from 1997 to 2003, to a new XML file format which evolved over further versions.
- System requirements: (Windows) 500 MHz processor or higher, Windows XP with SP2 or later, 256 MB RAM.[243] (Mac) 500 MHz processor or higher, MacOS X 10.4.9 or later, 512 MB RAM.[244]
- PowerPoint 14.0[211]
- For Windows: June 2010;[210] for Web: June 2010;[212] for Mobile: June 2010;[213] for Mac: November 2010,[214] for Symbian: April 2012[216]
- Part of Microsoft Office for Windows 2010 and Microsoft Office for Mac 2011. Innovations included: Single document interface (SDI), sections within presentations, reading view, redesign of "Backstage" functions (under File menu), save as video, insert video from web, embed video and audio, enhanced editing for video and for pictures, broadcast slideshow.[245]
- System requirements: (Windows) 500 MHz processor or higher, Windows XP with SP3 or later, 256 MB RAM, 512 MB RAM recommended for video.[246] (Mac) Intel processor, Mac OS X 10.5.8 or later, 1 GB RAM.[247]
- PowerPoint 15.0
- For Web: October 2012;[217] for Mobile: November 2012;[218] for Windows RT: November 2012;[219] for Windows: January 2013;[220] for iPhone: June 2013;[221] for Android: July 2013;[222] for Web: February 2014;[223] for iPad: March 2014;[224] for iOS: November 2014;[225] for Mac: July 2015[227]
- Part of Microsoft Office for Windows 2013 and Microsoft Office for Mac 2016. Innovations included: Change default slide shape to 16:9 aspect ratio, online collaboration by multiple authors, user interface redesigned for multi-touch screens, improved audio, video, animations, and transitions, further changes to Presenter View. Clipart collections (and insertion tool) were removed, but available online.[248] [249]
- System requirements: (Windows) 1 GHz processor or faster, x86- or x64-bit processor with SSE2 instruction set, Windows 7 or later, 1 GB RAM (32-bit), 2 GB RAM (64-bit).[250] (Mac) Intel processor, Mac OS X 10.10 or later, 4 GB RAM.[251]
- PowerPoint 16.0
- For Android: June 2015;[226] for Mobile: July 2015;[230] for iOS: July 2015;[231] for Windows: September 2015;[232] and Windows Store: January 2018[233]
- Part of Microsoft Office for Windows 2016. Innovations included: "Tell me" to search for program controls, "PowerPoint Designer" pane, Morph transition, real-time collaboration, "Zoom" to slides or sections in slideshow,[252] and "Presentation Translator" for real-time translation of a presenter's spoken words to on-screen captions in any of 60+ languages, with the system analyzing the text of the PowerPoint presentation as context to increase the accuracy and relevance of the translations.[253] [254]
- System requirements: (Windows) 1 GHz processor or faster, x86- or x64-bit processor with SSE2 instruction set, Windows 7 with SP 1 or later, 2 GB RAM.[255]
File formats Edit
| Filename extensions | .pptx, .ppt[256] |
|---|---|
| Internet media type | application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.presentation, application/vnd.ms-powerpoint[257] |
| Uniform Type Identifier (UTI) | com.microsoft.powerpoint.ppt[258] |
| Developed by | Microsoft |
| Type of format | Presentation |
Binary (1987–2007) Edit
Early versions of PowerPoint, from 1987 through 1995 (versions 1.0 through 7.0), evolved through a sequence of binary file formats, different in each version, as functionality was added.[259] This set of formats were never documented, but an open-source libmwaw (used by LibreOffice) exists to read them.[260]
A stable binary format (called a .ppt file, like all earlier binary formats) that was shared as the default in PowerPoint 97 through PowerPoint 2003 for Windows, and in PowerPoint 98 through PowerPoint 2004 for Mac (that is, in PowerPoint versions 8.0 through 11.0) was finally created. It was based on the Compound File Binary Format.[261][262] The specification document is actively maintained and can be freely downloaded,[261] because, although no longer the default, that binary format can be read and written by some later versions of PowerPoint, including the current PowerPoint 2016.[256] After the stable binary format was adopted, versions of PowerPoint continued to be able to read and write differing file formats from earlier versions.[259] But beginning with PowerPoint 2007 and PowerPoint 2008 for Mac (PowerPoint version 12.0), this was the only binary format available for saving; PowerPoint 2007 (version 12.0) no longer supported saving to binary file formats used earlier than PowerPoint 97 (version 8.0), ten years before.[263]
The ".pps" and ".ppsx" file extensions are technically the same as ".ppt" and ".pptx", except they are launched as presentation instead of for editing by default.[264]
Binary filename extensions[256]
- .ppt, PowerPoint 97–2003 binary presentation
- .pps, PowerPoint 97–2003 binary slide show
- .pot, PowerPoint 97–2003 binary template
Binary media types[257]
- .ppt, application/vnd.ms-powerpoint
- .pps, application/vnd.ms-powerpoint
- .pot, application/vnd.ms-powerpoint
Office Open XML (since 2007) Edit
The big change in PowerPoint 2007 and PowerPoint 2008 for Mac (PowerPoint version 12.0) was that the stable binary file format of 97–2003 was replaced as the default by a new zipped XML-based Office Open XML format (.pptx files).[265] Microsoft's explanation of the benefits of the change included: smaller file sizes, up to 75% smaller than comparable binary documents; security, through being able to identify and exclude executable macros and personal data; less chance to be corrupted than binary formats; and easier interoperability for exchanging data among Microsoft and other business applications, all while maintaining backward compatibility.[266]
- .pptx, PowerPoint 2007 XML presentation
- .pptm, PowerPoint 2007 XML macro-enabled presentation
- .ppsx, PowerPoint 2007 XML slide show
- .ppsm, PowerPoint 2007 XML macro-enabled slide show
- .ppam, PowerPoint 2007 XML add-in
- .potx, PowerPoint 2007 XML template
- .potm, PowerPoint 2007 XML macro-enabled template
XML media types[257]
- .pptx, application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.presentation
- .pptm, application/vnd.ms-powerpoint.presentation.macroEnabled.12
- .ppsx, application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.slideshow
- .ppsm, application/vnd.ms-powerpoint.slideshow.macroEnabled.12
- .ppam, application/vnd.ms-powerpoint.addin.macroEnabled.12
- .potx, application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.template
- .potm, application/vnd.ms-powerpoint.template.macroEnabled.12
The specification for the new format was published as an open standard, ECMA-376,[267] through Ecma International Technical Committee 45 (TC45).[268] The Ecma 376 standard was approved in December 2006, and was submitted for standardization through ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 34 WG4 in early 2007. The standardization process was contentious.[269] It was approved as ISO/IEC 29500 in early 2008.[270] Copies of the ISO/IEC standard specification are freely available, in two parts.[271][272] These define two related standards known as "Transitional" and "Strict." The two standards were progressively adopted by PowerPoint: PowerPoint version 12.0 (2007, 2008 for Mac) could read and write Transitional format, but could neither read nor write Strict format. PowerPoint version 14.0 (2010, 2011 for Mac) could read and write Transitional, and also read but not write Strict. PowerPoint version 15.0 and later (beginning 2013, 2016 for Mac) can read and write both Transitional and Strict formats. The reason for the two variants was explained by Microsoft:[273]
... the participants in the ISO/IEC standardization process recognized two objectives with competing requirements. The first objective was for the Open XML standard to provide an XML-based file format that could fully support conversion of the billions of existing Office documents without any loss of features, content, text, layout, or other information, including embedded data. The second was to specify a file format that did not rely on Microsoft-specific data types. They created two variants of Open XML—Transitional, which supports previously-defined Microsoft-specific data types, and Strict, which does not rely on them. Prior versions of Office [that is, 2007] have supported reading and writing Transitional Open XML, and Office 2010 can read Strict Open XML documents. With the addition of write support for Strict Open XML, Office 2013 provides full support for both variants of Open XML.
The PowerPoint .pptx file format (called "PresentationML" for Presentation Markup Language) contains separate structures for all the complex parts of a PowerPoint presentation.[274][275] The specification documents run to over six thousand pages.[276] Because of the widespread use of PowerPoint, the standardized file formats are considered important for the long-term access to digital documents in library collections and archives, according to the U.S. Library of Congress.[277]
PowerPoint 2013 and PowerPoint 2016 provide options to set default saving to ISO/IEC 29500 Strict format, but the initial default setting remains Transitional, for compatibility with legacy features incorporating binary data in existing documents.[278] PowerPoint 2013 or PowerPoint 2016 will both open and save files in the former binary format (.ppt), for compatibility with older versions of the program (but not versions older than PowerPoint 97).[256][279] In saving to older formats, these versions of PowerPoint will check to assure that no features have been introduced into the presentation which are incompatible with the older formats.[265]
PowerPoint 2013 and 2016 will also save a presentation in many other file formats, including PDF format, MPEG-4 or WMV video, as a sequence of single-picture files (using image formats including GIF, JPEG, PNG, TIFF, and some older formats), and as a single presentation file in which all slides are replaced with pictures. PowerPoint will both open and save files in OpenDocument Presentation format (ODP) for compatibility.[256]
See also Edit
References Edit
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... Forethought began to develop a software product of its own. This new effort was the brainchild of Robert Gaskins, an accomplished computer scientist who'd been hired to lead Forethought's product development.
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We completed PowerPoint so as to ship it on schedule on April 20. By early May, we had shipped about $1,000,000 worth of PowerPoint and exhausted the first printing of 10,000 copies.
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I wrote and presented a proposal to Bill Gates for a new piece of software for the personal computer, specifically to help people create presentations ... .
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I [Dave Winer] had a meeting with Bill Gates in, I guess it was February of '87 ... We worked out a letter of intent.
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I'll just say that if you're in the business of putting on briefings and otherwise making presentations, you might want to seriously contemplate getting a Mac II just so you can use this program; it's that good. Highly recommended.
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We have learned a tremendous number of technical insights through working with the Genigraphics engineering group ... .
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Microsoft last week announced the release of The Microsoft Office for Windows, which bundles three of the company's popular Windows applications—Word, Excel, and PowerPoint—for significantly less than they would cost separately. The product brings to the Windows environment basically the equivalent of The Microsoft Office for Macintosh, which was announced a year ago.
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For many years, Microsoft has led the market with its program PowerPoint. Zongker and Salesin (2003) estimated a market share of 95% in 2003, and a Forrester study (Montalbano, 2009) widely confirmed this number, stating that only 8% of enterprise customers use alternative products. ... we confirm the prior estimates ... .
Embedded citations: (1) Zongker, Douglas E.; Salesin, David H. (2003). "On Creating Animated Presentations" (PDF). SCA '03 Symposium on Computer Animation 2003. Eurographics/SIGGRAPH Symposium on Computer Animation, San Diego, CA, July 26–27, 2003. Aire-la-Ville, Switzerland: Eurographics Association. pp. 298–308. ISBN 978-1-58113-659-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 22, 2015. Retrieved August 24, 2017. (2) Montalbano, Elizabeth (June 4, 2009). "Forrester: Microsoft Office in No Danger From Competitors". PC World. ISSN 0737-8939. from the original on August 16, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2017. - ^ a b Gaskins, Robert (December 2007). "PowerPoint at 20: Back to Basics". Viewpoint. Communications of the ACM. 50 (12): 15–17. doi:10.1145/1323688.1323710. ISSN 0001-0782. S2CID 48306. (PDF) from the original on January 7, 2016. Retrieved August 12, 2017. The first three versions are described in the sidebar, "Presentation Formats and PowerPoint," p. 17.
- ^ a b Gaskins, Robert (2012). Sweating Bullets: Notes about Inventing PowerPoint. Vinland Books. ISBN 978-0-9851424-0-7. (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2017. Retrieved August 12, 2017.
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... in 1997, without question the market leader was Microsoft Corp.'s PowerPoint, which sold more than 4 million copies and controls 85 percent of the market.
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PowerPoint succeeded so quickly because it spread rapidly by viral transmission from user to user ... every time early adopters used our product effectively, they demonstrated its value to other potential customers. PowerPoint made it especially easy for colleagues within the same company to share materials and incorporate one another's slides into their presentations with automatic formatting. This created networks of cooperation that benefited everyone.
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[Gerstner:] By that afternoon an email about my hitting the Off button on the overhead projector was crisscrossing the world. Talk about consternation! It was as if the President of the United States had banned the use of English at White House meetings.
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[McNealy:] ' ... we've had three unbelievable record-breaking fiscal quarters since we banned PowerPoint. Now, I would argue that every company in the world, if they would just ban PowerPoint, would see their earnings skyrocket. Employees would stand around going, "What do I do? Guess I've got to go to work."'
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[Jobs:] 'People would confront a problem by creating a presentation. I wanted them to engage, to hash things out at the table, rather than show a bunch of slides. People who know what they're talking about don't need PowerPoint.'
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PowerPoint—the must-have presentation software of the corporate world—has infiltrated the schoolhouse. In the coming weeks, students from 12th grade to, yes, kindergarten will finish science projects and polish end-of-the-year presentations on computerized slide shows ... . Software designed for business people has found an audience among the spiral notebook set.
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Higher education has certainly not been immune from the growing influence of presentation software. ... Five years ago, none of our department's classrooms were equipped to show multimedia slides. At present, all of our classrooms have been upgraded with such technology, and faculty are actively encouraged to incorporate slides into their lectures. Our institution is certainly not alone in this trend. A large number of educators in the United States use PowerPoint in their classrooms ... [with 84 references to earlier studies].
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These days scientists ... cannot lecture without PowerPoint.
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PowerPoint ... can do all the basics [using PowerPoint 2000].
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According to LifeWay, 'Statistics show that around 90 percent of churches that show multimedia during worship use Microsoft PowerPoint.'
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The use of sophisticated visuals in the courtroom has boomed in recent years, thanks to research on the power of show-and-tell. ... In one civil case in Los Angeles County, a plaintiff spent $60,000 on a PowerPoint slide show.
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... supertitles are simple PowerPoint presentations, completely compatible with PCs or Macs.
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... They're mounted in the helmet so that when you turn and look, there's this little screen that shows the checklist. Now in this case, I've written the checklists and put them in PowerPoint, so we just launch a PowerPoint slide show. ... It's a real treat to use.
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Old-fashioned slide briefings, designed to update generals on troop movements, have been a staple of the military since World War II. But in only a few short years PowerPoint has altered the landscape.
