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Abdullah Öcalan

February 16, 2024

Abdullah Öcalan (/ˈoʊdʒəlɑːn/ OH-jə-lahn;[10] Turkish: [œdʒaɫan]; born 4 April 1949), also known as Apo[10][11] (short for Abdullah in Turkish; Kurdish for "uncle"),[12][13] is a political prisoner[14][15] and founding member of the militant Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK).[16][17]

Abdullah Öcalan
Öcalan in 1997
Born (1949-04-04) 4 April 1949 (age 74)[1]
Ömerli, Turkey
NationalityKurdish[2][3][4][5][6][7]
CitizenshipTurkey
EducationFaculty of Political Science, Ankara University[8]
OccupationsFounder and leader of militant organization PKK,[9] political activist, writer, political theorist
Organization(s)Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), Kurdistan Communities Union (KCK)
Spouse
Kesire Yıldırım
​
(m. 1978)​
Relatives
Philosophy career
Notable ideas
Democratic confederalism

Jineology

Öcalan was based in Syria from 1979 to 1998.[18] He helped found the PKK in 1978, and led it into the Kurdish–Turkish conflict in 1984. For most of his leadership, he was based in Syria, which provided sanctuary to the PKK until the late 1990s.

After being forced to leave Syria, Öcalan was abducted by the Turkish National Intelligence Organization (MIT) in Nairobi, Kenya in February 1999 and imprisoned on İmralı island in Turkey,[19] where after a trial he was sentenced to death under Article 125 of the Turkish Penal Code, which concerns the formation of armed organizations.[20] The sentence was commuted to aggravated life imprisonment when Turkey abolished the death penalty. From 1999 until 2009, he was the sole prisoner[21] in İmralı prison in the Sea of Marmara, where he is still held.[22][23]

Öcalan has advocated a political solution to the conflict since the 1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire.[24][25] Öcalan's prison regime has oscillated between long periods of isolation during which he is allowed no contact with the outside world, and periods when he is permitted visits.[26] He was also involved in negotiations with the Turkish government that led to a temporary Kurdish–Turkish peace process in 2013.[27]

From prison, Öcalan has published several books. Jineology, also known as the science of women, is a form of feminism advocated by Öcalan[28] and subsequently a fundamental tenet of the Kurdistan Communities Union (KCK).[29] Öcalan's philosophy of democratic confederalism is applied in the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES),[30] an autonomous polity formed in Syria in 2012.

Early life and education

Öcalan was born in Ömerli, a village in Halfeti, Şanlıurfa Province in eastern Turkey.[31] While some sources report his birthday as being 4 April 1948, no official birth records for him exist, and he himself claims not to know exactly when he was born, estimating the year to be 1946 or 1947.[32] He is the oldest of seven children.[33] He attended elementary school in a neighboring village and wanted to join the Turkish army.[34] He applied to the military high school but failed in the admission exam.[35] In 1966 he began to study at a vocational high school in Ankara (Turkish: Ankara Tapu-Kadastro Meslek Lisesi)[35] and attended meetings of anti-communists but also of circles active in left wing politics[36] interested in improving Kurdish rights.[35] After graduating in 1969, Öcalan began working at the Title Deeds Office of Diyarbakır.[36] It was at this time his political affiliation began to take a form.[36] He was relocated one year later to Istanbul[35] where he participated in the meetings of the Revolutionary Cultural Eastern Hearths (DDKO).[37][38] Later, he entered the Istanbul Law Faculty but after the first year transferred to Ankara University to study political science.[39] His return to Ankara was facilitated by the state in order to divide the Dev-Genç (Revolutionary Youth Federation of Turkey), of which Öcalan was a member. President Süleyman Demirel later regretted this decision, since the PKK was to become a much greater threat to the state than Dev-Genç.[40]

Öcalan was not able to graduate from Ankara University,[41] as on 7 April 1972 he was arrested after participating in a rally against the killing of Mahir Çayan.[36] He was charged with distributing the left-wing political magazine Şafak (published by Doğu Perinçek) and was held for seven months at the Mamak Prison.[42] In November 1973, the Ankara Democratic Association of Higher Education, (Ankara Demokratik Yüksek Öğrenim Demeği, ADYÖD [tr]) was founded and shortly after he was elected to join its board.[43] In the ADYÖD several students close to the political views of Hikmet Kıvılcımlı were active.[43] In December 1974, ADYÖD was closed down.[44] In 1975, together with Mazlum Doğan and Mehmet Hayri Durmuş [ku], he published a political booklet which described the main aims for a Revolution in Kurdistan.[45] During meetings in Ankara between 1974 and 1975, Öcalan and others came to the conclusion that Kurdistan was a colony and preparations ought to be made for a revolution.[46] The group decided to disperse into the different towns in Turkish Kurdistan in order to set up a base of supporters for an armed revolution.[46] At the beginning, this idea had only a few supporters, but following a journey Öcalan made through the cities of Ağrı, Batman, Diyarbakır, Bingöl, Kars and Urfa in 1977, the group counted over 300 adherents and had organised about thirty armed militants.[46]

