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Contemporary anarchism

January 01, 1970

Contemporary anarchism within the history of anarchism is the period of the anarchist movement continuing from the end of World War II and into the present. Since the last third of the 20th century, anarchists have been involved in anti-globalisation, peace, squatter and student protest movements. Anarchists have participated in armed revolutions such as in those that created the Makhnovshchina and Revolutionary Catalonia, and anarchist political organizations such as the International Workers' Association and the Industrial Workers of the World have existed since the 20th century. Within contemporary anarchism, the anti-capitalism of classical anarchism has remained prominent.[1][2]

Anarchist principles undergird contemporary radical social movements of the left. Interest in the anarchist movement developed alongside momentum in the anti-globalisation movement,[3] whose leading activist networks were anarchist in orientation.[4] As the movement shaped 21st century radicalism, wider embrace of anarchist principles signaled a revival of interest.[4] Various anarchist groups, tendencies and schools of thought exist today, making it difficult to describe the contemporary anarchist movement.[5] While theorists and activists have established "relatively stable constellations of anarchist principles", there is no consensus on which principles are core and commentators describe multiple "anarchisms" (rather than a singular "anarchism") in which common principles are shared between schools of anarchism while each group prioritizes those principles differently. Gender equality can be a common principle, although it ranks as a higher priority to anarcha-feminists than anarcho-communists.[6]

New currents which emerged within contemporary anarchism include post-anarchism and post-left anarchy. New anarchism is a term that has been notably used by several authors to describe the most recent reinvention of the anarchist thought and practice. What distinguishes the new anarchism of today from the new anarchism of the 1960s and 1970s, or from the work of Anglo-American based authors such as Murray Bookchin, Alex Comfort, Paul Goodman, Herbert Read and Colin Ward, is its emphasis on the global perspective. Essays on new anarchism[7] include David Graeber's "New Anarchists"[8] and Andrej Grubačić's "Towards Another Anarchism";[9][10] other authors have criticized the term for being too vague.[11]

Anarchists are generally committed against coercive authority in all forms, namely "all centralized and hierarchical forms of government (e.g., monarchy, representative democracy, state socialism, etc.), economic class systems (e.g., capitalism, Bolshevism, feudalism, slavery, etc.), autocratic religions (e.g., fundamentalist Islam, Roman Catholicism, etc.), patriarchy, heterosexism, white supremacy, and imperialism."[12] Anarchist schools disagree on the methods by which these forms should be opposed.[13] The principle of equal liberty is closer to anarchist political ethics in that it transcends both the liberal and socialist traditions. This entails that liberty and equality cannot be implemented within the state, resulting in the questioning of all forms of domination and hierarchy.[14] Contemporary news coverage which emphasizes black bloc demonstrations has reinforced anarchism's historical association with chaos and violence; however, its publicity has also led more scholars to engage with the anarchist movement, although contemporary anarchism favours actions over academic theory.[3][15]

History edit

 
Members of the Spanish anarcho-syndicalist trade union CNT marching in Madrid in 2010

Anarchism was influential in the counterculture of the 1960s[16][17][18] and anarchists actively participated in the protests of 1968 involving students and workers revolts.[19] In 1968, the International of Anarchist Federations was founded during an international anarchist conference held in Carrara by the three existing European federations, namely the French Anarchist Federation, the Iberian Anarchist Federation and the Italian Anarchist Federation as well as the Bulgarian Anarchist Federation in French exile.[20] In the United Kingdom during the 1970s, this was associated with the punk rock movement as exemplified by bands such as Crass (pioneers of the anarcho-punk subgenre) and the Sex Pistols.[21]

The housing and employment crisis in most of Western Europe led to the formation of communes, intentional communities and squatter movements like that of Barcelona. In Denmark, squatters occupied a disused military base and declared the Freetown Christiania, an autonomous haven in central Copenhagen. The relationship between anarchism and punk as well as squatting has carried on into the 21st century. In Infinitely Demanding, Simon Critchley wrote: "There is no doubt that 60s anarchism was libertarian and linked to the sexual revolution, liberation of the erotic instincts and what Herbert Marcuse called 'nonrepressive sublimation'. Yet, contemporary anarchism can be seen as a powerful critique of the pseudo-libertarianism of contemporary neo-liberalism, where the sexual revolution has turned the culture industry into the sex industry – ask yourself, is there today anything less transgressive and more normalizing than pornography? One might say that contemporary anarchism is about responsibility, whether sexual, ecological or socio-economic; it flows from an experience of conscience about the manifold ways in which the West ravages the rest; it is an ethical outrage at the yawning inequality, impoverishment and disenfranchisment that is so palpable locally and globally."[22]

Since the revival of anarchism in the mid-20th century,[23] a number of new movements and schools of thought emerged, well documented in Robert Graham's Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas, Volume Two: The Emergence of the New Anarchism (1939–1977).[24] Although feminist tendencies have always been a part of the anarchist movement in the form of anarcha-feminism, they returned with vigour during the second wave of feminism in the 1960s. The American civil rights movement and the movement in opposition to the Vietnam War also contributed to the revival of North American anarchism. European anarchism of the late 20th century drew much of its strength from the labour movement and both have incorporated animal rights activism. Anarchist anthropologist David Graeber and anarchist historian Andrej Grubačić have posited a rupture between generations of anarchism, with those "who often still have not shaken the sectarian habits" of the 19th century contrasted with the younger activists who are "much more informed, among other elements, by indigenous, feminist, ecological and cultural-critical ideas" and who by the turn of the 21st century formed "by far the majority" of anarchists.[7]

 
Contemporary members of the Italian Anarchist Federation marching in Rome in 2008 in an anti-Catholic manifestation (the text translates as "free from dogmas, always heretics")

Around the turn of the 21st century, anarchism grew in popularity and influence as part of the anti-war, anti-capitalist and anti-globalisation movements.[25] Anarchists became known for their involvement in protests against the meetings of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Group of Eight and the World Economic Forum. Some anarchist factions at these protests engaged in rioting, property destruction and violent confrontations with police. These actions were precipitated by ad hoc, leaderless and anonymous cadres known as black blocs, although other peaceful organisational tactics pioneered in this time include affinity groups, security culture and the use of decentralised technologies such as the Internet.[25] A significant event of this period was the 1999 Seattle WTO protests.[25] Many commentators have stated that the Occupy Wall Street movement has roots in anarchist philosophy.[26][27][28][29][30]