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The standard method for presenting information in the military and political establishments of the US government is through the projection of data in bullet style and/or graphical formats onto an illuminated screen, using some sort of first analogue, or now, digital media. Since the late 1990s, the most common and expected form of presentation is via the most commonly pre-installed software of presentation genre: Microsoft PowerPoint. This style of presentation has become the norm of communication ... .
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The complete set of PowerPoint slides that Iran used during a meeting with world powers are now public.
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... many designers ... use PowerPoint for blocking out screens without ever discovering the interactive features for creating hyperlinks, buttons, and dynamic mouseover effects. Yes, PowerPoint can do all that.
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... a subculture of PowerPoint enthusiasts is teaching the old application new tricks, and may even be turning a dry presentation format into a full-fledged artistic medium.
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With his newest project, David Byrne has tried not only to see it [PowerPoint] anew, but also to use it in the least likely of all applications: a medium for creative expression.
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At many points during its investigation, the Board was surprised to receive similar presentation slides from NASA officials in place of technical reports. The Board views the endemic use of PowerPoint briefing slides instead of technical papers as an illustration of the problematic methods of technical communication at NASA.
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Because PowerPoint is so modular, it allows me to block out major themes (potential sections or chapters) and quickly see if I can generate ample ideas to support them. ... Working in slides, as opposed to one long document, helps me focus on organizing before I really begin writing. I think of the slides as index cards or sticky notes that can be arranged and rearranged until I'm sure my thoughts are in the right order. As I write, I can easily toggle back and forth from 'Slide View' to 'Slide Sorter' to get a sense of the whole and the parts.
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It took ten to fifteen years for PowerPoint to become an everyday topic of popular discourse.
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1.9 million copies of 4 books and 422,000 copies of 4 booklets printed from 1983–2014, and continuing.
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Because every day a huge number of people meet to exchange ideas and make decisions with PowerPoint slides being displayed on the wall, investigating the tool is enormously important ... . Despite the pervasiveness of PowerPoint in our culture there have been few empirical studies and most of the non-empirical work is based on casual essays and informal anecdotal reviews which very often take a polemic and overall negative position on PowerPoint, rather than conducting formal scholarship. This lack of rigorous studies and empirical research is surprising given the enormous complexity and importance of the PowerPoint tool.
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very little information per slide ... the text is grossly impoverished .. the PowerPoint slide typically shows 40 words ... .
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PowerPoint got off to a very slow start in infiltrating the military forces of the world ... .
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microsoft, powerpoint, this, article, about, presentation, software, program, microsoft, corporation, other, uses, power, point, disambiguation, presentation, program, created, robert, gaskins, dennis, austin, software, company, named, forethought, released, a. This article is about the presentation software program by Microsoft Corporation For other uses see Power point disambiguation Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation program 8 created by Robert Gaskins and Dennis Austin 8 at a software company named Forethought Inc 8 It was released on April 20 1987 9 initially for Macintosh computers only 8 Microsoft acquired PowerPoint for about 14 million three months after it appeared 10 This was Microsoft s first significant acquisition 11 and Microsoft set up a new business unit for PowerPoint in Silicon Valley where Forethought had been located 11 Microsoft PowerPointA photo presentation being created and edited in PowerPoint running on Windows 11Developer s MicrosoftInitial releaseMay 22 1990 33 years ago 1990 05 22 Stable release2209 16 0 15629 20208 October 11 2022 12 months ago 2022 10 11 1 Written inC back end 2 Operating systemMicrosoft WindowsAvailable in102 languages 3 List of languagesAfrikaans Albanian Amharic Arabic Armenian Assamese Azerbaijani Latin Bangla Bangladesh Bangla Bengali India Basque Belarusian Bosnian Latin Bulgarian Catalan Chinese Simplified Chinese Traditional Croatian Czech Danish Dari Dutch English Estonian Filipino Finnish French Galician Georgian German Greek Gujarati Hausa Hebrew Hindi Hungarian Icelandic Igbo Indonesian Irish isiXhosa isiZulu Italian Japanese Kannada Kazakh Khmer Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Konkani Korean Kyrgyz Latvian Lithuanian Luxembourgish Macedonian Macedonia Malay Latin Malayalam Maltese Maori Marathi Mongolian Cyrillic Nepali Norwegian Bokmal Norwegian Nynorsk Odia Pashto Persian Farsi Polish Portuguese Portugal Portuguese Brazil Punjabi India Quechua Romanian Romansh Russian Scottish Gaelic Serbian Cyrillic Serbia Serbian Latin Serbia Serbian Cyrillic Bosnia and Herzegovina Sesotho sa Leboa Setswana Sindhi Arabic Sinhala Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Tamil Tatar Cyrillic Telugu Thai Turkish Turkmen Latin Ukrainian Urdu Uyghur Uzbek Latin Valencian Vietnamese Welsh Wolof YorubaTypePresentation programLicenseTrialwareWebsitemicrosoft wbr com wbr en us wbr microsoft 365 wbr powerpointMicrosoft PowerPoint for MacPowerPoint for Mac version 16 69 1 running on macOS Ventura 13 2 Developer s MicrosoftInitial releaseApril 20 1987 36 years ago 1987 04 20 Stable release16 70 Build 23021201 February 14 2023 7 months ago 2023 02 14 4 Written inC back end Objective C API UI 2 Operating systemmacOS 11 or laterAvailable in26 languages 5 List of languagesEnglish Arabic Czech Danish Dutch Finnish French German Greek Hebrew Hungarian Indonesian Italian Japanese Korean Norwegian Bokmal Polish Portuguese Russian Simplified Chinese Slovak Spanish Swedish Thai Traditional Chinese TurkishTypePresentation programLicenseProprietary commercial softwareMicrosoft PowerPoint for AndroidPowerpoint for Android running on Android 13Developer s Microsoft CorporationStable release16 0 16501 20160 May 26 2023 4 months ago 2023 05 26 6 Operating systemAndroid Pie or laterTypePresentation programLicenseProprietary commercial softwareWebsiteproducts wbr office wbr com wbr en us wbr powerpointMicrosoft PowerPoint for iOSDeveloper s Microsoft CorporationStable release2 73 May 15 2023 4 months ago 2023 05 15 7 Operating systemiOS 15 or later IPadOS 15 or later watchOS 8 or laterAvailable in33 languagesList of languagesEnglish Arabic Catalan Croatian Czech Danish Dutch Finnish French German Greek Hebrew Hindi Hungarian Indonesian Italian Japanese Korean Malay Norwegian Bokmal Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Simplified Chinese Slovak Spanish Swedish Thai Traditional Chinese Turkish Ukrainian VietnameseTypePresentation programLicenseProprietary commercial softwareWebsiteproducts wbr office wbr com wbr en us wbr powerpointPowerPoint Mobile for Windows 10Developer s MicrosoftFinal release16002 12325 20032 0 December 10 2019 3 years ago 2019 12 10 Operating systemWindows 10 Windows 10 MobileTypePresentation programLicenseTrialwareWebsitewww wbr microsoft wbr com wbr store wbr productid wbr 9WZDNCRFJB5QPowerPoint became a component of the Microsoft Office suite first offered in 1989 for Macintosh 12 and in 1990 for Windows 13 which bundled several Microsoft apps Beginning with PowerPoint 4 0 1994 PowerPoint was integrated into Microsoft Office development and adopted shared common components and a converged user interface 14 PowerPoint s market share was very small at first prior to introducing a version for Microsoft Windows but grew rapidly with the growth of Windows and of Office 15 402 404 Since the late 1990s PowerPoint s worldwide market share of presentation software has been estimated at 95 percent 16 PowerPoint was originally designed to provide visuals for group presentations within business organizations but has come to be very widely used in many other communication situations both in business and beyond 17 The impact of this much wider use of PowerPoint has been experienced as a powerful change throughout society 18 with strong reactions including advice that it should be used less 19 should be used differently 20 or should be used better 21 The first PowerPoint version Macintosh 1987 was used to produce overhead transparencies 22 the second Macintosh 1988 Windows 1990 could also produce color 35 mm slides 22 The third version Windows and Macintosh 1992 introduced video output of virtual slideshows to digital projectors which would over time completely replace physical transparencies and slides 22 A dozen major versions since then have added many additional features and modes of operation 14 and have made PowerPoint available beyond Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows adding versions for iOS Android and web access 23 Contents 1 History 1 1 Creation at Forethought 1984 1987 1 2 Acquisition by Microsoft 1987 1992 1 3 Part of Microsoft Office since 1993 1 4 Sales and market share 2 Operation 3 Other platforms 3 1 PowerPoint for mobile 3 2 PowerPoint for the web 4 Cultural impact 4 1 Business uses 4 2 Uses beyond business 4 3 Cultural reactions 4 3 1 Use it less 4 3 2 Use it differently 4 3 3 Use it better 4 4 U S military excess 4 5 Artistic medium 5 PowerPoint Viewer 6 Versions 7 File formats 7 1 Binary 1987 2007 7 2 Office Open XML since 2007 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External linksHistory EditCreation at Forethought 1984 1987 Edit PowerPoint was created by Robert Gaskins and Dennis Austin at a software startup in Silicon Valley named Forethought Inc 24 Forethought had been founded in 1983 to create an integrated environment and applications for future personal computers that would provide a graphical user interface but it had run into difficulties requiring a restart and new plan 25 On July 5 1984 Forethought hired Robert Gaskins as its vice president of product development 26 51 to create a new application that would be especially suited to the new graphical personal computers such as Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh 27 Gaskins produced his initial description of PowerPoint about a month later August 14 1984 in the form of a 2 page document titled Presentation Graphics for Overhead Projection 28 By October 1984 Gaskins had selected Dennis Austin to be the developer for PowerPoint 29 Gaskins and Austin worked together on the definition and design of the new product for nearly a year and produced the first specification document dated August 21 1985 30 This first design document showed a product as it would look in Microsoft Windows 1 0 31 which at that time had not been released 32 Development from that spec was begun by Austin in November 1985 for Macintosh first 26 104 About six months later on May 1 1986 Gaskins and Austin chose a second developer to join the project Thomas Rudkin 26 149 Gaskins prepared two final product specification marketing documents in June 1986 these described a product for both Macintosh and Windows 33 34 At about the same time Austin Rudkin and Gaskins produced a second and final major design specification document this time showing a Macintosh look 35 Throughout this development period the product was called Presenter Then just before release there was a last minute check with Forethought s lawyers to register the name as a trademark and Presenter was unexpectedly rejected because it had already been used by someone else Gaskins says that he thought of PowerPoint based on the product s goal of empowering individual presenters and sent that name to the lawyers for clearance while all the documentation was hastily revised 36 Funding to complete development of PowerPoint was assured in mid January 1987 when a new Apple Computer venture capital fund called Apple s Strategic Investment Group 37 selected PowerPoint to be its first investment 26 169 171 A month later on February 22 1987 Forethought announced PowerPoint at the Personal Computer Forum in Phoenix John Sculley the CEO of Apple appeared at the announcement and said We see desktop presentation as potentially a bigger market for Apple than desktop publishing 38 PowerPoint 1 0 for Macintosh shipped from manufacturing on April 20 1987 and the first production run of 10 000 units was sold out 39 Acquisition by Microsoft 1987 1992 Edit By early 1987 Microsoft was starting to plan a new application to create presentations an activity led by Jeff Raikes who was head of marketing for the Applications Division 40 Microsoft assigned an internal group to write a specification and plan for a new presentation product 41 They contemplated an acquisition to speed up development and in early 1987 Microsoft sent a letter of intent to acquire Dave Winer s product called MORE an outlining program that could print its outlines as bullet charts 42 During this preparatory activity Raikes discovered that a program specifically to make overhead presentations was already being developed by Forethought Inc and that it was nearly completed 40 Raikes and others visited Forethought on February 6 1987 for a confidential demonstration 26 173 Raikes later recounted his reaction to seeing PowerPoint and his report about it to Bill Gates who was initially skeptical 40 I thought software to do overheads that s a great idea I came back to see Bill I said Bill I think we really ought to do this and Bill said No no no no no that s just a feature of Microsoft Word just put it into Word And I kept saying Bill no it s not just a feature of Microsoft Word it s a whole genre of how people do these presentations And to his credit he listened to me and ultimately allowed me to go forward and buy this company in Silicon Valley called Forethought for the product known as PowerPoint When PowerPoint was released by Forethought its initial press was favorable the Wall Street Journal reported on early reactions I see about one product a year I get this excited about says Amy Wohl a consultant in Bala Cynwyd Pa People will buy a Macintosh just to get access to this product 43 On April 28 1987 a week after shipment a group of Microsoft s senior executives spent another day at Forethought to hear about initial PowerPoint sales on Macintosh and plans for Windows 26 191 The following day Microsoft sent a letter to Dave Winer withdrawing its earlier letter of intent to acquire his company 44 and in mid May 1987 Microsoft sent a letter of intent to acquire Forethought 45 As requested in that letter of intent Robert Gaskins from Forethought went to Redmond for a one on one meeting with Bill Gates in early June 1987 26 197 and by the end of July an agreement was concluded for an acquisition The New York Times reported 46 July 30 1987 The Microsoft Corporation announced its first significant software acquisition today paying 14 million 36 1 million in present day terms 47 for Forethought Inc of Sunnyvale Calif Forethought makes a program called PowerPoint that allows users of Apple Macintosh computers to make overhead transparencies or flip charts T he acquisition of Forethought is the first significant one for Microsoft which is based in Redmond Wash Forethought would remain in Sunnyvale giving Microsoft a Silicon Valley presence The unit will be headed by Robert Gaskins Forethought s vice president of product development Microsoft s president Jon Shirley offered Microsoft s motivation for the acquisition We made this deal primarily because of our belief in desktop presentations as a product category Forethought was first to market with a product in this category 48 Microsoft set up within its Applications Division an independent Graphics Business Unit to develop and