The Kurdistan Workers' Party

In 1978, in the midst of the right- and left-wing conflicts which culminated in the 1980 Turkish coup d'état, Öcalan founded the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK).[47][48] In July 1979 he fled to Syria.[49]

Since its foundation, the party focused on ideological training.[50] Marxism-Leninism, the history and estate of Kurdistan had a central role in the party.[50] Öcalan elaborated on the importance of ideology to the extent to where he condemned ideoloylessness and equated ideology with religion which according to him had replaced the latter.[50] "If you break the link between yourself and ideology you will beastialize".[51] With the support of the Syrian Government, he established two training camps for the PKK in Lebanon where the Kurdish guerrillas should receive political and military training.[45]

In 1984, the PKK initiated a campaign of armed conflict by attacking government forces[52][53][54] in order to create an independent Kurdish state. Öcalan attempted to unite the Kurdish liberation movements of the PKK and the one active against Saddam Hussein in Iraq. In negotiations between the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) and the PKK, it was agreed that the latter was able to move freely in Iraqi Kurdistan. He also met twice with Masoud Barzani, the leader of the KDP in Damascus, to resolve some minor issues they had once in 1984 and another time in 1985. But due to pressure from Turkey the cooperation remained timid.[55] During an interview he gave to the Turkish Milliyet in 1988, he mentioned the goal wasn't to gain independence from Turkey at all costs, but remained firm on the issue of the Kurdish rights, and suggested that negotiations should take place for a federation to be established in Turkey.[56] In 1988, he also met with Jalal Talabani of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) in Damascus, with which he signed an agreement and after some differences after the foundation of a Kurdish Government in Iraqi Kurdistan in 1992 he later had a better relationship.[55]

In the early 1990s, interviews given to both Doğu Perinçek and Hasan Bildirici he mentioned his willingness to achieve a peaceful solution to the conflict.[57] In another given to Oral Çalışlar, he emphasized the difference between independence and separatism. He articulated the view that different nations were able to live in independence within the same state if they had equal rights.[58] Then in 1993, upon request of Turkish president Turgut Özal, Öcalan met with Jalal Talabani for negotiations following which Öcalan declared a unilateral cease fire which had a duration from 20 March to 15 April.[59][60] Later he prolonged it in order to enable negotiations with the Turkish government. Soon after Özal died on 17 April 1993,[61] the initiative was halted by Turkey on the grounds that Turkey did not negotiate with terrorists.[59] During an International Kurdish Conference in Brussels in March 1994, his initiative for equal rights for Kurds and Turks within Turkey was discussed.[62] It is reported by Gottfried Stein, that at least during the first half of the 1990s, he used to live mainly in a protected neighborhood in Damascus.[62] On 7 May 1996, in the midst of another unilateral cease-fire declared by the PKK, an attempt to assassinate him in a house in Damascus, was unsuccessful.[63][64]

Following the protests which arose against the prohibition of the PKK in Germany, Öcalan had several meetings with politicians from Germany who came to hold talks with him.[65] In the summer of 1995 the president of the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (Verfassungsschutz) Klaus Grünewald came to visit him,[65][66] And with the German MP Heinrich Lummer of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU) he held meetings in October 1995 in Damascus and March 1996, during which they discussed the PKKs activities in Germany.[65] Öcalan assured him that the PKK would support a peaceful solution for the conflict. Back in Germany, Lummer made a statement in support for further negotiations with Öcalan.[67] With time, the United States (1997),[68] European Union, Syria, Turkey, and other countries have included the PKK on their lists of terrorist organizations.[69][70] A Greek parliamentary delegation from the PASOK came to visit him in the Beqaa valley on 17 October 1996.[65] During his stay in Syria he has published several books concerning the Kurdish revolution.[62] On at least one occasion, in 1993, he was detained and held by Syria's General Intelligence Directorate, but later released.[71] Until 1998, Öcalan was based in Syria. As the situation deteriorated in Turkey, the Turkish government openly threatened Syria over its support for the PKK.[72] As a result, the Syrian government forced Öcalan to leave the country but still refused turning him over to the Turkish authorities. In October 1998, Öcalan prepared for his departure from Syria and during a meeting in Kobane, he unsuccessfully attempted to lay the foundations for a new party which failed due to Syrian intelligence's obstruction.[73]