International anarchist federations in existence include the International of Anarchist Federations and the International Workers' Association. The largest organised anarchist movement today is in Spain in the form of the CGT and the CNT, with the CGT membership being estimated at around 100,000 for 2003.[31] Other active anarcho-syndicalist movements include the CNT–AIT in France, the Union Sindicale Italiana in Italy, the Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden and the Swedish Anarcho-syndicalist Youth Federation in Sweden, the Workers Solidarity Alliance in the United States and the Solidarity Federation in the United Kingdom. The revolutionary industrial unionist Industrial Workers of the World claiming 10,000 paying members and the International Workers' Association, an anarcho-syndicalist successor to the First International, also remain active. The International of Anarchist Federations was founded in 1968 during an international anarchist conference in Carrara by the three existing European anarchist federations of France, Italy and Spain as well as the Bulgarian Anarchist Federation in French exile. These organizations were also inspired on synthesis anarchist principles.[32] Currently alongside the previously mentioned federations, the International of Anarchist Federations includes the Argentine Libertarian Federation, the Anarchist Federation of Belarus, the Czech-Slovak Anarchist Federation, the Federation of German speaking Anarchists in Germany and Switzerland and the Anarchist Federation in the United Kingdom and Ireland.[33]

Platformism is an important current in international anarchism. Around thirty platformist and specifist organizations are linked together in the Anarkismo project, including groups from Africa, Europe, Latin America and North America.[34] At least in terms of the number of affiliated organisations, the Anarkismo network is larger than other anarchist international bodies such as the International of Anarchist Federations and the International Workers' Association. However, it is not a formal international and has no intention of competing with these other formations. Today, there are organisations inspired by Dielo Truda's Organizational Platform of the General Union of Anarchists (Draft) in many countries, including Federación Anarco-Comunista de Argentina and Línea Anarco-Comunista in Argentina, the Melbourne Anarchist Communist Group and Sydney Anarchist Communist Trajectory in Australia, Fórum do Anarquismo Organizado in Brazil, Common Cause (Ontario) and Union Communiste Libertaire (Quebec) in Canada, Federación Comunista Libertaria and Organización Comunista Libertaria (OCL) in Chile,Alternative Libertaire and Organisation Communiste Libertaire in France, Federazione dei Comunisti Anarchici in Italy, Alianza de los Comunistas Libertarios in Mexico, Motmakt in Norway, Unión Socialista Libertaria in Peru, the Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front in South Africa, Collective Action in the United Kingdom, Common Struggle/Lucha Común in the United States and the Revolutionary Confederation of Anarcho-Syndicalists by the name of N. I. Makhno which is an international anarcho-syndicalist and platformist confederation with sections and individual members in Bulgaria, Georgia, Germany, Israel, Latvia, Russia and Ukraine. Organisations inspired by platformism were also among the founders of the now-defunct International Libertarian Solidarity network and its successor Anarkismo network which is run collaboratively by roughly thirty platformist and specifists organisations around the world.[34]

 
Rojava is supporting efforts for workers to form cooperatives such as this sewing cooperative

Anarchist ideas have been influential in the development of the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria, more commonly known as Rojava, a de facto autonomous region in northern Syria.[35] Abdullah Öcalan, a founding member of the Kurdistan Workers' Party who is currently imprisoned in Turkey, is an iconic and popular figure in Rojava and whose ideas shaped the region's society and politics.[36]

While in prison, Öcalan corresponded with and was influenced by Murray Bookchin, a social anarchist theorist and philosopher who developed communalism and libertarian municipalism.[36] Modelled after Bookchin's ideas, Öcalan developed the theory of democratic confederalism. In March 2005, Öcalan issued his "Declaration of Democratic Confederalism in Kurdistan", calling upon citizens "to stop attacking the government and instead create municipal assemblies, which he called 'democracy without the state'".[36]

Noam Chomsky stated that anarcho-syndicalism, a classical anarchist school of thought that remains popular and relevant to contemporary anarchism, is "highly relevant to advanced industrial societies".[37] Anarchism continues to generate many philosophies and movements, at times eclectic, drawing upon various sources and syncretic, combining disparate concepts to create new philosophical approaches.[38]

Currents edit

New anarchism edit

Self-avowed anarchist scholars such as David Graeber and Andrej Grubačić have written on trends within contemporary anarchism both individually and in collaboration. Writing together, their emphasis is upon a "global revolutionary movement" finding roots in anarchism as opposed to Marxism, and a new generation "much more interested in developing new forms of practice than arguing about the finer points of ideology."[7] Using the phrase "the new anarchists", Graeber elaborates upon practice with regard to globalization, "a 'new language' of civil disobedience", direct democracy, and prefigurative politics.[8] Using the phrase another anarchism, Grubačić situates contemporary anarchism in terms of its historical roots, and emphasizes its "anti-sectarian" nature, rejection of vanguardism, internationalism, decentralization, and direct democracy.[10] Using the phrase new anarchism, political scientist Leonard Williams seeks out an "anarchist metaphysic" of contemporary anarchism and emphasizes its anti-authoritarianism, pluralism, and its "theory of practice."[39] While stipulating a use of the phrase new anarchism that does "not specifically refer to David Graeber's use of the term here in his New Left Review article 'The New Anarchists'", Teoman Gee decries the associations of the phrase with anarchist practices that are anti-historical, polemical, or associated with superficial lifestyle anarchism.[11]