market PowerPoint the first Microsoft application group distant from the main Redmond location 48 All the PowerPoint people from Forethought joined Microsoft and the new location was headed by Robert Gaskins with Dennis Austin and Thomas Rudkin leading development 49 PowerPoint 1 0 for Macintosh was modified to indicate the new Microsoft ownership and continued to be sold 49 A new PowerPoint 2 0 for Macintosh adding color 35 mm slides appeared by mid 1988 49 and again received good reviews 50 The same PowerPoint 2 0 product re developed for Windows was shipped two years later in mid 1990 at the same time as Windows 3 0 51 Much of the color technology was the fruit of a joint development partnership with Genigraphics at that time the dominant presentation services company 52 PowerPoint 3 0 which was shipped in 1992 for both Windows and Mac added live video for projectors and monitors with the result that PowerPoint was thereafter used for delivering presentations as well as for preparing them This was at first an alternative to overhead transparencies and 35 mm slides but over time would come to replace them 53 Part of Microsoft Office since 1993 Edit See also History of Microsoft Office PowerPoint had been included in Microsoft Office from the beginning PowerPoint 2 0 for Macintosh was part of the first Office bundle for Macintosh which was offered in mid 1989 54 When PowerPoint 2 0 for Windows appeared a year later it was part of a similar Office bundle for Windows which was offered in late 1990 55 Both of these were bundling promotions in which the independent applications were packaged together and offered for a lower total price 54 55 PowerPoint 3 0 1992 was again separately specified and developed 14 and was prominently advertised and sold separately from Office 56 It was as before included in Microsoft Office 3 0 both for Windows and the corresponding version for Macintosh 57 A plan to integrate the applications themselves more tightly had been indicated as early as February 1991 toward the end of PowerPoint 3 0 development in an internal memo by Bill Gates 58 Another important question is what portion of our applications sales over time will be a set of applications versus a single product Please assume that we stay ahead in integrating our family together in evaluating our future strategies the product teams WILL deliver on this I believe that we should position the OFFICE as our most important application The move from bundling separate products to integrated development began with PowerPoint 4 0 developed in 1993 1994 under new management from Redmond 59 The PowerPoint group in Silicon Valley was reorganized from the independent Graphics Business Unit GBU to become the Graphics Product Unit GPU for Office and PowerPoint 4 0 changed to adopt a converged user interface and other components shared with the other apps in Office 14 When it was released the computer press reported on the change approvingly PowerPoint 4 0 has been re engineered from the ground up to resemble and work with the latest applications in Office Word 6 0 Excel 5 0 and Access 2 0 The integration is so good you ll have to look twice to make sure you re running PowerPoint and not Word or Excel 60 Office integration was further underscored in the following version PowerPoint 95 which was given the version number PowerPoint 7 0 skipping 5 0 and 6 0 so that all the components of Office would share the same major version number 61 Although PowerPoint by this point had become part of the integrated Microsoft Office product its development remained in Silicon Valley Succeeding versions of PowerPoint introduced important changes particularly version 12 0 2007 which had a very different shared Office ribbon user interface and a new shared Office XML based file format 62 This marked the 20th anniversary of PowerPoint and Microsoft held an event to commemorate that anniversary at its Silicon Valley Campus for the PowerPoint team there Special guests were Robert Gaskins Dennis Austin and Thomas Rudkin and the featured speaker was Jeff Raikes all from PowerPoint 1 0 days 20 years before 63 Since then major development of PowerPoint as part of Office has continued New development techniques shared across Office for PowerPoint 2016 have made it possible to ship versions of PowerPoint 2016 for Windows Mac iOS Android and web access nearly simultaneously citation needed and to release new features on an almost monthly schedule 64 PowerPoint development is still carried out in Silicon Valley as of 2017 update 65 In 2010 Jeff Raikes who had most recently been President of the Business Division of Microsoft including responsibility for Office 66 observed of course today we know that PowerPoint is oftentimes the number two or in some cases even the number one most used tool among the applications in Office 40 Sales and market share Edit PowerPoint s initial sales were about 40 000 copies sold in 1987 nine months about 85 000 copies in 1988 and about 100 000 copies in 1989 all for Macintosh 67 PowerPoint s market share in its first three years was a tiny part of the total presentation market which was very heavily dominated by MS DOS applications on PCs 68 The market leaders on MS DOS in 1988 1989 69 were Harvard Graphics introduced by Software Publishing in 1986 70 in first place and Lotus Freelance Plus also introduced in 1986 71 as a strong second 72 They were competing with more than a dozen other MS DOS presentation products 73 and Microsoft did not develop a PowerPoint version for MS DOS 74 After three years PowerPoint sales were disappointing Jeff Raikes who had bought PowerPoint for Microsoft later recalled By 1990 it looked like it wasn t a very smart idea for Microsoft to have acquired PowerPoint because not very many people were using PowerPoint 40 This began to change when the first version for Windows PowerPoint 2 0 brought sales up to about 200 000 copies in 1990 and to about 375 000 copies in 1991 with Windows units outselling Macintosh 67 403 PowerPoint sold about 1 million copies in 1992 of which about 80 percent were for Windows and about 20 percent for Macintosh 67 403 and in 1992 PowerPoint s market share of worldwide presentation graphics software sales was reported as 63 percent 67 404 By the last six months of 1992 PowerPoint revenue was running at a rate of over 100 million annually 258 million in present day terms 47 67 405 75 Sales of PowerPoint 3 0 doubled to about 2 million copies in 1993 of which about 90 percent were for Windows and about 10 percent for Macintosh 67 403 and in 1993 PowerPoint s market share of worldwide presentation graphics software sales was reported as 78 percent 67 404 In both years about half of total revenue came from sales outside the U S 67 404 By 1997 PowerPoint sales had doubled again to more than 4 million copies annually representing 85 percent of the world market 76 Also in 1997 an internal publication from the PowerPoint group said that by then over 20 million copies of PowerPoint were in use and that total revenues from PowerPoint over its first ten years 1987 to 1996 had already exceeded 1 billion 77 Since the late 1990s PowerPoint s market share of total world presentation software has been estimated at 95 percent by both industry and academic sources 78 Operation EditThe earliest version of PowerPoint 1987 for Macintosh could be used to print black and white pages to be photocopied onto sheets of transparent film for projection from overhead projectors and to print speaker s notes and audience handouts the next version 1988 for Macintosh 1990 for Windows was extended to also produce color 35mm slides by communicating a file over a modem to a Genigraphics imaging center with slides returned by overnight delivery for projection from slide projectors PowerPoint was used for planning and preparing a presentation but not for delivering it apart from previewing it on a computer screen or distributing printed paper copies 79 The operation of PowerPoint changed substantially in its third version 1992 for Windows and Macintosh when PowerPoint was extended to also deliver a presentation by producing direct video output to digital projectors or large monitors 79 In 1992 video projection of presentations was rare and expensive and practically unknown from a laptop computer Robert Gaskins one of the creators of PowerPoint says he publicly demonstrated that use for the first time at a large Microsoft meeting held in Paris on February 25 1992 by using an unreleased development build of PowerPoint 3 0 running on an early pre production sample of a powerful new color laptop and feeding a professional auditorium video projector 80 373 375 By about 2003 ten years later digital projection had become the dominant mode of use replacing transparencies and 35mm slides and their projectors 80 410 414 81 As a result the meaning of PowerPoint presentation narrowed to mean specifically digital projection 82 in the business lexicon PowerPoint presentation had come to refer to a presentation made using a PowerPoint slideshow projected from a computer Although the PowerPoint software had been used to generate transparencies for over a decade this usage was not typically encompassed by a common understanding of the term In contemporary operation PowerPoint is used to create a file called a presentation or deck containing a sequence of pages called slides in the app which usually have a consistent style from template masters and which may contain information imported from other apps or created in PowerPoint including text bullet lists tables charts drawn shapes images audio clips video clips animations of elements and animated transitions between slides plus attached notes for each slide 83 After such a file is created typical operation is to present it as a slide show using a portable computer where the presentation file is stored on the computer or available from a network and the computer s screen shows a presenter view with current slide next slide speaker s notes for the current slide and other information 84 Video is sent from the computer to one or more external digital projectors or monitors showing only the current slide to the audience with sequencing controlled by the speaker at the computer A smartphone remote control built in to PowerPoint for iOS optionally controlled from Apple Watch 85 and for Android 86 allows the presenter to control the show from elsewhere in the room In addition to a computer slide show projected to a live audience by a speaker PowerPoint can be used to deliver a presentation in a number of other ways Displayed on the screen of the presentation computer or tablet for a very small group 87 Printed for distribution as paper documents in several formats 88 Distributed as files for private viewing even on computers without PowerPoint 89 Packaged for distribution on CD or a network including linked and embedded data 90 Transmitted as a live broadcast presentation over the web 91 Embedded in a web page or blog 92 Shared on social networks such as Facebook or Twitter 93 Set up as a self running unattended display 94 Recorded as video audio H 264 AAC to be distributed as for any other video 95 Some of these ways of using PowerPoint have been studied by JoAnne Yates and Wanda Orlikowski of the MIT Sloan School of Management 82 The standard form of such presentations involves a single person standing before a group of people talking and using the PowerPoint slideshow to project visual aids onto a screen In practice however presentations are not always delivered in this mode In our studies we often found that the presenter sat at a table with a small group of people and walked them through a deck composed of paper copies of the slides In some cases decks were simply distributed to individuals without even a walk through or discussion Other variations in the form included sending the PowerPoint file electronically to another site and talking through the slides over an audio or video channel e g telephone or video conference as both parties viewed the slides Another common variation was placing a PowerPoint file on a web site for people to view at different times They found that some of these ways of using PowerPoint could influence the content of presentations for example when the slides themselves have to carry more of the substance of the presentation and thus need considerably more content than they would have if they were intended for projection by a speaker who would orally provide additional details and nuance about content and context 82 Other platforms EditPowerPoint for mobile Edit PowerPoint Mobile is included with Windows Mobile 5 0 It is a presentation program capable of reading and editing Microsoft PowerPoint presentations although authoring abilities are limited to adding notes editing text and rearranging slides It can t create new presentations 96 97 Versions of PowerPoint Mobile for Windows Phone 7 can also watch presentation broadcasts streamed from the Internet 98 In 2015 Microsoft released PowerPoint Mobile for Windows 10 as a universal app In this version of PowerPoint users can create and edit new presentations present and share their PowerPoint documents 99 PowerPoint for the web Edit Further information Microsoft Office Office on the web PowerPoint for the web is a free lightweight version of Microsoft PowerPoint available as part of Office on the web which also includes web versions of Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Word PowerPoint for the web does not support inserting or editing charts equations or audio or video stored on your PC but they are all displayed in the presentation if they were added in using a desktop app Some elements like WordArt effects or more advanced animations and transitions are not displayed at all although they are preserved in the document PowerPoint for the web also lacks the Outline Master Slide Sorter and Presenter views present in the desktop app as well as having limited printing options 100 Cultural impact Edit nbsp A PowerPoint presentation in progressBusiness uses Edit PowerPoint was originally targeted just for business presentations Robert Gaskins who was responsible for its design has written about his intended customers I did not target other existing large groups of users of presentations such as school teachers or military officers I also did not plan to target people who were not existing users of presentations such as clergy and school children Our focus was purely on business users in small and large companies from one person to the largest multinationals 101 76 77 Business people had for a long time made presentations for sales calls and for internal company communications and PowerPoint produced the same formats in the same style and for the same purposes 101 420 PowerPoint use in business grew over its first five years 1987 1992 to sales of about 1 million copies annually for worldwide market share of 63 percent 67 Over the following five years 1992 1997 PowerPoint sales accelerated to a rate of about 4 million copies annually for worldwide market share of 85 percent 102 The increase in business use has been attributed to network effects whereby additional users of PowerPoint in a company or an industry increased its salience and value to other users 103 Not everyone immediately approved of the greater use of PowerPoint for presentations even in business CEOs who very early were reported to discourage or ban PowerPoint presentations at internal business meetings included Lou Gerstner at IBM in 1993 104 Scott McNealy at Sun Microsystems in 1996 105 and Steve Jobs at Apple in 1997 106 But even so Rich Gold a scholar who studied corporate presentation use at Xerox PARC could write in 1999 Within today s corporation if you want to communicate an idea you use PowerPoint 107 Uses beyond business Edit At the same time that PowerPoint was becoming dominant in business settings it was also being adopted for uses beyond business Personal computing scaled up the production of presentations The result has been the rise of presentation culture In an information society nearly everyone presents 108 In 1998 at about the same time that Gold was pronouncing PowerPoint s ubiquity in business the influential Bell Labs engineer Robert W Lucky could already write about broader uses 109 the world has run amok with the giddy power of presentation graphics A new language is in the air and it is codified in PowerPoint In a family discussion about what to do on a given evening for example I feel like pulling out my laptop and giving a Vugraph presentation In church I am surprised that the preachers haven