Exile in Europe

Öcalan left Syria on 9 October 1998 and for the next four months, he toured several European countries advocating for a solution of the Kurdish-Turkish conflict.[74] Öcalan first went to Russia where the Russian parliament voted on 4 November 1998 to grant him asylum.[75] On 6 November 109 Greek parliamentarians invited Öcalan to stay in Greece, a move which was repeated by Panayioitis Sgouridis [el],[75] the deputy speaker of the Greek Parliament at the time.[76] Öcalan then chose to travel to Italy, where he landed on 12 November 1998 at the airport in Rome.[77]

In 1998 the Turkish government requested the extradition of Öcalan from Italy,[78] where he applied for political asylum upon his arrival. He was detained by the Italian authorities due to an arrest warrant issued by Germany.[79] But Italy did not extradite him to Germany, who refused to hold a trial on Öcalan in its country.[80] The German chancellor Gerhard Schröder as well as the Minister of the Interior Otto Schily preferred that Öcalan would be tried by an unspecified "European Court".[77] Italy also didn't extradite him to Turkey.[79] The Italian prime minister Massimo D'Alema announced it was contrary to Italian law to extradite someone to a country where the defendant is threatened with a capital punishment.[81] But Italy also didn't want Öcalan to stay, and pulled several diplomatic strings to compel him to leave the country,[74] which was accomplished on 16 January[82] when he departed to Nizhny Novgorod in hope to find a safe haven in Russia.[74] But in Russia he was not as much welcomed as in October, and he had to wait for a week at the airport of Strigino International Airport in Nizhny Novgorod.[74] From Russia, he took an airplane from Saint Petersburg to Greece where he arrived in Athens upon the invitation of Nikolas Naxakis, a retired Admiral on 29 January 1999.[74] He spent the night as a guest of the popular Greek author Voula Damianakou in Nea Makri.[74]

Following this, Öcalan attempted to travel to The Hague, to pursue a settlement of his legal situation at the International Criminal Court, but the Netherlands would not let his plane land and sent him back to Greece where he landed on the island Corfu in the Ionean Sea.[74] Öcalan then decided to fly to Nairobi at the invitation of Greek diplomats.[83] At that time he was defended by Britta Böhler, a high-profile German attorney who argued that the crimes he was accused of would have to be proven in court and attempted to reach that the International Court in The Hague would assume the case.[84]

Arrest, trial, and imprisonment

He was taken captive in Kenya on 15 February 1999, while on his way from the Greek embassy to Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in Nairobi, in an operation by the Turkish National Intelligence Organization (Turkish: Millî İstihbarat Teşkilatı , MIT) with the help of the CIA.[85] According to the Turkish Vatan newspaper, the Americans transferred him to the Turkish authorities, who flew him back to Turkey for trial.[86]

Following the capture of Öcalan, the Greek Government was in turmoil over Öcalan's capture and Foreign Minister Theodoros Pangalos, Interior Minister Alekos Papadopoulos and the Minister of Public Order Philipos Petsalnikos resigned from their posts.[87] Costoulas, the Greek ambassador who protected him, said that his own life was in danger after the operation.[88] According to Nucan Derya, Öcalan's interpreter in Kenya, the Kenyans had warned the Greek ambassador that "something" might happen if he didn't leave four days prior and that they were given the assurance by Pangalos that Öcalan would have safe passage to Europe. Öcalan was determined to travel to Amsterdam and face the accusations of terrorism.[89] Öcalan's capture led thousands of Kurds to hold worldwide protests condemning his capture at Greek and Israeli embassies. Kurds living in Germany were threatened with deportation if they continued to hold demonstrations in support of Öcalan. The warning came after three Kurds were killed and 16 injured during the 1999 attack on the Israeli consulate in Berlin.[90][91] A group named the Revenge Hawks of Apo set fire to a department store in Kadiköy Istanbul, causing the death of 13 people.[92] In several European capitals and larger cities[93] as well as in Iraq, Iran and also Turkey protests were organized against his capture.[94]