Post-anarchism edit

Post-anarchism is a revision of classical anarchism sometimes through the influence of post-structuralists such as Jean Baudrillard, Gilles Deleuze, Michel Foucault, and Jacques Lacan.[40] Post-anarchism is a contested term, with its prefix "post" referring to post-structuralism and/or postmodernism, which themselves are contested terms.[41] Many post-anarchist theorists (e.g., Jason Adams, Todd May, and Saul Newman) invoke post-structuralist writings. The postmodern aspect of post-anarchism involves rejection of universal values and grand theories in favor of plurality and hybridity.[42] Philosopher Benjamin Franks identified three types of post-anarchism: (1) Lyotardian Postanarchism, which proposes replacing classical anarchist (revolutionary) tactics with those of post-structuralists; (2) redemptive postanarchism, to incorporate post-structural theory into existing anarchist practices; and (3) postmodern anarchism, which applies anarchist approaches to globalized oppressions of the late 21st century.[43] Critics of post-anarchism argue that it ignores principles of class warfare and economic exploitation, not producing political action.[40] Duane Rousselle and Saul Newman have advanced a psychoanalytic post-anarchism inspired by the writings of Jacques Lacan. Duane Rousselle’s work brings together thinking from the New Lacanian School of Jacques Lacan and Slavoj Zizek to outline a distinctive approach that takes serious the political challenges of enjoyment or jouissance. [44]