t caught on yet How have we gotten on so long without PowerPoint Over a decade or so beginning in the mid 1990s PowerPoint began to be used in many communication situations well beyond its original business presentation uses to include teaching in schools 110 and in universities 111 lecturing in scientific meetings 112 and preparing their related poster sessions 113 worshipping in churches 114 making legal arguments in courtrooms 115 displaying supertitles in theaters 116 driving helmet mounted displays in spacesuits for NASA astronauts 117 giving military briefings 118 issuing governmental reports 119 undertaking diplomatic negotiations 120 121 writing novels 122 giving architectural demonstrations 123 prototyping website designs 124 creating animated video games 125 editing images 126 creating art projects 127 and even as a substitute for writing engineering technical reports 128 and as an organizing tool for writing general business documents 129 By 2003 it seemed that PowerPoint was being used everywhere Julia Keller reported for the Chicago Tribune 130 PowerPoint is one of the most pervasive and ubiquitous technological tools ever concocted In less than a decade it has revolutionized the worlds of business education science and communications swiftly becoming the standard for just about anybody who wants to explain just about anything to just about anybody else From corporate middle managers reporting on production goals to 4th graders fashioning a show and tell on the French and Indian War to church pastors explicating the seven deadly sins PowerPoint seems poised for world domination Cultural reactions Edit As uses broadened cultural awareness of PowerPoint grew and commentary about it began to appear With the widespread adoption of PowerPoint came complaints often very general statements reflecting dissatisfaction with modern media and communication practices as well as the dysfunctions of organizational culture 131 Indications of this awareness included increasing mentions of PowerPoint use in the Dilbert comic strips of Scott Adams 132 comic parodies of poor or inappropriate use such as the Gettysburg Address in PowerPoint 133 134 or summaries of Shakespeare s Hamlet and Nabokov s Lolita in PowerPoint 135 and a vast number of publications on the general subject of PowerPoint especially about how to use it 136 137 Out of all the analyses of PowerPoint over a quarter of a century at least three general themes emerged as categories of reaction to its broader use 1 Use it less avoid PowerPoint in favor of alternatives such as using more complex graphics and written prose or using nothing 19 2 Use it differently make a major change to a PowerPoint style that is simpler and pictorial turning the presentation toward a performance more like a Steve Jobs keynote 20 and 3 Use it better retain much of the conventional PowerPoint style but learn to avoid making many kinds of mistakes that can interfere with communication 21 Use it less Edit See also Edward Tufte and Anti PowerPoint Party An early reaction was that the broader use of PowerPoint was a mistake and should be reversed An influential example of this came from Edward Tufte an authority on information design who has been a professor of political science statistics and computer science at Princeton and Yale but is best known for his self published books on data visualization which have sold nearly 2 million copies as of 2014 138 In 2003 he published a widely read booklet titled The Cognitive Style of PowerPoint revised in 2006 19 Tufte found a number of problems with the cognitive style of PowerPoint many of which he attributed to the standard default style templates 19 PowerPoint s convenience for some presenters is costly to the content and the audience These costs arise from the cognitive style characteristics of the standard default PP presentation foreshortening of evidence and thought low spatial resolution an intensely hierarchical single path structure as the model for organizing every type of content breaking up narratives and data into slides and minimal fragments rapid temporal sequencing of thin information rather than focused spatial analysis conspicuous chartjunk and PP Phluff branding of slides with logotypes a preoccupation with format not content incompetent designs for data graphics and tables and a smirky commercialism that turns information into a sales pitch and presenters into marketeers italics in original Tufte particularly advised against using PowerPoint for reporting scientific analyses using as a dramatic example some slides made during the flight of the space shuttle Columbia after it had been damaged by an accident at liftoff slides which poorly communicated the engineers limited understanding of what had happened 19 8 14 For such technical presentations and for most occasions apart from its initial domain of sales presentations Tufte advised against using PowerPoint at all in many situations according to Tufte it would be better to substitute high resolution graphics or concise prose documents as handouts for the audience to study and discuss providing a great deal more detail 19 Many commentators enthusiastically joined in Tufte s vivid criticism of PowerPoint uses 139 and at a conference held in 2013 a decade after Tufte s booklet appeared one paper claimed that Despite all the criticism about his work Tufte can be considered as the single most influential author in the discourse on PowerPoint While his approach was not rigorous from a research perspective his articles received wide resonance with the public at large 140 There were also others who disagreed with Tufte s assertion that the PowerPoint program reduces the quality of presenters thoughts Steven Pinker professor of psychology at MIT and later Harvard had earlier argued that If anything PowerPoint if used well would ideally reflect the way we think 141 Pinker later reinforced this opinion Any general opposition to PowerPoint is just dumb It s like denouncing lectures before there were awful PowerPoint presentations there were awful scripted lectures unscripted lectures slide shows chalk talks and so on 142 Much of the early commentary on all sides was informal and anecdotal because empirical research had been limited 143 Use it differently Edit See also Richard E Mayer and Steve Jobs Keynotes A second reaction to PowerPoint use was to say that PowerPoint can be used well but only by substantially changing its style of use This reaction is exemplified by Richard E Mayer a professor of psychology at the University of California Santa Barbara who has studied cognition and learning particularly the design of educational multimedia and who has published more than 500 publications including over 30 books 144 Mayer s theme has been that In light of the science it is up to us to make a fundamental shift in our thinking we can no longer expect people to struggle to try to adapt to our PowerPoint habits Instead we have to change our PowerPoint habits to align with the way people learn 20 Tufte had argued his judgment that the information density of text on PowerPoint slides was too low perhaps only 40 words on a slide leading to over simplified messages 145 Mayer responded that his empirical research showed exactly the opposite that the amount of text on PowerPoint slides was usually too high and that even fewer than 40 words on a slide resulted in PowerPoint overload that impeded understanding during presentations 146 Mayer suggested a few major changes from traditional PowerPoint formats 20 replacing brief slide titles with longer headlines expressing complete ideas showing more slides but simpler ones removing almost all text including nearly all bullet lists reserving the text for the spoken narration using larger higher quality and more important graphics and photographs removing all extraneous decoration backgrounds logos and identifications everything but the essential message Mayer s ideas are claimed by Carmine Gallo to have been reflected in Steve Jobs s presentations Mayer outlined fundamental principles of multimedia design based on what scientists know about cognitive functioning Steve Jobs s slides adhere to each of Mayer s principles 147 92 Though not unique to Jobs many people saw the style for the first time in Jobs s famous product introductions 148 Steve Jobs would have been using Apple s Keynote which was designed for Jobs s own slide shows beginning in 2003 but Gallo says that speaking like Jobs has little to do with the type of presentation software you use PowerPoint Keynote etc all the techniques apply equally to PowerPoint and Keynote 147 14 46 Gallo adds that Microsoft s PowerPoint has one big advantage over Apple s Keynote presentation software it s everywhere it s safe to say that the number of Keynote presentations is minuscule in comparison with PowerPoint Although most presentation designers who are familiar with both formats prefer to work in the more elegant Keynote system those same designers will tell you that the majority of their client work is done in PowerPoint 147 44 Consistent with its association with Steve Jobs s keynotes a response to this style has been that it is particularly effective for ballroom style presentations as often given in conference center ballrooms where a celebrated and practiced speaker addresses a large passive audience but less appropriate for conference room style presentations which are often recurring internal business meetings for in depth discussion with motivated counterparts 149 Use it better Edit See also Stephen Kosslyn A third reaction to PowerPoint use was to conclude that the standard style is capable of being used well but that many small points need to be executed carefully to avoid impeding understanding This kind of analysis is particularly associated with Stephen Kosslyn a cognitive neuroscientist who specializes in the psychology of learning and visual communication and who has been head of the department of psychology at Harvard has been Director of Stanford s Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences and has published some 300 papers and 14 books 150 Kosslyn presented a set of psychological principles of human perception memory and comprehension that appears to capture the major points of agreement among researchers 151 He reports that his experiments support the idea that it is not intuitive or obvious how to create effective PowerPoint presentations that conform to those agreed principles and that even small differences that might not seem significant to a presenter can produce very different results in audiences understanding For this reason Kosslyn says users need specific education to be able to identify best ways to avoid flaws and failures 151 Specifically we hypothesized and found that the psychological principles are often violated in PowerPoint slideshows across different fields that some types of presentation flaws are noticeable and annoying to audience members and that observers have difficulty identifying many violations in graphical displays in individual slides These studies converge in painting the following picture PowerPoint presentations are commonly flawed some types of flaws are more common than others flaws are not isolated to one domain or context and although some types of flaws annoy the audience flaws at the level of slide design are not always obvious to an untrained observer The many flaws and failures identified were those likely to disrupt the comprehension or memory of the material Among the most common examples were Bulleted items are not presented individually growing the list from the top to the bottom More than four bulleted items appear in a single list More than two lines are used per bulleted sentence and Words are not large enough i e greater than 20 point to be easily seen Among audience reactions common problems reported were Speakers read word for word from notes or from the slides themselves The slides contained too much material to absorb before the next slide was presented and The main point was obscured by lots of irrelevant detail 151 Kosslyn observes that these findings could help to explain why the many studies of the instructional effectiveness of PowerPoint have been inconclusive and conflicting if there were differences in the quality of the presentations tested in different studies that went unobserved because many may feel that good design is intuitively clear 151 In 2007 Kosslyn wrote a book about PowerPoint in which he suggested a very large number of fairly modest changes to PowerPoint styles and gave advice on recommended ways of using PowerPoint 21 In a later second book about PowerPoint he suggested nearly 150 clarifying style changes in fewer than 150 pages 152 Kosslyn summarizes 21 2 3 200 there s nothing fundamentally wrong with the PowerPoint program as a medium rather I claim that the problem lies in how it is used In fact this medium is a remarkably versatile tool that can be extraordinarily effective For many purposes PowerPoint presentations are a superior medium of communication which is why they have become standard in so many fields In 2017 an online poll of social media users in the UK was reported to show that PowerPoint remains as popular with young tech savvy users as it is with the Baby Boomers with about four out of five saying that PowerPoint was a great tool for making presentations in part because PowerPoint with its capacity to be highly visual bridges the wordy world of yesterday with the visual future of tomorrow 153 Also in 2017 the Managerial Communication Group of MIT Sloan School of Management polled their incoming MBA students finding that results underscore just how differently this generation communicates as compared with older workers 154 Fewer than half of respondents reported doing any meaningful longer form writing at work and even that minority mostly did so very infrequently but 85 percent of students named producing presentations as a meaningful part of their job responsibilities Two thirds report that they present on a daily or weekly basis so it s no surprise that in person presentations is the top skill they hope to improve 154 One of the researchers concluded We re not likely to see future workplaces with long form writing The trend is toward presentations and slides and we don t see any sign of that slowing down 154 U S military excess Edit Use of PowerPoint by the U S military services began slowly because they were invested in mainframe computers MS DOS PCs and specialized military specification graphic output devices all of which PowerPoint did not support 155 But because of the strong military tradition of presenting briefings as soon as they acquired the computers needed to run it PowerPoint became part of the U S military 156 By 2000 ten years after PowerPoint for Windows appeared it was already identified as an important feature of U S armed forces culture in a front page story in the Wall Street Journal 157 Old fashioned slide briefings designed to update generals on troop movements have been a staple of the military since World War II But in only a few short years PowerPoint has altered the landscape Just as word processing made it easier to produce long meandering memos the spread of PowerPoint has unleashed a blizzard of jazzy but often incoherent visuals Instead of drawing up a dozen slides on a legal pad and running them over to the graphics department captains and colonels now can create hundreds of slides in a few hours without ever leaving their desks If the spirit moves them they can build in gunfire sound effects and images that explode like land mines PowerPoint has become such an ingrained part of the defense culture that it has seeped into the military lexicon PowerPoint Ranger is a derogatory term for a desk bound bureaucrat more adept at making slides than tossing grenades U S military use of PowerPoint may have influenced its use by armed forces of other countries Foreign armed services also are beginning to get in on the act You can t speak with the U S military without knowing PowerPoint says Margaret Hayes an instructor at National Defense University in Washington D C who teaches Latin American military officers how to use the software 157 After another 10 years in 2010 and again on its front page the New York Times reported that PowerPoint use in the military was then a military tool that has spun out of control 158 Like an insurgency PowerPoint has crept into the daily lives of military commanders and reached the level of near obsession The amount of time expended on PowerPoint the Microsoft presentation program of