Trial

Main article: Trial of Abdullah Öcalan
 
Öcalan supporters in London, April 2003

He was brought to İmralı island, where he was interrogated for a period of 10 days without being allowed to see or speak to his lawyers.[95] A state security court consisting of one military and two civilian judges was established on İmralı island to try Öcalan.[96] A delegation of three Dutch lawyers who intended to defend him were not allowed to meet with their client and detained for questioning at the airport on the grounds that they acted as "PKK militants" and not lawyers; they were sent back to the Netherlands.[83] On the seventh day a judge took part in the interrogations, and prepared a transcript of it.[95][97] The trial began on 31 May 1999 on the İmralı island[98] in the Sea of Marmara, and was organized by the Ankara State Security Court.[99] During the trial, he was represented by the Asrın Law Office.[100] His lawyers had difficulty in representing him adequately as they were allowed only two interviews per week of initially a duration of 20 minutes, and later 1 hour, of which several were cancelled due to "bad weather" or because the authorities didn't give the permission needed for them.[95] Also his lawyers were unaware of what the charges might be, and received the formal indictment only after excerpts of it were already presented to the press.[97] The trial was accompanied by arrests of scores of Kurdish politicians from the People's Democracy Party (HADEP).[101] In mid-June 1999, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey approved the removal of military judges from the State Security Courts, in an attempt to address criticism from the European Court of Human Rights[102] and a civilian judge assumed the post of the military judge.[96] Shortly before the verdict was read out by Judge Turgut Okyay, when asked about his final remarks, he again offered to play a role in the peace finding process.[103] Öcalan was charged with treason and separatism and sentenced to death on 29 June 1999.[104] He was also banned from holding public office for life.[105]

On the same day, Amnesty international (AI) demanded a re-trial[97] and Human Rights Watch (HRW) questioned the fact that witnesses brought by the defense were not heard in the trial.[104] In 1999 the Turkish Parliament discussed a so-called Repentance Bill which would commute Öcalans death sentence to 20 years imprisonment and allow PKK militants to surrender with a limited amnesty, but it didn't pass due to resistance from the far-right around the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP).[106] In January 2000 the Turkish government declared the death sentence was delayed until the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) reviewed the verdict.[107] Upon the abolition of the death penalty in Turkey in August 2002,[108] in October of that year, the security court commuted his sentence to life imprisonment.[109]

In an attempt to reach a verdict which was more favorable to Öcalan, he appealed at the ECHR at Strasbourg, which accepted the case in June 2004.[110] In 2005, the ECHR ruled that Turkey had violated articles 3, 5, and 6 of the European Convention of Human Rights by refusing to allow Öcalan to appeal his arrest and by sentencing him to death without a fair trial.[111] Öcalan's request for a retrial was refused by Turkish courts.[112]

Detention conditions

Main article: Imprisonment of Abdullah Öcalan
 
Protest for freedom of Öcalan in Germany, 21 January 2016

After his capture, Öcalan was held in solitary confinement as the only prisoner on İmralı island in the Sea of Marmara. Following the commutation of the death sentence to a life sentence in 2002,[113] Öcalan remained imprisoned on İmralı, and was the sole inmate there. Although former prisoners at İmralı were transferred to other prisons, more than 1,000 Turkish military personnel were stationed on the island to guard him. In November 2009, Turkish authorities announced that they were ending his solitary confinement by transferring several other prisoners to İmralı.[114] They said that Öcalan would be allowed to see them for ten hours a week. The new prison was built after the Council of Europe's Committee for the Prevention of Torture visited the island and objected to the conditions in which he was being held.[115][116] From 27 July 2011 until 2 May 2019 his lawyers have not been allowed to see Abdullah Öcalan.[117] From July 2011 until December 2017 his lawyers filed more than 700 appeals for visits, but all were rejected.[118]

There have been held regular demonstrations by the Kurdish community to raise awareness of the isolation of Öcalan.[119] In October 2012 several hundred Kurdish political prisoners went on hunger strike for better detention conditions for Öcalan and the right to use the Kurdish language in education and jurisprudence. The hunger strike lasted 68 days until Öcalan demanded its end.[120] Öcalan was banned from receiving visits almost two years from 6 October 2014 until 11 September 2016, when his brother Mehmet Öcalan visited him for Eid al-Adha.[121] In 2014 the ECHR ruled in that there was a violation of article 3 in regards of him being to only prisoner on İmarli island until 17 November 2009, as well as the impossibility to appeal his verdict.[122] On 6 September 2018 visits from lawyers were banned for six months due to former punishments he received in the years 2005–2009, the fact that the lawyers made their conversations with Ocalan public, and the impression that Öcalan was leading the PKK through communications with his lawyers.[117] He was again banned from receiving visits until 12 January 2019 when his brother was permitted to visit him a second time. His brother said his health was good.[123] The ban on the visitation of his lawyers was lifted in April 2019, and Öcalan saw his lawyers on 2 May 2019.[117]