Post-left anarchy edit

Post-left anarchy is a recent current in anarchist thought that promotes a critique of anarchism's relationship to traditional left-wing politics, such as its emphasis on class struggle, social revolution, labor unions, the working class, and identity politics. Influenced by anti-authoritarian postmodern philosophy, post-leftists reject Enlightenment rationalism and modernism and deconstruct topics such as gender. While a few advocate for armed insurrection, most advocate for creating spaces and affinity groups to act freely within current society rather than fighting for a utopian ideal. In the United States, CrimethInc., Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed, and Green Anarchy are associated with post-leftism, as are many primitivists. CrimethInc, which is influenced by situationism, anarcho-punk, and green anarchy, argues for a DIY folk approach to everyday life, including refusal of work, escaping gender roles, and straight edge lifestyle.[45]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Jun, Nathan (September 2009). "Anarchist Philosophy and Working Class Struggle: A Brief History and Commentary". WorkingUSA. 12 (3): 505–519. doi:10.1111/j.1743-4580.2009.00251.x. ISSN 1089-7011.
  2. ^ Williams, Dana M. (2018). "Contemporary Anarchist and Anarchistic Movements". Sociology Compass. 12 (6). Wiley: 4. doi:10.1111/soc4.12582. ISSN 1751-9020.
  3. ^ a b Evren, Süreyyya (2011). "How New Anarchism Changed the World (of Opposition) after Seattle and Gave Birth to Post-Anarchism". In Rousselle, Duane; Evren, Süreyyya (eds.). Post-Anarchism: A Reader. London: Pluto Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-7453-3086-0.
  4. ^ a b Evren, Süreyyya (2011). "How New Anarchism Changed the World (of Opposition) after Seattle and Gave Birth to Post-Anarchism". In Rousselle, Duane; Evren, Süreyyya (eds.). Post-Anarchism: A Reader. London: Pluto Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-7453-3086-0.
  5. ^ Franks, Benjamin (August 2013). "Anarchism". In Freeden, Michael; Stears, Marc (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 385–386. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199585977.013.0001.
  6. ^ Franks, Benjamin (August 2013). "Anarchism". In Freeden, Michael; Stears, Marc (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 386. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199585977.013.0001.
  7. ^ a b c Graeber, David; Grubačić, Andrej (6 January 2004). . ZNet. Archived from the original on 17 March 2008. Retrieved 24 September 2020.. Republished as PDF at Punks in Science. 23 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  8. ^ a b Graeber, David (2004). "New Anarchists". In Mertes, Tom (ed.). A Movement of Movements: Is Another World Really Possible? (1st ed.). London: Verso Books. ISBN 9781859844687.
  9. ^ Williams, Leonard (31 August 2006). "The New Anarchists" (Paper). Philadelphia: American Political Science Association. Retrieved 24 September 2020 – via the All Academic website.
  10. ^ a b Grubačić, Andrej (2007). "Towards Another Anarchism". In Sen, Jai; Waterman, Peter (eds.). World Social Forum: Challenging Empires (revised 2nd ed.). Montreal: Black Rose Books. ISBN 9781551643090.
  11. ^ a b Gee, Teoman (2003). "'New Anarchism': Some Thoughts". Alpine Anarchist Productions. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  12. ^ Jun, Nathan (September 2009). "Anarchist Philosophy and Working Class Struggle: A Brief History and Commentary". WorkingUSA. 12 (3): 507–508. doi:10.1111/j.1743-4580.2009.00251.x. ISSN 1089-7011.
  13. ^ Jun, Nathan (September 2009). "Anarchist Philosophy and Working Class Struggle: A Brief History and Commentary". WorkingUSA. 12 (3): 507. doi:10.1111/j.1743-4580.2009.00251.x. ISSN 1089-7011.
  14. ^ Egoumenides, Magda (2014). Philosophical Anarchism and Political Obligation. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 91. ISBN 9781441124456.
  15. ^ Williams, Leonard (2010). "Hakim Bey and Ontological Anarchism". Journal for the Study of Radicalism. 4 (2). East Lansing: Michigan State University Press: 110. doi:10.1353/jsr.2010.0009. JSTOR 41887660. S2CID 143304524.
  16. ^ Shively, Charley (1990). (PDF). In Dynes, Wayne R. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality (PDF). Vol. 2. New York: Garland Publishing. p. 52. ISBN 0824065441. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2020 – via the William A. Percy website and The Concise Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. While not always formally recognized, much of the protest of the sixties was anarchist. Within the nascent women's movement, anarchist principles became so widespread that a political science professor denounced what she saw as 'The Tyranny of Structurelessness.' Several groups have called themselves 'Amazon Anarchists.' After the Stonewall Rebellion, the New York Gay Liberation Front based their organization in part on a reading of Murray Bookchin's anarchist writings.
  17. ^ Chorbajian, Levon (1998). "Book Review: The Spirit of the Sixties: The Making of Postwar Radicalism by James J. Farrell". Social Anarchism. 26. Retrieved 24 September 2020 – via The Library at Nothingness website. Farrell provides a detailed history of the Catholic Workers and their founders Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin. He explains that their pacifism, anarchism, and commitment to the downtrodden were one of the important models and inspirations for the 60s. As Farrell puts it, 'Catholic Workers identified the issues of the sixties before the Sixties began, and they offered models of protest long before the protest decade.
  18. ^ Patten, John (2003). (revised ed.). London: Kate Sharpley Library. ISBN 9781873605233. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 24 September 2020 – via the Kate Sharpley Library website. These groups had their roots in the anarchist resurgence of the nineteen sixties. Young militants finding their way to anarchism, often from the anti-bomb and anti-Vietnam war movements, linked up with an earlier generation of activists, largely outside the ossified structures of 'official' anarchism. Anarchist tactics embraced demonstrations, direct action such as industrial militancy and squatting, protest bombings like those of the First of May Group and Angry Brigade – and a spree of publishing activity.
  19. ^ Epstein, Barbara (1 September 2001). "Anarchism and the Anti-Globalization Movement". Monthly Review. 53 (4): 1. doi:10.14452/MR-053-04-2001-08_1. Retrieved 24 September 2020. Within the movements of the sixties there was much more receptivity to anarchism-in-fact than had existed in the movements of the thirties. [...] But the movements of the sixties were driven by concerns that were more compatible with an expressive style of politics, with hostility to authority in general and state power in particular. [...] By the late sixties, political protest was intertwined with cultural radicalism based on a critique of all authority and all hierarchies of power. Anarchism circulated within the movement along with other radical ideologies. The influence of anarchism was strongest among radical feminists, in the commune movement, and probably in the Weather Underground and elsewhere in the violent fringe of the anti-war movement.
  20. ^ . International Institute of Social History. 19 December 2005. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  21. ^ McLaughlin, Paul (2007). Anarchism and Authority. Aldershot: Ashgate. p. 10. ISBN 9780754661962.
  22. ^ Critchley, Simon (2007). Infinitely Demanding. London: Verso Books. p. 125. ISBN 9781781680179.
  23. ^ Williams, Leonard (September 2007). "Anarchism Revived". New Political Science. 29 (3): 297–312. doi:10.1080/07393140701510160. S2CID 220354272.
  24. ^ Graham, Robert, ed. (2008). Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas, Volume Two: The Emergence of the New Anarchism (1939–1977) (PDF). Montreal: Black Rose Books. ISBN 9781551643113. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  25. ^ a b c Rupert, Mark (2006). Globalization and International Political Economy. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 66. ISBN 9780742529434. Retrieved 24 September 2020 – via Internet Archive.
  26. ^ Graeber, David. "Occupy Wall Street's anarchist roots". Al Jazeera English. from the original on November 30, 2011. Retrieved February 26, 2012.
  27. ^ Berrett, Dan (October 16, 2011). "Intellectual Roots of Wall Street Protest Lie in Academe". The Chronicle of Higher Education. from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved February 26, 2012.
  28. ^ Schneider, Nathan (December 20, 2011). "Thank You, Anarchists". The Nation. from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 3, 2019.
  29. ^ Kazin, Michael (November 7, 2011). "Michael Kazin: Anarchy Now: Occupy Wall Street Revives An Ideology". The New Republic. from the original on December 10, 2011. Retrieved February 26, 2012.
  30. ^ Gibson, Morgan Rodgers (2013) (2013). "The 'Anarchism' of the Occupy Movement". Australian Journal of Political Science. 48 (3): 335–348. doi:10.1080/10361146.2013.820687. S2CID 144776094.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  31. ^ Carley, Mark (20 May 2004). "Trade Union Membership 1993–2003" 2022-04-07 at the Wayback Machine. SPIRE Associates. Retrieved 24 September – via Eurofond. See also Carley, Mark (21 September 2009). "Trade Union Membership 2003–2008". SPIRE Associates. Retrieved 24 September – via Eurofond.
  32. ^ The Anarchist FAQ Collective; McKay, Iain, ed. (2008). "J.3.2 What are 'synthesis' federations?". An Anarchist FAQ. I. Oakland: AK Press. ISBN 9781849351225. 7 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 24 September 2020 – via Infoshop.
  33. ^ [IFA-IAF official page] (in Spanish). International of Anarchist Federations. Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2013 – via the International of Anarchist Federations website.
  34. ^ a b "About Us". Anarkismo (in Italian). Retrieved 24 September 2020.. PDF version.
  35. ^ Bufe, Chaz; Hedges, Chris; McHenry, Keith (2015). Anarchist Cookbook. Tucson: See Sharp Press. p. 85. ISBN 9781937276782. Retrieved 24 September 2020 – via Google Books.
  36. ^ a b c Enzinna, Wes (24 November 2015). "A Dream of Secular Utopia in ISIS' Backyard". The New York Times. from the original on 28 February 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  37. ^ Chomsky, Noam; Jay, Peter (25 July 1976). "The Relevance of Anarcho-Syndicalism". The Jay Interview. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  38. ^ Perlin, Terry M. (1979). Contemporary Anarchism. New Brunswick: Transaction Books. ISBN 9781412820332. Retrieved 24 September 2020 – via Google Books.
  39. ^ "Leonard Williams". Manchester University. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
  40. ^ a b Kinna, Ruth (2010). "Anarchy". In Bevir, Mark (ed.). Encyclopedia of Political Theory. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. pp. 37–39. ISBN 9781506332727. Retrieved 24 September 2020 – via Google Books.
  41. ^ Franks 2007, p. 129.
  42. ^ Franks 2007, p. 130.
  43. ^ Franks 2007, pp. 131–132.
  44. ^ Rousselle, Duane (2023). Post-anarchism and Psychoanalysis: Seminars on Politics and Society. Independently Published. ISBN 9798377450665.
  45. ^ Marshall, Peter (1992). "Post-left Anarchy". Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. London: HarperCollins. pp. 679–680. ISBN 978-0-00-217855-6.

Bibliography edit

  • Franks, Benjamin (June 2007). "Postanarchism: A critical assessment" (PDF). Journal of Political Ideologies. 12 (2). Routledge: 127–145. doi:10.1080/13569310701284985. ISSN 1356-9317. S2CID 144787193.