computer generated charts graphs and bullet points has made it a running joke in the Pentagon and in Iraq and Afghanistan Commanders say that behind all the PowerPoint jokes are serious concerns that the program stifles discussion critical thinking and thoughtful decision making Not least it ties up junior officers in the daily preparation of slides be it for a Joint Staff meeting in Washington or for a platoon leader s pre mission combat briefing in a remote pocket of Afghanistan The New York Times account went on to say that as a result some U S generals had banned the use of PowerPoint in their operations 158 PowerPoint makes us stupid Gen James N Mattis of the Marine Corps the Joint Forces commander said this month at a military conference in North Carolina He spoke without PowerPoint Brig Gen H R McMaster who banned PowerPoint presentations when he led the successful effort to secure the northern Iraqi city of Tal Afar in 2005 followed up at the same conference by likening PowerPoint to an internal threat It s dangerous because it can create the illusion of understanding and the illusion of control General McMaster said in a telephone interview afterward Some problems in the world are not bullet izable Several incidents about the same time gave wide currency to discussions by serving military officers describing excessive PowerPoint use and the organizational culture that encouraged it 159 160 161 In response to the New York Times story Peter Norvig and Stephen M Kosslyn sent a joint letter to the editor stressing the institutional culture of the military many military personnel bemoan the overuse and misuse of PowerPoint The problem is not in the tool itself but in the way that people use it which is partly a result of how institutions promote misuse 162 The two generals who had been mentioned in 2010 as opposing the institutional culture of excessive PowerPoint use were both in the news again in 2017 when James N Mattis became U S Secretary of Defense 163 and H R McMaster was appointed as U S National Security Advisor 164 Artistic medium Edit Musician David Byrne has been using PowerPoint as a medium for art for years producing a book and DVD and showing at galleries his PowerPoint based artwork 127 Byrne has written I have been working with PowerPoint the ubiquitous presentation software as an art medium for a number of years It started off as a joke this software is a symbol of corporate salesmanship or lack thereof but then the work took on a life of its own as I realized I could create pieces that were moving despite the limitations of the medium 165 In 2005 Byrne toured with a theater piece styled as a PowerPoint presentation When he presented it in Berkeley on March 8 2005 the University of California news service reported Byrne also defended PowerPoint s appeal as more than just a business tool as a medium for art and theater His talk was titled I PowerPoint Berkeley alumnus Bob Gaskins and Dennis Austin were in the audience Eventually Byrne said PowerPoint could be the foundation for presentational theater with roots in Brechtian drama and Asian puppet theater 166 After that performance Byrne described it in his own online journal Did the PowerPoint talk in Berkeley for an audience of IT legends and academics I was terrified The guys that originally turned PowerPoint into a program were there what were THEY gonna think Gaskins did tell me afterwards that he liked the PowerPoint as theater idea which was a relief 167 The expressions PowerPoint Art or pptArt are used to define a contemporary Italian artistic movement which believes that the corporate world can be a unique and exceptional source of inspiration for the artist 168 169 They say The pptArt name refers to PowerPoint the symbolic and abstract language developed by the corporate world which has become a universal and highly symbolic communication system beyond cultures and borders 170 The wide use of PowerPoint had by 2010 given rise to a subculture of PowerPoint enthusiasts that is teaching the old application new tricks and may even be turning a dry presentation format into a full fledged artistic medium 171 by using PowerPoint animation to create games artworks anime and movies 172 PowerPoint Viewer EditPowerPoint Viewer is the name for a series of small free application programs to be used on computers without PowerPoint installed to view project or print but not create or edit presentations 173 The first version was introduced with PowerPoint 3 0 in 1992 to enable electronic presentations to be projected using conference room computers and to be freely distributed on Windows it took advantage of the new feature of embedding TrueType fonts within PowerPoint presentation files to make such distribution easier 174 The same kind of viewer app was shipped with PowerPoint 3 0 for Macintosh also in 1992 175 Beginning with PowerPoint 2003 a feature called Package for CD automatically managed all linked video and audio files plus needed fonts when exporting a presentation to a disk or flash drive or network location 176 and also included a copy of a revised PowerPoint Viewer application so that the result could be presented on other PCs without installing anything 177 The latest version that runs on Windows was created in conjunction with PowerPoint 2010 but it can also be used to view newer presentations created in PowerPoint 2013 and PowerPoint 2016 All transitions videos and effects appear and behave the same when viewed using PowerPoint Viewer as they do when viewed in PowerPoint 2010 It supports presentations created using PowerPoint 97 and later 173 The latest version that runs on Macintosh is PowerPoint 98 Viewer for the Classic Mac OS and Classic Environment for Macs supporting System 7 5 to Mac OS X Tiger 10 4 178 It can open presentations only from PowerPoint 3 0 4 0 and 8 0 PowerPoint 98 although presentations created on Mac can be opened in PowerPoint Viewer on Windows 179 As of May 2018 update the last versions of PowerPoint Viewer for all platforms have been retired by Microsoft they are no longer available for download and no longer receive security updates 180 The final PowerPoint Viewer for Windows 2010 181 and the final PowerPoint Viewer for Classic Mac OS 1998 182 183 are available only from archives The recommended replacements for PowerPoint Viewer On Windows 10 PCs download the free PowerPoint Mobile application from the Windows Store 180 and On Windows 7 or Windows 8 8 1 PCs upload the file to OneDrive and view it for free using PowerPoint Online 180 Versions EditLegend Old version not maintained Older version still maintained Current stable version Latest preview version Future releasePowerPoint release history Date Name Version System CommentsApril 1987 184 PowerPoint Old version no longer maintained 1 0 Macintosh Shipped by Forethought Inc October 1987 185 PowerPoint Old version no longer maintained 1 01 Macintosh Relabeled and shipped by MicrosoftMay 1988 186 PowerPoint Old version no longer maintained 2 0 MacintoshDecember 1988 187 PowerPoint Old version no longer maintained 2 01 Macintosh Added Genigraphics software and servicesMay 1990 188 PowerPoint Old version no longer maintained 2 0 Windows Announced with Windows 3 0 numbered to match contemporary Macintosh versionMay 1992 189 PowerPoint Old version no longer maintained 3 0 Windows Announced with Windows 3 1September 1992 190 PowerPoint Old version no longer maintained 3 0 MacintoshFebruary 1994 191 PowerPoint Old version no longer maintained 4 0 WindowsOctober 1994 192 PowerPoint Old version no longer maintained 4 0 Macintosh Native for Power MacJuly 1995 193 PowerPoint 95 Old version no longer maintained 7 0 Windows Versions 5 0 and 6 0 were skipped on Windows so all apps in Office 95 were 7 0 194 January 1997 195 PowerPoint 97 Old version no longer maintained 8 0 WindowsMarch 1998 196 PowerPoint 98 Old version no longer maintained 8 0 Macintosh Versions 5 0 6 0 and 7 0 were skipped on Macintosh to match Windows 197 June 1999 198 PowerPoint 2000 Old version no longer maintained 9 0 WindowsAugust 2000 199 PowerPoint 2001 Old version no longer maintained 9 0 MacintoshMay 2001 200 PowerPoint XP Old version no longer maintained 10 0 WindowsNovember 2001 201 PowerPoint v X Old version no longer maintained 10 0 MacintoshOctober 2003 202 203 PowerPoint 2003 Old version no longer maintained 11 0 WindowsJune 2004 204 PowerPoint 2004 Old version no longer maintained 11 0 MacintoshMay 2005 205 PowerPoint Mobile Old version no longer maintained 11 0 Windows Mobile 5January 2007 206 PowerPoint 2007 Old version no longer maintained 12 0 Windows End of support October 10 2017 207 September 2007 208 PowerPoint Mobile Old version no longer maintained 12 0 Windows Mobile 6January 2008 209 PowerPoint 2008 Old version no longer maintained 12 0 MacintoshJune 2010 210 PowerPoint 2010 Old version no longer maintained 14 0 Windows Version 13 0 was skipped for triskaidekaphobia concerns 211 June 2010 212 PowerPoint 2010 Web App Old version no longer maintained 14 0 WebJune 2010 213 PowerPoint Mobile 2010 Old version no longer maintained 14 0 Windows Phone 7November 2010 214 PowerPoint 2011 Old version no longer maintained 14 0 Macintosh Version 13 0 was skipped for triskaidekaphobia concerns 211 End of support October 10 2017 215 April 2012 216 PowerPoint Mobile 2010 Old version no longer maintained 14 0 Nokia SymbianOctober 2012 217 PowerPoint Web App 2013 Older version yet still maintained 15 0 WebNovember 2012 218 PowerPoint Mobile 2013 Old version no longer maintained 15 0 Windows Phone 8November 2012 219 PowerPoint RT 2013 Older version yet still maintained 15 0 Windows RTJanuary 2013 220 PowerPoint 2013 Older version yet still maintained 15 0 WindowsJune 2013 221 PowerPoint Mobile 2013 for iPhone Older version yet still maintained 15 0 iPhoneJuly 2013 222 PowerPoint Mobile 2013 for Android Older version yet still maintained 15 0 AndroidFebruary 2014 223 PowerPoint 2013 Online Older version yet still maintained 15 0 WebMarch 2014 224 PowerPoint 2013 for iPad Older version yet still maintained 15 0 iPadNovember 2014 225 PowerPoint Mobile 2013 for iOS Older version yet still maintained 15 0 iOSJune 2015 226 PowerPoint Mobile 2016 for Android Current stable version 16 0 AndroidJuly 2015 227 PowerPoint 2016 for Macintosh Current stable version 16 0 Macintosh There had been no PowerPoint 2013 for Mac 228 Was version 15 0 from July 2015 to January 2018 229 July 2015 230 PowerPoint Mobile 2016 Current stable version 16 0 Windows 10 MobileJuly 2015 231 PowerPoint Mobile 2016 for iOS Current stable version 16 0 iOSSeptember 2015 232 PowerPoint 2016 for Windows Current stable version 16 0 WindowsJanuary 2018 233 PowerPoint 2016 for Windows Store Current stable version 16 0 Windows2018 PowerPoint 2019 Current stable version 17 0 Windows and other OSDate Name Version System Comments nbsp Icon for PowerPoint for Mac 2008 nbsp Microsoft PowerPoint for Mac 2011PowerPoint 1 0 For Macintosh April 1987 184 Innovations included multiple slides in a single file organizing slides with a slide sorter view and a title view precursor of outline view speakers notes pages attached to each slide printing of audience handouts with multiple slides per page text with outlining styles and full word processor formatting graphic shapes with attached text for drawing diagrams and tables 234 It also shipped with a hardbound book as its manual 235 It produced overhead transparencies on a black and white Macintosh for laser printing Presenters could now directly control their own overheads and would no longer have to work through the person with the typewriter PowerPoint handled the task of making the overheads all look alike one change reformats them all Typographic fonts were better than an Orator typeball and charts and diagrams could be imported from MacDraw MacPaint and Excel thanks to the new Mac clipboard 236 System requirements Mac Original Macintosh or better System 1 0 or higher 512K RAM 237 PowerPoint 2 0 For Macintosh May 1988 186 for Windows May 1990 188 Part of Microsoft Office for Mac and Microsoft Office for Windows Innovations included color more word processing features find and replace spell checking color schemes for presentations guide to color selection ability to change color scheme retrospectively shaded coloring for fills 234 It added color 35 mm slides transmitting the resulting file over a modem to Genigraphics for imaging on Genigraphics film recorders and photo processing in Genigraphics labs overnight Genigraphics was the leading professional service bureau having developed its own Digital Equipment Corp PDP 11 based computer systems for its artists After a short time though Genigraphics itself switched to PowerPoint 236 System requirements Mac Original Macintosh or better System 4 1 or higher 1 MB RAM Windows 286 PC or higher Windows 3 0 1 MB RAM 237 PowerPoint 3 0 For Windows May 1992 189 for Mac September 1992 190 Part of Microsoft Office for Windows 3 0 and Microsoft Office for Mac 3 0 Innovations included the first application designed exclusively for the new Windows 3 1 platform full support for TrueType fonts new in Windows 3 1 presentation templates editing in outline view new drawing including freeform tool autoshapes flip rotate scale align and transforming imported pictures into their drawing primitives to make them editable transitions between slides in slide show progressive builds incorporating sound and video 234 Animations included flying bullets where bullet points flew into the slide one by one and some degree of Pen Computing support was included 235 It added video out to feed the new video projectors with effects that could replace a bank of synchronized slide projectors This version added fades dissolves and other transitions as well as animation of text and pictures and could incorporate video clips with synchronized audio 236 System requirements Windows 286 PC or higher Windows 3 1 2 MB RAM Mac Macintosh Plus or better System 7 or higher 4 MB RAM 237 PowerPoint 4 0 For Windows February 1994 191 for Mac October 1994 192 Part of Microsoft Office for Windows 4 0 and Microsoft Office for Mac 4 2 Innovations included autolayouts Word tables rehearsal mode hidden slides and the AutoContent Wizard 235 Introduced a standard Microsoft Office look and feel shared with Word and Excel with status bar toolbars tooltips Full OLE 2 0 with in place activation 234 System requirements Windows 386 PC or higher Windows 3 1 8 MB RAM Mac 68020 Mac or better System 7 or higher 8 MB RAM 237 PowerPoint 7 0 For Windows July 1995 193 Part of Microsoft Office for Windows 95 Innovations included new animation effects real curves and textures black and white view autocorrect insert symbol meeting support features such as Meeting Minder 235 A complete rewrite of the product from the ground up in C full object model with internal VBA programmability 234 System requirements Windows 386 DX PC or higher Windows 95 6 MB RAM 237 PowerPoint 8 0 For Windows January 1997 195 for Mac March 1998 196 Part of Microsoft Office for Windows 97 and Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition Innovations included Office Assistant file compression save to HTML Pack and Go AutoClipArt transparent GIFs 235 System requirements Windows 486 PC or higher 8 MB RAM Mac PowerPC Mac or better 16 MB RAM 237 PowerPoint 9 0 For Windows June 1999 198 for Mac August 2000 199 Part of Microsoft Office for Windows 2000 and Microsoft Office for Mac 2001 Innovations included three pane browser view selectable list of slide miniatures or titles large single slide notes autofit text real tables presentation conferencing save to web picture bullets animated GIFs aliased fonts 235 System requirements Windows Pentium 75MHz Windows 95 or higher 20 MB RAM Mac PowerPC Mac 120MHz or better MacOS 8 5 or higher minimum 48 MB RAM 237 PowerPoint 10 0 For Windows May 2001 200 for Mac November 2001 201 Part of Microsoft Office for Windows XP and Microsoft Office for Mac v X Innovations included install from web most clipart on web use of Exchange and SharePoint for storage and collaboration 200 System requirements Windows Pentium III Windows 98 or higher 40 MB RAM 237 Mac OS X 10 1 Puma or later will not run under OS 9 238 PowerPoint 11 0 For Windows October 2003 202 for Mac June 2004 204 for Mobile May 2005 205 Part of Microsoft Office for Windows 2003 and Microsoft Office for Mac 2004 Innovations included tools visible to presenter during slide show notes thumbnails time clock re order and edit slides Package for CD to write presentation and viewer app to CD 204 Microsoft Producer for PowerPoint 2003 