Legal prosecution of sympathizers of Abdullah Öcalan

In 2008, the Justice Minister of Turkey, Mehmet Ali Şahin, said that between 2006 and 2007, 949 people were convicted and more than 7,000 people prosecuted for calling Öcalan "esteemed" (Sayın).[124]

The Kurdish people

Involvement in peace initiatives

In November 1998, Öcalan elaborated on a 7-point peace plan according to which the Turkish attacks on Kurdish villages should stop, the refugees would be allowed to return, the Kurdish people would be granted autonomy within Turkey, the Kurds would receive the equal democratic rights as the Turks and the Turkish government supported village guards system shall come to an end and the Kurdish language and culture was to be officially recognized.[125] In January 1999 during his stay in Europe, Öcalan saw the parties liberation struggle focus to have developed from guerrilla warfare to dialogue and negotiations.[126] After his capture Öcalan called for a halt in PKK attacks, and advocated for a peaceful solution for the Kurdish conflict inside the borders of Turkey.[127][128][129][page needed] In October 1999, eight PKK militants around the former European PKK spokesman Ali Sapan turned themselves in to Turkey on request of Öcalan.[130] Depending on their treatment, the other PKK militants would turn themselves in as well, his attorney announced.[130] But the eight, as well as another group which surrendered a few weeks later in Istanbul, were imprisoned and the peace initiative was dismissed by the Turkish Government.[131] Öcalan called for the foundation of a "Truth and Justice Commission" by Kurdish institutions in order to investigate war crimes committed by both the PKK and Turkish security forces. A similar structure began functioning in May 2006.[132] In March 2005, Öcalan issued the Declaration of Democratic confederalism in Kurdistan[133] calling for a border-free confederation between the Kurdish regions of Southeastern Turkey (called "Northern Kurdistan" by Kurds[134]), Northeast Syria ("Western Kurdistan"), Northern Iraq ("South Kurdistan"), and Northwestern Iran ("East Kurdistan"). In this zone, three bodies of law would be implemented: EU law, Turkish/Syrian/Iraqi/Iranian law and Kurdish law. This proposal was adopted by the PKK programme following the "Refoundation Congress" in April 2005.[135]

Öcalan had his lawyer Ibrahim Bilmez[136] release a statement on 28 September 2006 calling on the PKK to declare a ceasefire and seek peace with Turkey. Öcalan's statement said, "The PKK should not use weapons unless it is attacked with the aim of annihilation," and "it is very important to build a democratic union between Turks and Kurds. With this process, the way to democratic dialogue will be also opened".[137] He worked on a solution for the Kurdish–Turkish conflict, which would include a decentralization and democratization of Turkey within the frame of the European Charter of local Self-Government, which was also signed by Turkey, but his 160-page proposal on the subject was confiscated by the Turkish authorities in August 2009.[138]

On 31 May 2010, Öcalan said he was abandoning the ongoing dialogue with Turkey, as "this process is no longer meaningful or useful". Öcalan stated that Turkey had ignored his three protocols for negotiation: (a) his terms of health and security, (b) his release, and (c) a peaceful resolution to the Kurdish issue in Turkey. Though the Turkish government had received Öcalan's protocols, they were never released to the public. Öcalan said he would leave the top PKK commanders in charge of the conflict, but that this should not be misinterpreted as a call for the PKK to intensify its armed conflict with Turkey.[139][140]

In January 2013, peace negotiations between the PKK and the Turkish Government were initiated and from between January[141] and March he met several times with politicians of Peace and Democracy Party (BDP) on Imralı Island.[142] On 21 March, Öcalan declared a ceasefire between the PKK and the Turkish state. Öcalan's statement was read to hundreds of thousands of Kurds in Diyarbakır who had gathered to celebrate the Kurdish New Year (Newroz). The statement said in part, "Let guns be silenced and politics dominate... a new door is being opened from the process of armed conflict to democratization and democratic politics. It's not the end. It's the start of a new era."[143] Soon after Öcalan's declaration, the functional head of the PKK, Murat Karayılan responded by promising to implement a ceasefire.[144] During the peace process, the pro-Kurdish Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) entered parliament during the parliamentarian election of June 2015.[145] The ceasefire ended after in July 2015 two Turkish police officers were killed in Ceylanpinar.[146]