External links edit

  • Amster, Randall; et al., eds. (2009). Contemporary Anarchist Studies. London: Routledge. ISBN 9780415474016. Retrieved 24 September 2020 – via Google Books.
  • Graham, Robert, ed. (2012). Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas, Volume Three: The New Anarchism (1974–2012). Montreal: Black Rose Books. ISBN 9781551643366. Retrieved 24 September 2020 – via Robert Graham's Anarchism Weblog.

Further reading edit

  • The Individualist Anarchism of Early Interwar Germany (2018). Constantin Parvulescu. Babeş-Bolyai University, Department of Cinematography and Media, Doctor of Philosophy

January 01, 1970
contemporary, anarchism, within, history, anarchism, period, anarchist, movement, continuing, from, world, into, present, since, last, third, 20th, century, anarchists, have, been, involved, anti, globalisation, peace, squatter, student, protest, movements, an. Contemporary anarchism within the history of anarchism is the period of the anarchist movement continuing from the end of World War II and into the present Since the last third of the 20th century anarchists have been involved in anti globalisation peace squatter and student protest movements Anarchists have participated in armed revolutions such as in those that created the Makhnovshchina and Revolutionary Catalonia and anarchist political organizations such as the International Workers Association and the Industrial Workers of the World have existed since the 20th century Within contemporary anarchism the anti capitalism of classical anarchism has remained prominent 1 2 Anarchist principles undergird contemporary radical social movements of the left Interest in the anarchist movement developed alongside momentum in the anti globalisation movement 3 whose leading activist networks were anarchist in orientation 4 As the movement shaped 21st century radicalism wider embrace of anarchist principles signaled a revival of interest 4 Various anarchist groups tendencies and schools of thought exist today making it difficult to describe the contemporary anarchist movement 5 While theorists and activists have established relatively stable constellations of anarchist principles there is no consensus on which principles are core and commentators describe multiple anarchisms rather than a singular anarchism in which common principles are shared between schools of anarchism while each group prioritizes those principles differently Gender equality can be a common principle although it ranks as a higher priority to anarcha feminists than anarcho communists 6 New currents which emerged within contemporary anarchism include post anarchism and post left anarchy New anarchism is a term that has been notably used by several authors to describe the most recent reinvention of the anarchist thought and practice What distinguishes the new anarchism of today from the new anarchism of the 1960s and 1970s or from the work of Anglo American based authors such as Murray Bookchin Alex Comfort Paul Goodman Herbert Read and Colin Ward is its emphasis on the global perspective Essays on new anarchism 7 include David Graeber s New Anarchists 8 and Andrej Grubacic s Towards Another Anarchism 9 10 other authors have criticized the term for being too vague 11 Anarchists are generally committed against coercive authority in all forms namely all centralized and hierarchical forms of government e g monarchy representative democracy state socialism etc economic class systems e g capitalism Bolshevism feudalism slavery etc autocratic religions e g fundamentalist Islam Roman Catholicism etc patriarchy heterosexism white supremacy and imperialism 12 Anarchist schools disagree on the methods by which these forms should be opposed 13 The principle of equal liberty is closer to anarchist political ethics in that it transcends both the liberal and socialist traditions This entails that liberty and equality cannot be implemented within the state resulting in the questioning of all forms of domination and hierarchy 14 Contemporary news coverage which emphasizes black bloc demonstrations has reinforced anarchism s historical association with chaos and violence however its publicity has also led more scholars to engage with the anarchist movement although contemporary anarchism favours actions over academic theory 3 15 Contents 1 History 2 Currents 2 1 New anarchism 2 2 Post anarchism 2 3 Post left anarchy 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External links 7 Further readingHistory edit nbsp Members of the Spanish anarcho syndicalist trade union CNT marching in Madrid in 2010 Anarchism was influential in the counterculture of the 1960s 16 17 18 and anarchists actively participated in the protests of 1968 involving students and workers revolts 19 In 1968 the International of Anarchist Federations was founded during an international anarchist conference held in Carrara by the three existing European federations namely the French Anarchist Federation the Iberian Anarchist Federation and the Italian Anarchist Federation as well as the Bulgarian Anarchist Federation in French exile 20 In the United Kingdom during the 1970s this was associated with the punk rock movement as exemplified by bands such as Crass pioneers of the anarcho punk subgenre and the Sex Pistols 21 The housing and employment crisis in most of Western Europe led to the formation of communes intentional communities and squatter movements like that of Barcelona In Denmark squatters occupied a disused military base and declared the Freetown Christiania an autonomous haven in central Copenhagen The relationship between anarchism and punk as well as squatting has carried on into the 21st century In Infinitely Demanding Simon Critchley wrote There is no doubt that 60s anarchism was libertarian and linked to the sexual revolution liberation of the erotic instincts and what Herbert Marcuse called nonrepressive sublimation Yet contemporary anarchism can be seen as a powerful critique of the pseudo libertarianism of contemporary neo liberalism where the sexual revolution has turned the culture industry into the sex industry ask yourself is there today anything less transgressive and more normalizing than pornography One might say that contemporary anarchism is about responsibility whether sexual ecological or socio economic it flows from an experience of conscience about the manifold ways in which the West ravages the rest it is an ethical outrage at the yawning inequality impoverishment and disenfranchisment that is so palpable locally and globally 22 Since the revival of anarchism in the mid 20th century 23 a number of new movements and schools of thought emerged well documented in Robert Graham s Anarchism A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas Volume Two The Emergence of the New Anarchism 1939 1977 24 Although feminist tendencies have always been a part of the anarchist movement in the form of anarcha feminism they returned with vigour during the second wave of feminism in the 1960s The American civil rights movement and the movement in opposition