was a free plug in from Microsoft using a video camera that creates Web page presentations with talking head narration coordinated and timed to your existing PowerPoint presentation for delivery over the web 239 The Genigraphics software to send a presentation for imaging as 35mm slides was removed from this version 240 System requirements Windows Pentium 233Mhz Windows 2000 with SP3 or later 128 MB RAM 241 Mac Power Mac G3 or better OS X 10 2 8 or later 256 MB RAM 204 PowerPoint 12 0 For Windows January 2007 206 for Mobile September 2007 208 for Mac January 2008 209 Part of Microsoft Office for Windows 2007 and Microsoft Office for Mac 2008 Innovations included new user interface Office Fluent employing a changeable ribbon of tools across the top to replace menus and toolbars SmartArt graphics many graphical improvements in text and drawing improved Presenter View from 2003 widescreen slide formats The AutoContent Wizard was removed from this version 242 A major change in PowerPoint 2007 was from a binary file format used from 1997 to 2003 to a new XML file format which evolved over further versions System requirements Windows 500 MHz processor or higher Windows XP with SP2 or later 256 MB RAM 243 Mac 500 MHz processor or higher MacOS X 10 4 9 or later 512 MB RAM 244 PowerPoint 14 0 211 For Windows June 2010 210 for Web June 2010 212 for Mobile June 2010 213 for Mac November 2010 214 for Symbian April 2012 216 Part of Microsoft Office for Windows 2010 and Microsoft Office for Mac 2011 Innovations included Single document interface SDI sections within presentations reading view redesign of Backstage functions under File menu save as video insert video from web embed video and audio enhanced editing for video and for pictures broadcast slideshow 245 System requirements Windows 500 MHz processor or higher Windows XP with SP3 or later 256 MB RAM 512 MB RAM recommended for video 246 Mac Intel processor Mac OS X 10 5 8 or later 1 GB RAM 247 PowerPoint 15 0 For Web October 2012 217 for Mobile November 2012 218 for Windows RT November 2012 219 for Windows January 2013 220 for iPhone June 2013 221 for Android July 2013 222 for Web February 2014 223 for iPad March 2014 224 for iOS November 2014 225 for Mac July 2015 227 Part of Microsoft Office for Windows 2013 and Microsoft Office for Mac 2016 Innovations included Change default slide shape to 16 9 aspect ratio online collaboration by multiple authors user interface redesigned for multi touch screens improved audio video animations and transitions further changes to Presenter View Clipart collections and insertion tool were removed but available online 248 249 System requirements Windows 1 GHz processor or faster x86 or x64 bit processor with SSE2 instruction set Windows 7 or later 1 GB RAM 32 bit 2 GB RAM 64 bit 250 Mac Intel processor Mac OS X 10 10 or later 4 GB RAM 251 PowerPoint 16 0 For Android June 2015 226 for Mobile July 2015 230 for iOS July 2015 231 for Windows September 2015 232 and Windows Store January 2018 233 Part of Microsoft Office for Windows 2016 Innovations included Tell me to search for program controls PowerPoint Designer pane Morph transition real time collaboration Zoom to slides or sections in slideshow 252 and Presentation Translator for real time translation of a presenter s spoken words to on screen captions in any of 60 languages with the system analyzing the text of the PowerPoint presentation as context to increase the accuracy and relevance of the translations 253 254 System requirements Windows 1 GHz processor or faster x86 or x64 bit processor with SSE2 instruction set Windows 7 with SP 1 or later 2 GB RAM 255 File formats EditPowerPoint Presentation nbsp nbsp Filename extensions pptx ppt 256 Internet media typeapplication vnd openxmlformats officedocument presentationml presentation application vnd ms powerpoint 257 Uniform Type Identifier UTI com microsoft powerpoint ppt 258 Developed byMicrosoftType of formatPresentationBinary 1987 2007 Edit Early versions of PowerPoint from 1987 through 1995 versions 1 0 through 7 0 evolved through a sequence of binary file formats different in each version as functionality was added 259 This set of formats were never documented but an open source libmwaw used by LibreOffice exists to read them 260 A stable binary format called a ppt file like all earlier binary formats that was shared as the default in PowerPoint 97 through PowerPoint 2003 for Windows and in PowerPoint 98 through PowerPoint 2004 for Mac that is in PowerPoint versions 8 0 through 11 0 was finally created It was based on the Compound File Binary Format 261 262 The specification document is actively maintained and can be freely downloaded 261 because although no longer the default that binary format can be read and written by some later versions of PowerPoint including the current PowerPoint 2016 256 After the stable binary format was adopted versions of PowerPoint continued to be able to read and write differing file formats from earlier versions 259 But beginning with PowerPoint 2007 and PowerPoint 2008 for Mac PowerPoint version 12 0 this was the only binary format available for saving PowerPoint 2007 version 12 0 no longer supported saving to binary file formats used earlier than PowerPoint 97 version 8 0 ten years before 263 The pps and ppsx file extensions are technically the same as ppt and pptx except they are launched as presentation instead of for editing by default 264 Binary filename extensions 256 ppt PowerPoint 97 2003 binary presentation pps PowerPoint 97 2003 binary slide show pot PowerPoint 97 2003 binary templateBinary media types 257 ppt application vnd ms powerpoint pps application vnd ms powerpoint pot application vnd ms powerpointOffice Open XML since 2007 Edit The big change in PowerPoint 2007 and PowerPoint 2008 for Mac PowerPoint version 12 0 was that the stable binary file format of 97 2003 was replaced as the default by a new zipped XML based Office Open XML format pptx files 265 Microsoft s explanation of the benefits of the change included smaller file sizes up to 75 smaller than comparable binary documents security through being able to identify and exclude executable macros and personal data less chance to be corrupted than binary formats and easier interoperability for exchanging data among Microsoft and other business applications all while maintaining backward compatibility 266 XML filename extensions 256 pptx PowerPoint 2007 XML presentation pptm PowerPoint 2007 XML macro enabled presentation ppsx PowerPoint 2007 XML slide show ppsm PowerPoint 2007 XML macro enabled slide show ppam PowerPoint 2007 XML add in potx PowerPoint 2007 XML template potm PowerPoint 2007 XML macro enabled templateXML media types 257 pptx application vnd openxmlformats officedocument presentationml presentation pptm application vnd ms powerpoint presentation macroEnabled 12 ppsx application vnd openxmlformats officedocument presentationml slideshow ppsm application vnd ms powerpoint slideshow macroEnabled 12 ppam application vnd ms powerpoint addin macroEnabled 12 potx application vnd openxmlformats officedocument presentationml template potm application vnd ms powerpoint template macroEnabled 12The specification for the new format was published as an open standard ECMA 376 267 through Ecma International Technical Committee 45 TC45 268 The Ecma 376 standard was approved in December 2006 and was submitted for standardization through ISO IEC JTC 1 SC 34 WG4 in early 2007 The standardization process was contentious 269 It was approved as ISO IEC 29500 in early 2008 270 Copies of the ISO IEC standard specification are freely available in two parts 271 272 These define two related standards known as Transitional and Strict The two standards were progressively adopted by PowerPoint PowerPoint version 12 0 2007 2008 for Mac could read and write Transitional format but could neither read nor write Strict format PowerPoint version 14 0 2010 2011 for Mac could read and write Transitional and also read but not write Strict PowerPoint version 15 0 and later beginning 2013 2016 for Mac can read and write both Transitional and Strict formats The reason for the two variants was explained by Microsoft 273 the participants in the ISO IEC standardization process recognized two objectives with competing requirements The first objective was for the Open XML standard to provide an XML based file format that could fully support conversion of the billions of existing Office documents without any loss of features content text layout or other information including embedded data The second was to specify a file format that did not rely on Microsoft specific data types They created two variants of Open XML Transitional which supports previously defined Microsoft specific data types and Strict which does not rely on them Prior versions of Office that is 2007 have supported reading and writing Transitional Open XML and Office 2010 can read Strict Open XML documents With the addition of write support for Strict Open XML Office 2013 provides full support for both variants of Open XML The PowerPoint pptx file format called PresentationML for Presentation Markup Language contains separate structures for all the complex parts of a PowerPoint presentation 274 275 The specification documents run to over six thousand pages 276 Because of the widespread use of PowerPoint the standardized file formats are considered important for the long term access to digital documents in library collections and archives according to the U S Library of Congress 277 PowerPoint 2013 and PowerPoint 2016 provide options to set default saving to ISO IEC 29500 Strict format but the initial default setting remains Transitional for compatibility with legacy features incorporating binary data in existing documents 278 PowerPoint 2013 or PowerPoint 2016 will both open and save files in the former binary format ppt for compatibility with older versions of the program but not versions older than PowerPoint 97 256 279 In saving to older formats these versions of PowerPoint will check to assure that no features have been introduced into the presentation which are incompatible with the older formats 265 PowerPoint 2013 and 2016 will also save a presentation in many other file formats including PDF format MPEG 4 or WMV video as a sequence of single picture files using image formats including GIF JPEG PNG TIFF and some older formats and as a single presentation file in which all slides are replaced with pictures PowerPoint will both open and save files in OpenDocument Presentation format ODP for compatibility 256 See also EditMicrosoft Office password protection PowerPoint Karaoke Web based slideshowReferences Edit Update history for Microsoft Office 2019 Microsoft Docs Retrieved April 13 2021 a b C in MS Office cppcon July 17 2014 Archived from the original on November 7 2019 Retrieved June 25 2019 Microsoft Corp 2017 Language Accessory Pack for Office Archived from the original on August 28 2017 Retrieved August 28 2017 Update history for Office for Mac Microsoft Docs June 13 2023 Microsoft Powerpoint on the Mac App Store Retrieved March 2 2023 Microsoft PowerPoint Slideshows and Presentations APKs APKMirror Microsoft PowerPoint App Store June 12 2023 a b c d Microsoft PowerPoint Encyclopaedia Britannica November 25 2013 Archived from the original on October 8 2015 Retrieved August 25 2017 Microsoft PowerPoint virtual presentation software developed by Robert Gaskins and Dennis Austin for the American computer software company Forethought Inc The program initially named Presenter was released for the Apple Macintosh in 1987 Mace Scott March 2 1969 Presentation Package Lets Users Control Look InfoWorld Vol 9 no 9 p 5 ISSN 0199 6649 Archived from the original on May 24 2015 Retrieved August 25 2017 The 395 program will be shipped to dealers on April 20 Forethought said Microsoft PowerPoint Encyclopaedia Britannica November 25 2013 Archived from the original on October 8 2015 Retrieved August 25 2017 in 1987 i n July of that year the Microsoft Corporation in its first significant software acquisition purchased the rights to PowerPoint for 14 million a b Microsoft Buys Software Unit Company News New York Times Vol CXXXV no 46 717 July 31 1987 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on May 24 2015 Retrieved August 25 2017 the acquisition of Forethought is the first significant one for Microsoft which is based in Redmond Wash Forethought would remain in Sunnyvale giving Microsoft a Silicon Valley presence Flynn Laurie June 19 1989 The Microsoft Office Bundles 4 Programs InfoWorld Vol 11 no 25 p 37 ISSN 0199 6649 Archived from the original on May 24 2015 Retrieved August 25 2017 Johnston Stuart J October 1 1990 Office for Windows Bundles Popular Microsoft Applications InfoWorld Vol 12 no 40 p 16 ISSN 0199 6649 Archived from the original on May 24 2015 Retrieved August 25 2017 a b c d Austin Dennis 2001 PowerPoint Version Timeline to PowerPoint 7 0 1995 PDF GBU Wizards of Menlo Park Archived from the original on August 6 2017 Retrieved August 24 2017 Gaskins Robert 2012 Sweating Bullets Notes about Inventing PowerPoint Vinland Books ISBN 978 0 9851424 0 7 Archived PDF from the original on June 24 2017 Retrieved August 12 2017 Thielsch Meinald T Perabo Isabel May 2012 Use and Evaluation of Presentation Software PDF Technical Communication 59 2 112 123 ISSN 0049 3155 Archived PDF from the original on August 9 2016 Retrieved August 24 2017 For many years Microsoft has led the market with its program PowerPoint Zongker and Salesin 2003 estimated a market share of 95 in 2003 and a Forrester study Montalbano 2009 widely confirmed this number stating that only 8 of enterprise customers use alternative products Microsoft PowerPoint Encyclopaedia Britannica November 25 2013 Archived from the original on August 28 2017 Retrieved August 24 2017 PowerPoint was developed for business use but has wide applications elsewhere such as for schools and community organizations Davies Russell May 26 2016 29 Reasons to Love PowerPoint Wired UK ISSN 1758 8332 Archived from the original on August 15 2017 Retrieved September 6 2017 Archived copy Archived from the original on September 11 2017 Retrieved October 26 2017 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link a b c d e f Tufte Edward 2006 1st ed 2003 24 pg The Cognitive Style of PowerPoint Pitching Out Corrupts Within 2nd ed Cheshire Connecticut Graphics Press LLC p 32 ISBN 978 0 9613921 6 1 a b c d Atkinson Cliff Mayer Richard E April 23 2004 Five ways to reduce PowerPoint overload PDF ResearchGate Revision 1 1 Archived from the original on June 17 2015 Retrieved September 23 2017 a b c d Kosslyn Stephen M 2007 Clear and to the Point Eight Psychological Principles for Compelling PowerPoint Presentations Oxford University Press p 222 ISBN 978 0 19 532069 5 a b c Gaskins Robert December 2007 PowerPoint at 20 Back to Basics Viewpoint Communications of the ACM 50 12 17 doi 10 1145 1323688 1323710 ISSN 0001 0782 S2CID 48306 Archived PDF from the original on January 7 2016 Retrieved May 27 2015 Compare PowerPoint features on different platforms Microsoft Support April 19 2022 Retrieved October 23 2022 Gomes Lee June 20 2007 PowerPoint Turns 20 As Its Creators Ponder A Dark Side to Success Portals Wall Street Journal Vol CCXLIX no 143 US ed p B1 ISSN 0099 9660 Archived from the original on August 22 2017 Retrieved August 22 2017 PowerPoint s two creators Robert Gaskins was the visionary entrepreneur with major programming done by Dennis Austin an old chum Brock David C October 31 2017 The Improbable Origins of PowerPoint History IEEE Spectrum published November 2 2017 54 11 42 49 doi 10 1109 MSPEC 2017 8093800 ISSN 0018 9235 S2CID 27013411 Archived from the original on November 2 2017 Retrieved November 2 2017 PowerPoint was not at all in their original plan the founders Pohlman and Campbell s idea was to bring a graphical software environment like the Xerox Alto s to the hugely popular but graphically challenged IBM PC Rather than liquidate the firm management and investors decided to restart Forethought a b c d e f g Gaskins Robert 2012 Sweating Bullets Notes about Inventing PowerPoint Vinland Books ISBN 978 0 9851424 0 7 Archived PDF from the original on June 24 2017 Retrieved August 12 2017 Brock David C October 31 2017 The Improbable Origins of PowerPoint History IEEE Spectrum published November 2 2017 54 11 42 49 doi 10 1109 MSPEC 2017 8093800 ISSN 0018 9235 S2CID 27013411 Archived from the original on November 2 2017 Retrieved November 2 2017 Forethought began to develop a software product of its own This new effort