Political ideological shift

Since his incarceration, Öcalan has significantly changed his ideology through exposure to Western social theorists such as Murray Bookchin, Immanuel Wallerstein and Hannah Arendt.[30] Abandoning his old Marxism-Leninist[30] and Stalinist beliefs,[127][147][148] Öcalan fashioned his ideal society called democratic confederalism.[148][30] In early 2004, Öcalan attempted to arrange a meeting with Murray Bookchin through Öcalan's lawyers, describing himself as Bookchin's "student" eager to adapt Bookchin's thought to Middle Eastern society. Bookchin was too ill to meet with Öcalan.[148]

Democratic confederalism

Main article: Democratic confederalism

Democratic confederalism is a "system of popularly elected administrative councils, allowing local communities to exercise autonomous control over their assets, while linking to other communities via a network of confederal councils."[149] Decisions are made by communes in each neighborhood, village, or city. All are welcome to partake in the communal councils, but political participation is not mandated. There is no private property, but rather "ownership by use, which grants individuals usage rights to the buildings, land, and infrastructure, but not the right to sell and buy on the market or convert them to private enterprises".[149] The economy is in the hands of the communal councils, and is thus (in the words of Bookchin) 'neither collectivised nor privatised - it is common.'[149] Feminism, ecology, and direct democracy are essential in democratic confederalism.[150]

With his 2005 "Declaration of Democratic Confederalism in Kurdistan", Öcalan advocated for a Kurdish implementation of Bookchin's The Ecology of Freedom via municipal assemblies as a democratic confederation of Kurdish communities beyond the state borders of Syria, Iran, Iraq, and Turkey. Öcalan promoted a platform of shared values: environmentalism, self-defense, gender equality, and a pluralistic tolerance for religion, politics, and culture. While some of his followers questioned Öcalan's conversion from Marxism-Leninism to social ecology, the PKK adopted Öcalan's proposal and began to form assemblies.[127] It became also the ideology of the Democratic Union Party (PYD) and is applied in the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES).[30]

On women's rights

Öcalan is a supporter of the liberation of the women, he writes in his Freedom Manifesto for Women that all slavery is based on the housewifization of women.[151] He deems the woman often as being trapped in a situation where she accepts traditional gender roles and a disadvantaged relationship with a man.[151]

Personal life

According to his own account, while his father is Kurdish, his mother is Turkmen.[152] According to some sources, Öcalan's grandmother was an ethnic Turk.[153][154] Öcalan's mother, Esma Öcalan (Uveys)[155] was rather dominant and criticised his father, blaming him for their dire economic situation. He later explained in an interview that it was in his childhood he learned to defend himself from injustice.[156] Like many Kurds in Turkey, Öcalan was raised speaking Turkish; according to Amikam Nachmani, lecturer at the Bar-Ilan University in Israel, Öcalan did not know Kurdish when he met him in 1991. Nachmani: "He [Öcalan] told me that he speaks Turkish, gives orders in Turkish, and thinks in Turkish."[157] In 1978 Öcalan married Kesire Yildirim, who he had met at the Ankara University[158] and was of a better household than the regular revolutionaries around Öcalan.[159] They had a difficult marriage with reportedly many disputes and discussions.[160] In 1988, while representing the PKK in Athens, Greece, his wife unsuccessfully attempted to overthrow Öcalan, following which Yildirim went underground.[159]

After his sister Havva was married to a man from another village in an arranged marriage, he felt regret. This event led Öcalan to his policies towards the liberation of women from the traditional suppressed female role.[156] Öcalan's brother Osman became a PKK commander until he defected from the PKK with several others to establish the Patriotic and Democratic Party of Kurdistan.[161] His other brother, Mehmet Öcalan, is a member of the pro-Kurdish Peace and Democracy Party (BDP).[162] Fatma Öcalan is the sister of Abdullah Öcalan[163] and Dilek Öcalan, a former parliamentarian of the HDP, is his niece.[164] Ömer Öcalan, a current member of parliament for the HDP, is his nephew.[165][166]

Honorary citizenships

Several localities have awarded him with an honorary citizenship:

Publications

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Abdullah Öcalan.

Öcalan is the author of more than 40 books, four of which were written in prison. Many of the notes taken from his weekly meetings with his lawyers have been edited and published. He has also written articles for the newspaper Özgür Gündem which is a newspaper that reported on the Kurdish-Turkish conflict, under the pseudonym of Ali Firat.[173]