to the Vietnam War also contributed to the revival of North American anarchism European anarchism of the late 20th century drew much of its strength from the labour movement and both have incorporated animal rights activism Anarchist anthropologist David Graeber and anarchist historian Andrej Grubacic have posited a rupture between generations of anarchism with those who often still have not shaken the sectarian habits of the 19th century contrasted with the younger activists who are much more informed among other elements by indigenous feminist ecological and cultural critical ideas and who by the turn of the 21st century formed by far the majority of anarchists 7 nbsp Contemporary members of the Italian Anarchist Federation marching in Rome in 2008 in an anti Catholic manifestation the text translates as free from dogmas always heretics Around the turn of the 21st century anarchism grew in popularity and influence as part of the anti war anti capitalist and anti globalisation movements 25 Anarchists became known for their involvement in protests against the meetings of the World Trade Organization WTO the Group of Eight and the World Economic Forum Some anarchist factions at these protests engaged in rioting property destruction and violent confrontations with police These actions were precipitated by ad hoc leaderless and anonymous cadres known as black blocs although other peaceful organisational tactics pioneered in this time include affinity groups security culture and the use of decentralised technologies such as the Internet 25 A significant event of this period was the 1999 Seattle WTO protests 25 Many commentators have stated that the Occupy Wall Street movement has roots in anarchist philosophy 26 27 28 29 30 International anarchist federations in existence include the International of Anarchist Federations and the International Workers Association The largest organised anarchist movement today is in Spain in the form of the CGT and the CNT with the CGT membership being estimated at around 100 000 for 2003 31 Other active anarcho syndicalist movements include the CNT AIT in France the Union Sindicale Italiana in Italy the Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden and the Swedish Anarcho syndicalist Youth Federation in Sweden the Workers Solidarity Alliance in the United States and the Solidarity Federation in the United Kingdom The revolutionary industrial unionist Industrial Workers of the World claiming 10 000 paying members and the International Workers Association an anarcho syndicalist successor to the First International also remain active The International of Anarchist Federations was founded in 1968 during an international anarchist conference in Carrara by the three existing European anarchist federations of France Italy and Spain as well as the Bulgarian Anarchist Federation in French exile These organizations were also inspired on synthesis anarchist principles 32 Currently alongside the previously mentioned federations the International of Anarchist Federations includes the Argentine Libertarian Federation the Anarchist Federation of Belarus the Czech Slovak Anarchist Federation the Federation of German speaking Anarchists in Germany and Switzerland and the Anarchist Federation in the United Kingdom and Ireland 33 Platformism is an important current in international anarchism Around thirty platformist and specifist organizations are linked together in the Anarkismo project including groups from Africa Europe Latin America and North America 34 At least in terms of the number of affiliated organisations the Anarkismo network is larger than other anarchist international bodies such as the International of Anarchist Federations and the International Workers Association However it is not a formal international and has no intention of competing with these other formations Today there are organisations inspired by Dielo Truda s Organizational Platform of the General Union of Anarchists Draft in many countries including Federacion Anarco Comunista de Argentina and Linea Anarco Comunista in Argentina the Melbourne Anarchist Communist Group and Sydney Anarchist Communist Trajectory in Australia Forum do Anarquismo Organizado in Brazil Common Cause Ontario and Union Communiste Libertaire Quebec in Canada Federacion Comunista Libertaria and Organizacion Comunista Libertaria OCL in Chile Alternative Libertaire and Organisation Communiste Libertaire in France Federazione dei Comunisti Anarchici in Italy Alianza de los Comunistas Libertarios in Mexico Motmakt in Norway Union Socialista Libertaria in Peru the Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front in South Africa Collective Action in the United Kingdom Common Struggle Lucha Comun in the United States and the Revolutionary Confederation of Anarcho Syndicalists by the name of N I Makhno which is an international anarcho syndicalist and platformist confederation with sections and individual members in Bulgaria Georgia Germany Israel Latvia Russia and Ukraine Organisations inspired by platformism were also among the founders of the now defunct International Libertarian Solidarity network and its successor Anarkismo network which is run collaboratively by roughly thirty platformist and specifists organisations around the world 34 nbsp Rojava is supporting efforts for workers to form cooperatives such as this sewing cooperative Anarchist ideas have been influential in the development of the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria more commonly known as Rojava a de facto autonomous region in northern Syria 35 Abdullah Ocalan a founding member of the Kurdistan Workers Party who is currently imprisoned in Turkey is an iconic and popular figure in Rojava and whose ideas shaped the region s society and politics 36 While in prison Ocalan corresponded with and was influenced by Murray Bookchin a social anarchist theorist and philosopher who developed communalism and libertarian municipalism 36 Modelled after Bookchin s ideas Ocalan developed the theory of democratic confederalism In March 2005 Ocalan issued his Declaration of Democratic Confederalism in Kurdistan calling upon citizens to stop attacking the government and instead create municipal assemblies which he called democracy without the state 36 Noam Chomsky stated that anarcho syndicalism a classical anarchist school of thought that remains popular and relevant to contemporary anarchism is highly relevant to advanced industrial societies 37 Anarchism continues to generate many philosophies and movements at times eclectic drawing upon various sources and syncretic combining disparate concepts to create new philosophical approaches 38 Currents editNew anarchism edit Self avowed anarchist scholars such as David Graeber and Andrej Grubacic have written on trends within contemporary anarchism both individually and in collaboration Writing together their emphasis is upon a global revolutionary movement finding roots in anarchism as opposed to Marxism and a new generation much more interested in developing new forms of practice