was the brainchild of Robert Gaskins an accomplished computer scientist who d been hired to lead Forethought s product development Gaskins Robert August 14 1984 Presentation Graphics for Overhead Projection PDF PowerPoint History Documents Archived PDF from the original on November 6 2015 Retrieved August 21 2017 Austin Dennis 2009 Beginnings of PowerPoint A Personal Technical Story PDF Computer History Museum Archive Archived from the original PDF on November 12 2014 Retrieved August 21 2017 In October I joined Forethought Austin Dennis Gaskins Robert August 21 1985 Presenter PowerPoint Design PDF PowerPoint History Documents Archived PDF from the original on January 7 2016 Retrieved April 22 2015 Foster Edward July 1 1985 Microsoft Ships Windows Once Written Off Because of Delays Windows Now Seen as a Contender Against Topview News Software InfoWorld Vol 7 no 26 p 17 ISSN 0199 6649 Archived from the original on August 24 2017 Retrieved August 24 2017 We re quite happy to have people know our plan is to leverage our Mac experience with Microsoft Windows says Robert Gaskins vice president of development Trower Tandy November 20 2010 The Secret Origin of Windows Technologizer Archived from the original on January 23 2011 Retrieved August 23 2017 Windows 1 0 shipped on November 20th 1985 Gaskins Robert June 27 1986 Presenter PowerPoint Product Marketing Analysis PDF PowerPoint History Documents Archived PDF from the original on January 7 2016 Retrieved August 24 2017 Gaskins Robert July 15 1986 Presenter PowerPoint New Product Summary and Review PDF PowerPoint History Documents Archived PDF from the original on January 7 2016 Retrieved August 24 2017 Austin Dennis Rudkin Thomas Gaskins Robert May 22 1986 Presenter PowerPoint Specification PDF PowerPoint History Documents Archived PDF from the original on January 7 2016 Retrieved August 24 2017 Gaskins Robert August 13 2012 PowerPoint at 25 Conversation with Robert Gaskins Interview Interviewed by Geetesh Bajaj Archived from the original on April 4 2015 Retrieved August 21 2017 Ranney Elizabeth May 5 1986 Apple Proceeding With Strategic Investment Plans Just Heard column InfoWorld Vol 8 no 18 p 3 ISSN 0199 6649 Archived from the original on May 24 2015 Retrieved August 24 2017 Strategic Investment Group head Dan Eilers stressed we are going to make minority investments in companies that add value to Apple computers and thereby increase the sales of Apple computers over time Mace Scott March 2 1987 Presentation Package Lets Users Control Look InfoWorld Vol 9 no 9 p 5 ISSN 0199 6649 Archived from the original on May 24 2015 Retrieved August 24 2017 Gaskins Robert May 25 1987 Forethought Restart Completed A Brief History PDF PowerPoint History Documents p 9 Archived PDF from the original on January 7 2016 Retrieved August 24 2017 We completed PowerPoint so as to ship it on schedule on April 20 By early May we had shipped about 1 000 000 worth of PowerPoint and exhausted the first printing of 10 000 copies a b c d e Microsoft Corporation April 8 2010 The History of Microsoft The Jeff Raikes Story Part Two Channel9 videos Microsoft Developer Network 05 42 to 07 18 Archived from the original on August 24 2017 Retrieved August 24 2017 Jeff Raikes talks about having an idea in 1987 for a presentation product before discovering Forethought which had a product called PowerPoint A transcript of the relevant section is also available May Trish January 17 2010 The Road to the Cure New York Times New York ed p BU7 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on June 20 2022 Retrieved August 24 2017 I wrote and presented a proposal to Bill Gates for a new piece of software for the personal computer specifically to help people create presentations Swaine Michael September 1 1991 Calling Apple s Bluff Dr Dobb s Journal Archived from the original on June 27 2015 Retrieved August 24 2017 I Dave Winer had a meeting with Bill Gates in I guess it was February of 87 We worked out a letter of intent Carroll Paul B March 6 1987 New Software Simplifies Show and Tell Technology Wall Street Journal p 33 ISSN 0099 9660 Archived from the original on August 21 2017 Retrieved August 21 2017 Winer Dave April 10 2010 Microsoft rejection letter 1987 Scripting News Archived from the original on September 7 2015 Retrieved August 21 2017 Shirley Jon May 13 1987 Microsoft Letter of Intent to acquire Forethought PDF PowerPoint History Documents Archived PDF from the original on May 17 2014 Retrieved August 21 2017 Microsoft Buys Software Unit Company News New York Times Vol CXXXV no 46 717 July 31 1987 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on May 24 2015 Retrieved August 21 2017 a b 1634 1699 McCusker J J 1997 How Much Is That in Real Money A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States Addenda et Corrigenda PDF American Antiquarian Society 1700 1799 McCusker J J 1992 How Much Is That in Real Money A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States PDF American Antiquarian Society 1800 present Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Consumer Price Index estimate 1800 Retrieved May 28 2023 a b Parker Rachel August 3 1987 Microsoft Acquires Forethought Publisher of PowerPoint Package News InfoWorld Vol 9 no 31 p 8 ISSN 0199 6649 Archived from the original on June 23 2015 Retrieved August 22 2017 The Forethought group will become Microsoft s Graphics Business Unit forming a permanent Microsoft development and marketing facility in Sunnyvale California With a site in California Microsoft hopes to recruit programmers who might not want to relocate to Washington Microsoft president Jon Shirley said a b c Gaskins Robert August 8 1988 Results of Microsoft s Graphics Business Unit after Our First Year PDF PowerPoint History Documents Microsoft Memo Archived PDF from the original on January 7 2016 Retrieved August 23 2017 Pournelle Jerry January 1989 To the Stars BYTE Vol 14 no 1 p 120 ISSN 0360 5280 Archived from the original on September 30 2017 Retrieved September 30 2017 I ll just say that if you re in the business of putting on briefings and otherwise making presentations you might want to seriously contemplate getting a Mac II just so you can use this program it s that good Highly recommended Borzo Jeanette May 18 1992 PowerPoint users pleased by changes InfoWorld Vol 14 no 20 IDG p 15 ISSN 0199 6649 Archived from the original on May 25 2015 Retrieved August 4 2017 Gaskins Robert August 8 1988 Results of Microsoft s Graphics Business Unit after Our First Year PDF PowerPoint History Documents Microsoft Memo Archived PDF from the original on January 7 2016 Retrieved August 23 2017 We have learned a tremendous number of technical insights through working with the Genigraphics engineering group Gaskins Robert December 2007 PowerPoint at 20 Back to Basics Viewpoint Communications of the ACM 50 12 15 17 doi 10 1145 1323688 1323710 ISSN 0001 0782 S2CID 48306 Archived PDF from the original on January 7 2016 Retrieved August 24 2017 The first three versions are described in the sidebar Presentation Formats and PowerPoint p 17 a b Flynn Laurie June 19 1989 The Microsoft Office Bundles 4 Programs InfoWorld Vol 11 no 25 p 37 ISSN 0199 6649 Archived from the original on May 24 2015 Retrieved August 24 2017 A special promotion announced last week by Microsoft Corp enables Macintosh customers to buy four of the company s business applications at a 35 percent discount The special edition called The Microsoft Office includes Word 4 0 Excel 2 2 PowerPoint 2 01 and Mail 1 37 The package sells for 849 if purchased separately the programs would cost 1 310 the company said The promotion is available until the end of the year a b Johnston Stuart J October 1 1990 Office for Windows Bundles Popular Microsoft Applications InfoWorld Vol 12 no 40 p 16 ISSN 0199 6649 Archived from the original on May 24 2015 Retrieved August 24 2017 Microsoft last week announced the release of The Microsoft Office for Windows which bundles three of the company s popular Windows applications Word Excel and PowerPoint for significantly less than they would cost separately The product brings to the Windows environment basically the equivalent of The Microsoft Office for Macintosh which was announced a year ago Microsoft Corporation March 1993 New PowerPoint 3 0 Because powerful tools make powerful presentations MacWorld advertisement Vol 10 no 3 pp BA1 BA2 inside front cover spread ISSN 0741 8647 Archived from the original on August 24 2017 Retrieved August 24 2017 Microsoft Office now has Mail PowerPoint Pipeline InfoWorld Vol 14 no 35 August 31 1992 p 15 ISSN 0199 6649 Archived from the original on December 21 2016 Retrieved August 23 2017 Gates Bill February 19 1991 Market Share of Applications in the United States PDF Slated Antitrust scanned court evidence files Microsoft Memo Archived PDF from the original on August 28 2017 Retrieved August 22 2017 S amp P Global Market Intelligence 2017 Executive Profile Vijay R Vashee Bloomberg com Archived from the original on August 22 2017 Retrieved August 22 2017 From 1982 Mr Vashee served in various senior marketing product management and executive positions at Microsoft and as the General Manager for PowerPoint from 1992 to 1997 played a key role in the integration of PowerPoint into the Microsoft Office suite Fridlund Alan June 6 1994 PowerPoint 4 0 makes it into the big time Reviews InfoWorld Vol 16 no 23 pp 95 98 ISSN 0199 6649 Archived from the original on May 24 2015 Retrieved August 24 2017 Lassesen Ken October 17 1995 Using Microsoft OLE Automation Servers to Develop Solutions PDF Archive of Articles from MSDN Technology Group Archived PDF from the original on August 7 2017 Retrieved August 24 2017 Note that version 7 0 of a product is the same as a 95 designation for example Microsoft Excel 95 is the same as Microsoft Excel version 7 0 Microsoft May 2006 Developer Overview of the User Interface for the 2007 Microsoft Office System Microsoft Developer Network Archived from the original on July 7 2017 Retrieved August 24 2017 Gaskins Robert August 17 2007 Microsoft s 20 year PPT party Robert Gaskins Home Page Archived from the original on August 24 2017 Retrieved August 24 2017 Microsoft 2017 What s New in PowerPoint 2016 for Windows Microsoft Support Archived from the original on July 31 2017 Retrieved August 26 2017 Microsoft Careers Senior Software Engineer Job 1064262 Microsoft Silicon Valley August 17 2017 Archived from the original on August 21 2017 Retrieved August 21 2017 Come join the PowerPoint team in the heart of the Silicon Valley in Mountain View CA The PowerPoint team has the responsibility for the design implementation and testing Microsoft Corp January 10 2008 Microsoft Announces Retirement and Transition Plan for Jeff Raikes President of the Microsoft Business Division Microsoft News Center Archived from the original on November 28 2014 Retrieved August 25 2017 MBD has grown to include the Microsoft Office system a b c d e f g h i Gaskins Robert 2012 Sweating Bullets Notes about Inventing PowerPoint Vinland Books ISBN 978 0 9851424 0 7 Archived PDF from the original on June 24 2017 Retrieved August 12 2017 Rounded unit sales figures are from the revenue tables p 403 adjusted to calendar years p 170 with the transfer pricing indicated p 182 Reimer Jeremy December 14 2005 Total share 30 years of personal computer market share figures Ars Technica Archived from the original on May 12 2015 Retrieved August 25 2017 the IBM PC platform an 84 share in 1990 The Macintosh stabilized at about 6 market share Egghead Software Sales Graphics DOS InfoWorld Vol 11 no 1 January 2 1989 p 32 ISSN 0199 6649 Retrieved September 9 2017 Graphics DOS 1 Harvard Graphics Software Publishing 2 Freelance Lotus Alt URL Watt Peggy January 27 1986 Software Publishing adds graphic package to Harvard line Computerworld Vol XX no 4 IDG Communications p 10 ISSN 0010 4841 Archived from the original on September 9 2017 Retrieved September 9 2017 graphics presentation program Harvard Presentation Graphics introduced last week will be available in March Schemenaur PJ October 27 1986 Lotus to Unveil Revision of Freelance InfoWorld Vol 8 no 43 p 3 ISSN 0199 6649 Retrieved September 9 2017 Freelance Plus the first new release of Freelance since Lotus acquired the graphics package from Graphics Communications Inc in June Alt URL Howard Bill Kunkel Gerard September 27 1988 More Than Meets the Eye Designing Great Graphics PC Magazine Vol 7 no 16 Ziff Davis p 95 ISSN 0888 8507 Retrieved September 8 2017 Harvard Graphics gained the top spot this year and now outsells Freelance Plus by a three to two margin Alt URL Designing Great Graphics Desktop Solutions PC Magazine Vol 7 no 16 Ziff Davis September 27 1988 pp 109 179 ISSN 0888 8507 Retrieved September 8 2017 18 software packages reviewed Alt URL Parker Rachel August 3 1987 Microsoft Acquires Forethought Publisher of PowerPoint Package News InfoWorld Vol 9 no 31 p 8 ISSN 0199 6649 Archived from the original on June 23 2015 Retrieved August 25 2017 Microsoft president Jon Shirley said that Microsoft has no firm plans currently to develop an MS DOS version of PowerPoint Gates Bill August 16 1993 Free market economics not intervention drives innovation Letters to the Editor InfoWorld Vol 15 no 33 p 44 ISSN 0199 6649 Archived from the original on May 25 2015 Retrieved August 26 2017 Data from the Software Publishers Association and other sources show that in 1992 while overall sales of application products grew only 12 percent sales of Windows based applications grew by nearly 100 percent At least a dozen companies besides Microsoft have sold more than 1 million units of Windows applications Ziff Davis Market Intelligence September 1998 The 800 Pound Gorilla of the Presentation Market Mobile Computing and Communications later Mobile Office 9 9 95 ISSN 1047 1952 Archived from the original on October 1 2015 in 1997 without question the market leader was Microsoft Corp s PowerPoint which sold more than 4 million copies and controls 85 percent of the market Additional archives August 26 2017 Belleville Catherine Peterson Lucy Somogyi Aniko April 1997 PowerPoint The First Ten Years PDF PowerPoint History Documents pp 2 8 Archived PDF from the original on January 7 2016 Retrieved August 25 2017 Thielsch Meinald T Perabo Isabel May 2012 Use and Evaluation of Presentation Software PDF Technical Communication 59 2 112 123 ISSN 0049 3155 Archived PDF from the original on September 22 2015 Retrieved August 24 2017 For many years Microsoft has led the market with its program PowerPoint Zongker and Salesin 2003 estimated a market share of 95 in 2003 and a Forrester study Montalbano 2009 widely confirmed this number stating that only 8 of enterprise customers use alternative products we confirm the prior estimates Embedded citations 1 Zongker Douglas E Salesin David H 2003 On Creating Animated Presentations PDF SCA 03 Symposium on Computer Animation 2003 Eurographics SIGGRAPH Symposium on Computer Animation San Diego CA July 26 27 2003 Aire la Ville Switzerland Eurographics Association pp 298 308 ISBN 978 1 58113 659 3 Archived PDF from the original on September 22 2015 Retrieved August 24 2017 2 Montalbano Elizabeth June 4 2009 Forrester Microsoft Office in No Danger From Competitors PC World ISSN 0737 8939 Archived from the original on August 16 2016 Retrieved August 24 2017 a b Gaskins Robert December 2007 PowerPoint at 20 Back to Basics Viewpoint Communications of the ACM 50 12 15 17 doi 10 1145 1323688 1323710 ISSN 0001 0782 S2CID 48306 Archived PDF from the original on January 7 2016 Retrieved August 12 2017 The first three versions are described in the sidebar Presentation Formats and PowerPoint p 17 a b Gaskins Robert 2012 Sweating Bullets Notes about Inventing PowerPoint Vinland Books ISBN 978 0 9851424 0 7 Archived PDF from the original on June 24 2017 Retrieved August 12 2017 The End of the Carousel Slide Projector Edward Tufte Forum July 14 2003 Archived from the original on November 3 2011 Retrieved August 20 2017 Eastman Kodak Company has confirmed plans to discontinue the manufacture and sales of slide projection products and accessories in June of 2004 a b c Yates JoAnne Orlikowski Wanda 2007 Chapter 4 The PowerPoint Presentation and Its Corollaries How Genres Shape Communicative Action in Organizations PDF In Zachry Mark Thralls Charlotte eds Communicative Practices in Workplaces and the Professions Cultural Perspectives on the Regulation of Discourse and Organizations Amityville N Y Baywood Publishing Co pp 67 91 ISBN 978 0 89503 372 7 Archived PDF from the original on May 5 2015 Retrieved