Books

  • Interviews and Speeches. London: Kurdistan Solidarity Committee; Kurdistan Information Centre, 1991. 46 p.
  • . Archived from the original on 20 October 2007. Retrieved 24 April 2007.
  • Prison Writings: The Roots of Civilisation. London; Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto, 2007. ISBN 978-0-7453-2616-0.
  • Prison Writings Volume II: The PKK and the Kurdish Question in the 21st Century. London: Transmedia, 2011. ISBN 978-0-9567514-0-9.
  • Democratic Confederalism. London: Transmedia, 2011. ISBN 978-3-941012-47-9.
  • Prison Writings III: The Road Map to Negotiations. Cologne: International Initiative, 2012. ISBN 978-3-941012-43-1.
  • Liberating life: Women’s Revolution. Cologne, Germany: International Initiative Edition, 2013. ISBN 978-3-941012-82-0.
  • Manifesto for a Democratic Civilization, Volume 1. Porsgrunn, Norway: New Compass, 2015. ISBN 978-82-93064-42-8.
  • Defending a Civilisation.[when?]
  • The Political Thought of Abdullah Öcalan. London; UK: Pluto Press, 2017. ISBN 978-0-7453-9976-8.
  • Manifesto for a Democratic Civilization, Volume 2. Porsgrunn, Norway: New Compass, 2017. ISBN 978-82-93064-48-0

See also

References

  1. ^ "International Initiative: Celebrate Öcalan's birthday with us". ANFNews. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  2. ^ Türkmen, Gülay (2020), "Religion in Turkey's Kurdish Conflict", in Djupe, Paul A.; Rozell, Mark J.; Jelen, Ted G. (eds.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Politics and Religion, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780190614379.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-061438-6
  3. ^ "Profile: Abdullah Ocalan ( Greyer and tempered by long isolation, PKK leader is braving the scepticism of many Turks, and some of his own fighters)". Al Jazeera.
  4. ^ R. McHugh, 'Ocalan, Abdullah (1948—)
  5. ^ Özcan, Ali Kemal. Turkey's Kurds: A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Öcalan. London: Routledge, 2005.
  6. ^ Phillips, David L. (2017). The Kurdish Spring: A New Map of the Middle East. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-48036-9.
  7. ^ Butler, Daren (21 March 2013). "Kurdish rebel chief Ocalan dons mantle of peacemaker". UK Reuters.
  8. ^ Öcalan, Abdullah (2015). Capitalism: The Age of Unmasked Gods and Naked Kings. New Compass. p. 115.
  9. ^ Paul J. White, Primitive rebels or revolutionary modernizers?: The Kurdish national movement in Turkey, Zed Books, 2000, "Professor Robert Olson, University of Kentucky"
  10. ^ a b Political Violence against Americans 1999. Bureau of Diplomatic Security. December 2000. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-4289-6562-1.
  11. ^ "Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
  12. ^ Mango, Andrew (2005). Turkey and the War on Terror: 'For Forty Years We Fought Alone'. Routledge: London. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-203-68718-5. The most ruthless among them was Abdullah Öcalan, known as Apo (a diminutive for Abdullah; the word also means 'uncle' in Kurdish).
  13. ^ Jongerden, Joost (2007). The Settlement Issue in Turkey and the Kurds: An Analysis of Spatial Policies, Modernity and War. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill. p. 57. ISBN 978-90-04-15557-2. In 1975 the group settled on a name, the Kurdistan Revolutionaries (Kurdistan Devrimcileri), but others knew them as Apocu, followers of Apo, the nickname of Abdullah Öcalan (apo is also Kurdish for uncle).
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Further reading

  • Kaminaris, Spiros Ch. (June 1999). "Greece and the Middle East". Middle East Review of International Affairs, Volume 3, Number 2.
  • Özcan, Ali Kemal (2005). Turkey's Kurds: A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Ocalan. London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-36687-9.
  • Parkinson, Joe, and Ayla Albayrak (15 March 2013). . The Wall Street Journal (archived copy).

External links

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Abdullah Öcalan.
  • Books by Abdullah Öcalan
  • "Freedom for Abdullah Öcalan - Peace in Kurdistan" International Initiative
  • Special report: The Ocalan file, BBC News, 26 November 1999.