than arguing about the finer points of ideology 7 Using the phrase the new anarchists Graeber elaborates upon practice with regard to globalization a new language of civil disobedience direct democracy and prefigurative politics 8 Using the phrase another anarchism Grubacic situates contemporary anarchism in terms of its historical roots and emphasizes its anti sectarian nature rejection of vanguardism internationalism decentralization and direct democracy 10 Using the phrase new anarchism political scientist Leonard Williams seeks out an anarchist metaphysic of contemporary anarchism and emphasizes its anti authoritarianism pluralism and its theory of practice 39 While stipulating a use of the phrase new anarchism that does not specifically refer to David Graeber s use of the term here in his New Left Review article The New Anarchists Teoman Gee decries the associations of the phrase with anarchist practices that are anti historical polemical or associated with superficial lifestyle anarchism 11 Post anarchism edit Post anarchism is a revision of classical anarchism sometimes through the influence of post structuralists such as Jean Baudrillard Gilles Deleuze Michel Foucault and Jacques Lacan 40 Post anarchism is a contested term with its prefix post referring to post structuralism and or postmodernism which themselves are contested terms 41 Many post anarchist theorists e g Jason Adams Todd May and Saul Newman invoke post structuralist writings The postmodern aspect of post anarchism involves rejection of universal values and grand theories in favor of plurality and hybridity 42 Philosopher Benjamin Franks identified three types of post anarchism 1 Lyotardian Postanarchism which proposes replacing classical anarchist revolutionary tactics with those of post structuralists 2 redemptive postanarchism to incorporate post structural theory into existing anarchist practices and 3 postmodern anarchism which applies anarchist approaches to globalized oppressions of the late 21st century 43 Critics of post anarchism argue that it ignores principles of class warfare and economic exploitation not producing political action 40 Duane Rousselle and Saul Newman have advanced a psychoanalytic post anarchism inspired by the writings of Jacques Lacan Duane Rousselle s work brings together thinking from the New Lacanian School of Jacques Lacan and Slavoj Zizek to outline a distinctive approach that takes serious the political challenges of enjoyment or jouissance 44 Post left anarchy edit Post left anarchy is a recent current in anarchist thought that promotes a critique of anarchism s relationship to traditional left wing politics such as its emphasis on class struggle social revolution labor unions the working class and identity politics Influenced by anti authoritarian postmodern philosophy post leftists reject Enlightenment rationalism and modernism and deconstruct topics such as gender While a few advocate for armed insurrection most advocate for creating spaces and affinity groups to act freely within current society rather than fighting for a utopian ideal In the United States CrimethInc Anarchy A Journal of Desire Armed and Green Anarchy are associated with post leftism as are many primitivists CrimethInc which is influenced by situationism anarcho punk and green anarchy argues for a DIY folk approach to everyday life including refusal of work escaping gender roles and straight edge lifestyle 45 See also editAnarchism and the Occupy movement Anarchist schools of thoughtReferences edit Jun Nathan September 2009 Anarchist Philosophy and Working Class Struggle A Brief History and Commentary WorkingUSA 12 3 505 519 doi 10 1111 j 1743 4580 2009 00251 x ISSN 1089 7011 Williams Dana M 2018 Contemporary Anarchist and Anarchistic Movements Sociology Compass 12 6 Wiley 4 doi 10 1111 soc4 12582 ISSN 1751 9020 a b Evren Sureyyya 2011 How New Anarchism Changed the World of Opposition after Seattle and Gave Birth to Post Anarchism In Rousselle Duane Evren Sureyyya eds Post Anarchism A Reader London Pluto Press p 1 ISBN 978 0 7453 3086 0 a b Evren Sureyyya 2011 How New Anarchism Changed the World of Opposition after Seattle and Gave Birth to Post Anarchism In Rousselle Duane Evren Sureyyya eds Post Anarchism A Reader London Pluto Press p 2 ISBN 978 0 7453 3086 0 Franks Benjamin August 2013 Anarchism In Freeden Michael Stears Marc eds The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies Oxford Oxford University Press pp 385 386 doi 10 1093 oxfordhb 9780199585977 013 0001 Franks Benjamin August 2013 Anarchism In Freeden Michael Stears Marc eds The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies Oxford Oxford University Press p 386 doi 10 1093 oxfordhb 9780199585977 013 0001 a b c Graeber David Grubacic Andrej 6 January 2004 Anarchism Or The Revolutionary Movement Of The Twenty first Century ZNet Archived from the original on 17 March 2008 Retrieved 24 September 2020 Republished as PDF at Punks in Science Archived 23 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine a b Graeber David 2004 New Anarchists In Mertes Tom ed A Movement of Movements Is Another World Really Possible 1st ed London Verso Books ISBN 9781859844687 Williams Leonard 31 August 2006 The New Anarchists Paper Philadelphia American Political Science Association Retrieved 24 September 2020 via the All Academic website a b Grubacic Andrej 2007 Towards Another Anarchism In Sen Jai Waterman Peter eds World Social Forum Challenging Empires revised 2nd ed Montreal Black Rose Books ISBN 9781551643090 a b Gee Teoman 2003 New Anarchism Some Thoughts Alpine Anarchist Productions Retrieved 24 September 2020 Jun Nathan September 2009 Anarchist Philosophy and Working Class Struggle A Brief History and Commentary WorkingUSA 12 3 507 508 doi 10 1111 j 1743 4580 2009 00251 x ISSN 1089 7011 Jun Nathan September 2009 Anarchist Philosophy and Working Class Struggle A Brief History and Commentary WorkingUSA 12 3 507 doi 10 1111 j 1743 4580 2009 00251 x ISSN 1089 7011 Egoumenides Magda 2014 Philosophical Anarchism and Political Obligation New York Bloomsbury Publishing USA p 91 ISBN 9781441124456 Williams Leonard 2010 Hakim Bey and Ontological Anarchism Journal for the Study of Radicalism 4 2 East Lansing Michigan State University Press 110 doi 10 1353 jsr 2010 0009 JSTOR 41887660 S2CID 143304524 Shively Charley 1990 Anarchism PDF In Dynes Wayne R ed Encyclopedia of Homosexuality PDF Vol 2 New York Garland Publishing p 52 ISBN 0824065441 Archived from the original PDF on 20 January 2022 Retrieved 24 September 2020 via the William A Percy website and The Concise Encyclopedia of Homosexuality While not always formally recognized much of the protest of the sixties was anarchist Within the nascent women s movement anarchist principles became so widespread that a political science professor denounced what she saw as The Tyranny of Structurelessness Several groups have called themselves Amazon Anarchists After the Stonewall Rebellion the New York Gay Liberation Front based their organization in part on a reading of Murray Bookchin s anarchist