August 19 2017 Microsoft Corporation 2017 Basic tasks for creating a PowerPoint presentation Microsoft Office Support Archived from the original on July 9 2017 Retrieved August 18 2017 Microsoft Corporation 2017 Start the presentation and see your notes in Presenter view Microsoft Office Support Archived from the original on August 18 2017 Retrieved August 18 2017 Microsoft PowerPoint Version 2 4 Apple iTunes Store August 14 2017 Archived from the original on August 18 2017 Retrieved August 18 2017 Start the slide show with your Apple Watch and easily navigate to the next and previous slides Microsoft PowerPoint Google Play Store August 14 2017 Archived from the original on August 18 2017 Retrieved August 18 2017 Microsoft Corporation 2017 Choose the right view for the task in PowerPoint Microsoft Office Support Archived from the original on August 18 2017 Retrieved August 18 2017 This mode of operation was available since version 1 0 Microsoft Corporation 2017 Print your handouts notes or slides Microsoft Office Support Archived from the original on August 18 2017 Retrieved August 18 2017 This mode of operation was available since version 1 0 Microsoft Corporation 2017 View a presentation without PowerPoint Microsoft Office Support Archived from the original on August 18 2017 Retrieved August 18 2017 Microsoft Corporation 2017 Package a presentation for CD Microsoft Office Support Archived from the original on August 18 2017 Retrieved August 18 2017 Microsoft Corporation 2017 Present online using the Office Presentation Service Microsoft Office Support Archived from the original on August 18 2017 Retrieved August 18 2017 This feature was known as the presentation broadcast service in previous versions of PowerPoint Microsoft Corporation 2017 Embed a presentation in a web page or blog Microsoft Office Support Archived from the original on August 18 2017 Retrieved August 18 2017 Microsoft Corporation 2017 Post a presentation to Facebook Twitter or other social network Microsoft Office Support Archived from the original on August 18 2017 Retrieved August 18 2017 Microsoft Corporation 2017 Create a self running presentation Microsoft Office Support Archived from the original on August 18 2017 Retrieved August 18 2017 Microsoft Corporation 2017 Turn your presentation into a video Microsoft Office Support Archived from the original on August 18 2017 Retrieved August 18 2017 Ralph Nate Office for Windows Phone 8 Your handy starter guide TechHive Archived from the original on October 15 2014 Retrieved August 30 2014 Use PowerPoint Mobile Microsoft Retrieved September 14 2007 Use Microsoft PowerPoint Mobile Windows Phone How to United States Microsoft Retrieved April 28 2014 PowerPoint Mobile Windows Store Microsoft Retrieved June 26 2016 How certain features behave in web based PowerPoint Office Support Microsoft Retrieved 31 October 2019 a b Gaskins Robert 2012 Sweating Bullets Notes about Inventing PowerPoint Vinland Books ISBN 978 0 9851424 0 7 Archived PDF from the original on June 24 2017 Retrieved September 5 2017 Ziff Davis Market Intelligence September 1998 The 800 Pound Gorilla of the Presentation Market Mobile Computing and Communications later Mobile Office 9 9 95 ISSN 1047 1952 Archived from the original on October 1 2015 Retrieved September 29 2017 in 1997 without question the market leader was Microsoft Corp s PowerPoint which sold more than 4 million copies and controls 85 percent of the market Additional archives August 26 2017 Gaskins Robert October 2016 The Man Who Invented PowerPoint Bento Interview 7 Interviewed by Clay Chandler Hult International Business School Archived from the original on September 22 2017 Retrieved September 22 2017 PowerPoint succeeded so quickly because it spread rapidly by viral transmission from user to user every time early adopters used our product effectively they demonstrated its value to other potential customers PowerPoint made it especially easy for colleagues within the same company to share materials and incorporate one another s slides into their presentations with automatic formatting This created networks of cooperation that benefited everyone Gerstner Louis V Jr 2002 Who Says Elephants Can t Dance Inside IBM s Historic Turnaround HarperCollins p 43 ISBN 978 0060523794 Gerstner By that afternoon an email about my hitting the Off button on the overhead projector was crisscrossing the world Talk about consternation It was as if the President of the United States had banned the use of English at White House meetings Rae Dupree Janet ed January 27 1997 Sun Microsystems Chief A Mission Against Dark Side Q amp A With Scott McNealy Business Monday San Jose Mercury News Morning Final ed p 8E ISSN 0747 2099 Archived from the original on September 23 2017 Retrieved September 23 2017 McNealy we ve had three unbelievable record breaking fiscal quarters since we banned PowerPoint Now I would argue that every company in the world if they would just ban PowerPoint would see their earnings skyrocket Employees would stand around going What do I do Guess I ve got to go to work Additional archives September 23 2017 Isaacson Walter 2011 Steve Jobs Simon and Schuster p 337 ISBN 978 1 4516 4853 9 Jobs People would confront a problem by creating a presentation I wanted them to engage to hash things out at the table rather than show a bunch of slides People who know what they re talking about don t need PowerPoint Gold Rich 2002 Syposium paper 1999 Chapter 14 Reading PowerPoint PDF In Allen Nancy ed Working with Words and Images New Steps in an Old Dance New Directions in Computers and Composition Studies Westport Conn Ablex Publishing pp 256 270 ISBN 978 1 56750 608 2 Archived PDF from the original on September 23 2017 Retrieved September 23 2017 Robles Anderson Erica Svensson Patrik January 15 2016 One Damn Slide After Another PowerPoint at Every Occasion for Speech Computational Culture 1 5 ISSN 2047 2390 Archived from the original on September 6 2017 Retrieved September 6 2017 Lucky Robert W January 1998 The World According to PowerPoint Reflections IEEE Spectrum 35 1 17 doi 10 1109 MSPEC 1998 646010 ISSN 0018 9235 Guernsey Lisa May 31 2001 PowerPoint Invades the Classroom Technology New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on June 6 2017 Retrieved September 23 2017 PowerPoint the must have presentation software of the corporate world has infiltrated the schoolhouse In the coming weeks students from 12th grade to yes kindergarten will finish science projects and polish end of the year presentations on computerized slide shows Software designed for business people has found an audience among the spiral notebook set Levasseur David G Sawyer J Kanan August 19 2006 Pedagogy Meets PowerPoint A Research Review of the Effects of Computer Generated Slides in the Classroom Review of Communication 6 1 2 101 123 doi 10 1080 15358590600763383 ISSN 1535 8593 S2CID 144022054 Higher education has certainly not been immune from the growing influence of presentation software Five years ago none of our department s classrooms were equipped to show multimedia slides At present all of our classrooms have been upgraded with such technology and faculty are actively encouraged to incorporate slides into their lectures Our institution is certainly not alone in this trend A large number of educators in the United States use PowerPoint in their classrooms with 84 references to earlier studies Pinker Steven June 10 2010 Mind Over Mass Media Opinion Pages New York Times New York ed p A31 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on September 10 2017 Retrieved September 23 2017 These days scientists cannot lecture without PowerPoint Making a Large Format Scientific Poster Using PowerPoint PDF University of Montana February 1 2001 Archived PDF from the original on December 31 2013 Retrieved September 23 2017 PowerPoint can do all the basics using PowerPoint 2000 Watson Jeremy August 12 2005 Presentation software worship at the click of a mouse BRNow org Archived from the original on September 23 2017 Retrieved September 23 2017 According to LifeWay Statistics show that around 90 percent of churches that show multimedia during worship use Microsoft PowerPoint Armstrong Ken December 23 2014 The Sneakiest Way Prosecutors Get a Guilty Verdict PowerPoint Wired ISSN 1059 1028 Archived from the original on December 23 2014 Retrieved September 23 2017 The use of sophisticated visuals in the courtroom has boomed in recent years thanks to research on the power of show and tell In one civil case in Los Angeles County a plaintiff spent 60 000 on a PowerPoint slide show Gordon David 2015 David Gordon Choral Supertitles David Gordon Supertitles Archived from the original on October 23 2016 Retrieved September 23 2017 supertitles are simple PowerPoint presentations completely compatible with PCs or Macs Bortman Henry October 13 2005 Making a List Checking It Twice Astrobiology Magazine NASA ISSN 2152 1239 Archived from the original on September 23 2017 Retrieved September 23 2017 They re mounted in the helmet so that when you turn and look there s this little screen that shows the checklist Now in this case I ve written the checklists and put them in PowerPoint so we just launch a PowerPoint slide show It s a real treat to use a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link Jaffe Greg April 26 2000 What s Your Point Lieutenant Please Just Cut to the Pie Charts A Hed Wall Street Journal US ed p A1 ISSN 0099 9660 Archived from the original on September 18 2017 Retrieved September 18 2017 Old fashioned slide briefings designed to update generals on troop movements have been a staple of the military since World War II But in only a few short years PowerPoint has altered the landscape Pece Gregory S May 10 2005 The PowerPoint Society The Influence of PowerPoint in the U S Government and Bureaucracy M A Thesis Blacksburg Virginia Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University hdl 10919 33029 Archived PDF from the original on October 25 2015 Retrieved September 23 2017 The standard method for presenting information in the military and political establishments of the US government is through the projection of data in bullet style and or graphical formats onto an illuminated screen using some sort of first analogue or now digital media Since the late 1990s the most common and expected form of presentation is via the most commonly pre installed software of presentation genre Microsoft PowerPoint This style of presentation has become the norm of communication Powell Colin February 5 2003 Iraq Failing to Disarm U S Secretary of State Powell s Presentation to the UN Security Council PDF The National Security Archive George Washington University Archived PDF from the original on May 5 2015 Retrieved September 23 2017 Peterson Scott July 9 2012 Iran makes its nuclear case with PowerPoint Christian Science Monitor ISSN 0882 7729 Archived from the original on September 23 2017 Retrieved September 23 2017 The complete set of PowerPoint slides that Iran used during a meeting with world powers are now public Egan Jennifer 2010 A Visit from the Goon Squad Alfred A Knopf pp 176 251 ISBN 978 0 307 59283 5 Stark David Paravel Verena February 2007 PowerPoint Demonstrations Digital Technologies of Persuasion Working Paper 07 04 Report Institute for Social and Economic Research and Policy Columbia University Archived from the original on September 28 2015 Retrieved September 23 2017 Kelly Maureen August 7 2007 Interactive Prototypes with PowerPoint Boxes and Arrows Archived from the original on September 5 2015 Retrieved September 23 2017 many designers use PowerPoint for blocking out screens without ever discovering the interactive features for creating hyperlinks buttons and dynamic mouseover effects Yes PowerPoint can do all that Greenberg Andy May 11 2010 The Underground Art Of PowerPoint Forbes ISSN 0015 6914 Archived from the original on June 30 2017 Retrieved September 15 2017 a subculture of PowerPoint enthusiasts is teaching the old application new tricks and may even be turning a dry presentation format into a full fledged artistic medium https blogs articulate com rapid elearning 5 ways to use powerpoint as an image editor a b Vienne Veronique August 17 2003 David Byrne s Alternate PowerPoint Universe Art Architecture New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on November 14 2012 Retrieved September 15 2017 With his newest project David Byrne has tried not only to see it PowerPoint anew but also to use it in the least likely of all applications a medium for creative expression Columbia Accident Investigation Board National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2003 7 The Accident s Organizational Causes PDF Report Volume I p 191 ISBN 978 0 16 067904 9 Archived PDF from the original on December 2 2016 Retrieved September 23 2017 At many points during its investigation the Board was surprised to receive similar presentation slides from NASA officials in place of technical reports The Board views the endemic use of PowerPoint briefing slides instead of technical papers as an illustration of the problematic methods of technical communication at NASA Duarte Nancy July 27 2015 Why I Write in PowerPoint Harvard Business Review Archived from the original on March 5 2016 Retrieved September 21 2017 Because PowerPoint is so modular it allows me to block out major themes potential sections or chapters and quickly see if I can generate ample ideas to support them Working in slides as opposed to one long document helps me focus on organizing before I really begin writing I think of the slides as index cards or sticky notes that can be arranged and rearranged until I m sure my thoughts are in the right order As I write I can easily toggle back and forth from Slide View to Slide Sorter to get a sense of the whole and the parts Keller Julia January 22 2003 Is PowerPoint the Devil PDF Chicago Tribune ISSN 1085 6706 Archived PDF from the original on September 4 2017 Retrieved September 6 2017 Farkas David K 2006 Toward a better understanding of PowerPoint deck design PDF Information Design Journal 14 2 162 171 doi 10 1075 idj 14 2 08far ISSN 0142 5471 Archived PDF from the original on August 30 2013 Retrieved September 23 2017 Gaskins Robert April 20 2012 Comments on Dilbert s History of PowerPoint PDF PowerPoint History Documents Draft p 59 Archived PDF from the original on May 17 2014 Retrieved September 23 2017 It took ten to fifteen years for PowerPoint to become an everyday topic of popular 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take a polemic and overall negative position on PowerPoint rather than conducting formal scholarship This lack of rigorous studies and empirical research is surprising given the enormous complexity and importance of the PowerPoint tool Richard Mayer Department of Psychological amp Brain Sciences University of California at Santa Barbara faculty directory 2017 Archived from the original on June 17 2017 Retrieved September 23 2017 Dr Mayer is concerned with how to present information in ways that help people understand including how to use words and pictures to explain scientific and mathematical concepts Tufte Edward 2006 1st ed 2003 24 pg The Cognitive Style of PowerPoint Pitching Out Corrupts Within 2nd ed Cheshire Connecticut Graphics Press LLC pp 4 15 ISBN 978 0 9613921 6 1 very little information per slide the text is grossly impoverished the PowerPoint slide typically shows 40 words Atkinson Cliff Mayer Richard E April 23 2004 Five ways to reduce PowerPoint overload PDF ResearchGate Revision 1 1 Archived from the original on June 17 2015 Retrieved September 23 2017 it is conventional wisdom to put no more than six lines of text on a PowerPoint slide six words per line But that convention is no longer wise in the light of research that shows that even that amount of text on a slide can be a recipe for information overload a b c Gallo Carmine 2009 The Presentation Secrets of Steve Jobs McGraw Hill ISBN 978 0 07 163608 7 Gallo Carmine September 7 2012 Jeff Bezos and The End of PowerPoint As We Know It Forbes ISSN 0015 6914 Archived from the original on March 25 2015 Retrieved September 24 2017 And no Steve Jobs did not invent the style He just happened to use it very effectively Gabrielle Bruce R 2010 Speaking PowerPoint The New Language of Business Insights Publishing pp 16 17 ISBN 978 0 9842360 4 6 Stephen M Kosslyn Ph D Dean of Arts and Sciences Minerva Schools at Keck Graduate Institute Claremont Colleges 2017 Archived from the original on March 1 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