writings Chorbajian Levon 1998 Book Review The Spirit of the Sixties The Making of Postwar Radicalism by James J Farrell Social Anarchism 26 Retrieved 24 September 2020 via The Library at Nothingness website Farrell provides a detailed history of the Catholic Workers and their founders Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin He explains that their pacifism anarchism and commitment to the downtrodden were one of the important models and inspirations for the 60s As Farrell puts it Catholic Workers identified the issues of the sixties before the Sixties began and they offered models of protest long before the protest decade Patten John 2003 Islands of Anarchy Simian Cienfuegos and Refract 1969 1987 An Annotated Bibliography revised ed London Kate Sharpley Library ISBN 9781873605233 Archived from the original on 4 June 2011 Retrieved 24 September 2020 via the Kate Sharpley Library website These groups had their roots in the anarchist resurgence of the nineteen sixties Young militants finding their way to anarchism often from the anti bomb and anti Vietnam war movements linked up with an earlier generation of activists largely outside the ossified structures of official anarchism Anarchist tactics embraced demonstrations direct action such as industrial militancy and squatting protest bombings like those of the First of May Group and Angry Brigade and a spree of publishing activity Epstein Barbara 1 September 2001 Anarchism and the Anti Globalization Movement Monthly Review 53 4 1 doi 10 14452 MR 053 04 2001 08 1 Retrieved 24 September 2020 Within the movements of the sixties there was much more receptivity to anarchism in fact than had existed in the movements of the thirties But the movements of the sixties were driven by concerns that were more compatible with an expressive style of politics with hostility to authority in general and state power in particular By the late sixties political protest was intertwined with cultural radicalism based on a critique of all authority and all hierarchies of power Anarchism circulated within the movement along with other radical ideologies The influence of anarchism was strongest among radical feminists in the commune movement and probably in the Weather Underground and elsewhere in the violent fringe of the anti war movement London Federation of Anarchists involvement in Carrara conference 1968 Amsterdam International Institute of Social History 19 December 2005 Archived from the original on 19 January 2012 Retrieved 25 September 2020 McLaughlin Paul 2007 Anarchism and Authority Aldershot Ashgate p 10 ISBN 9780754661962 Critchley Simon 2007 Infinitely Demanding London Verso Books p 125 ISBN 9781781680179 Williams Leonard September 2007 Anarchism Revived New Political Science 29 3 297 312 doi 10 1080 07393140701510160 S2CID 220354272 Graham Robert ed 2008 Anarchism A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas Volume Two The Emergence of the New Anarchism 1939 1977 PDF Montreal Black Rose Books ISBN 9781551643113 Retrieved 24 September 2020 a b c Rupert Mark 2006 Globalization and International Political Economy Lanham Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers p 66 ISBN 9780742529434 Retrieved 24 September 2020 via Internet Archive Graeber David Occupy Wall Street s anarchist roots Al Jazeera English Archived from the original on November 30 2011 Retrieved February 26 2012 Berrett Dan October 16 2011 Intellectual Roots of Wall Street Protest Lie in Academe The Chronicle of Higher Education Archived from the original on April 7 2014 Retrieved February 26 2012 Schneider Nathan December 20 2011 Thank You Anarchists The Nation Archived from the original on March 6 2019 Retrieved March 3 2019 Kazin Michael November 7 2011 Michael Kazin Anarchy Now Occupy Wall Street Revives An Ideology The New Republic Archived from the original on December 10 2011 Retrieved February 26 2012 Gibson Morgan Rodgers 2013 2013 The Anarchism of the Occupy Movement Australian Journal of Political Science 48 3 335 348 doi 10 1080 10361146 2013 820687 S2CID 144776094 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Carley Mark 20 May 2004 Trade Union Membership 1993 2003 Archived 2022 04 07 at the Wayback Machine SPIRE Associates Retrieved 24 September via Eurofond See also Carley Mark 21 September 2009 Trade Union Membership 2003 2008 SPIRE Associates Retrieved 24 September via Eurofond The Anarchist FAQ Collective McKay Iain ed 2008 J 3 2 What are synthesis federations An Anarchist FAQ I Oakland AK Press ISBN 9781849351225 Archived 7 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 24 September 2020 via Infoshop IFA IAF pagina oficial IFA IAF official page in Spanish International of Anarchist Federations Archived from the original on 8 August 2016 Retrieved 26 January 2013 via the International of Anarchist Federations website a b About Us Anarkismo in Italian Retrieved 24 September 2020 PDF version Bufe Chaz Hedges Chris McHenry Keith 2015 Anarchist Cookbook Tucson See Sharp Press p 85 ISBN 9781937276782 Retrieved 24 September 2020 via Google Books a b c Enzinna Wes 24 November 2015 A Dream of Secular Utopia in ISIS Backyard The New York Times Archived from the original on 28 February 2018 Retrieved 28 February 2018 Chomsky Noam Jay Peter 25 July 1976 The Relevance of Anarcho Syndicalism The Jay Interview Retrieved 24 September 2020 Perlin Terry M 1979 Contemporary Anarchism New Brunswick Transaction Books ISBN 9781412820332 Retrieved 24 September 2020 via Google Books Leonard Williams Manchester University Retrieved 11 August 2021 a b Kinna Ruth 2010 Anarchy In Bevir Mark ed Encyclopedia of Political Theory Thousand Oaks SAGE Publications pp 37 39 ISBN 9781506332727 Retrieved 24 September 2020 via Google Books Franks 2007 p 129 Franks 2007 p 130 Franks 2007 pp 131 132 Rousselle Duane 2023 Post anarchism and Psychoanalysis Seminars on Politics and Society Independently Published ISBN 9798377450665 Marshall Peter 1992 Post left Anarchy Demanding the Impossible A History of Anarchism London HarperCollins pp 679 680 ISBN 978 0 00 217855 6 Bibliography editFranks Benjamin June 2007 Postanarchism A critical assessment PDF Journal of Political Ideologies 12 2 Routledge 127 145 doi 10 1080 13569310701284985 ISSN 1356 9317 S2CID 144787193 External links editAmster Randall et al eds 2009 Contemporary Anarchist Studies London Routledge ISBN 9780415474016 Retrieved 24 September 2020 via Google Books Graham Robert ed 2012 Anarchism A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas Volume Three The New Anarchism 1974 2012 Montreal Black Rose Books ISBN 9781551643366 Retrieved 24 September 2020 via Robert Graham s Anarchism Weblog Further reading editThe Individualist Anarchism of Early Interwar Germany 2018 Constantin Parvulescu Babes Bolyai University Department of Cinematography and Media Doctor of Philosophy Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Contemporary anarchism amp oldid 1207714644 Post anarchism, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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