February 16, 2024
abdullah, öcalan, ɑː, lahn, turkish, œdʒaɫan, born, april, 1949, also, known, short, abdullah, turkish, kurdish, uncle, political, prisoner, founding, member, militant, kurdistan, workers, party, öcalan, 1997born, 1949, april, 1949, ömerli, turkeynationalityku. Abdullah Ocalan ˈ oʊ dʒ el ɑː n OH je lahn 10 Turkish œdʒaɫan born 4 April 1949 also known as Apo 10 11 short for Abdullah in Turkish Kurdish for uncle 12 13 is a political prisoner 14 15 and founding member of the militant Kurdistan Workers Party PKK 16 17 Abdullah OcalanOcalan in 1997Born 1949 04 04 4 April 1949 age 74 1 Omerli TurkeyNationalityKurdish 2 3 4 5 6 7 CitizenshipTurkeyEducationFaculty of Political Science Ankara University 8 OccupationsFounder and leader of militant organization PKK 9 political activist writer political theoristOrganization s Kurdistan Workers Party PKK Kurdistan Communities Union KCK SpouseKesire Yildirim m 1978 wbr RelativesOsman Ocalan brother Omer Ocalan nephew Dilek Ocalan niece Philosophy careerNotable ideasDemocratic confederalismJineologyOcalan was based in Syria from 1979 to 1998 18 He helped found the PKK in 1978 and led it into the Kurdish Turkish conflict in 1984 For most of his leadership he was based in Syria which provided sanctuary to the PKK until the late 1990s After being forced to leave Syria Ocalan was abducted by the Turkish National Intelligence Organization MIT in Nairobi Kenya in February 1999 and imprisoned on Imrali island in Turkey 19 where after a trial he was sentenced to death under Article 125 of the Turkish Penal Code which concerns the formation of armed organizations 20 The sentence was commuted to aggravated life imprisonment when Turkey abolished the death penalty From 1999 until 2009 he was the sole prisoner 21 in Imrali prison in the Sea of Marmara where he is still held 22 23 Ocalan has advocated a political solution to the conflict since the 1993 Kurdistan Workers Party ceasefire 24 25 Ocalan s prison regime has oscillated between long periods of isolation during which he is allowed no contact with the outside world and periods when he is permitted visits 26 He was also involved in negotiations with the Turkish government that led to a temporary Kurdish Turkish peace process in 2013 27 From prison Ocalan has published several books Jineology also known as the science of women is a form of feminism advocated by Ocalan 28 and subsequently a fundamental tenet of the Kurdistan Communities Union KCK 29 Ocalan s philosophy of democratic confederalism is applied in the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria AANES 30 an autonomous polity formed in Syria in 2012 Contents 1 Early life and education 2 The Kurdistan Workers Party 3 Exile in Europe 4 Arrest trial and imprisonment 4 1 Trial 4 2 Detention conditions 5 Legal prosecution of sympathizers of Abdullah Ocalan 6 The Kurdish people 6 1 Involvement in peace initiatives 6 2 Political ideological shift 6 3 Democratic confederalism 6 4 On women s rights 7 Personal life 8 Honorary citizenships 9 Publications 9 1 Books 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External linksEarly life and educationOcalan was born in Omerli a village in Halfeti Sanliurfa Province in eastern Turkey 31 While some sources report his birthday as being 4 April 1948 no official birth records for him exist and he himself claims not to know exactly when he was born estimating the year to be 1946 or 1947 32 He is the oldest of seven children 33 He attended elementary school in a neighboring village and wanted to join the Turkish army 34 He applied to the military high school but failed in the admission exam 35 In 1966 he began to study at a vocational high school in Ankara Turkish Ankara Tapu Kadastro Meslek Lisesi 35 and attended meetings of anti communists but also of circles active in left wing politics 36 interested in improving Kurdish rights 35 After graduating in 1969 Ocalan began working at the Title Deeds Office of Diyarbakir 36 It was at this time his political affiliation began to take a form 36 He was relocated one year later to Istanbul 35 where he participated in the meetings of the Revolutionary Cultural Eastern Hearths DDKO 37 38 Later he entered the Istanbul Law Faculty but after the first year transferred to Ankara University to study political science 39 His return to Ankara was facilitated by the state in order to divide the Dev Genc Revolutionary Youth Federation of Turkey of which Ocalan was a member President Suleyman Demirel later regretted this decision since the PKK was to become a much greater threat to the state than Dev Genc 40 Ocalan was not able to graduate from Ankara University 41 as on 7 April 1972 he was arrested after participating in a rally against the killing of Mahir Cayan 36 He was charged with distributing the left wing political magazine Safak published by Dogu Perincek and was held for seven months at the Mamak Prison 42 In November 1973 the Ankara Democratic Association of Higher Education Ankara Demokratik Yuksek Ogrenim Demegi ADYOD tr was founded and shortly after he was elected to join its board 43 In the ADYOD several students close to the political views of Hikmet Kivilcimli were active 43 In December 1974 ADYOD was closed down 44 In 1975 together with Mazlum Dogan and Mehmet Hayri Durmus ku he published a political booklet which described the main aims for a Revolution in Kurdistan 45 During meetings in Ankara between 1974 and 1975 Ocalan and others came to the conclusion that Kurdistan was a colony and preparations ought to be made for a revolution 46 The group decided to disperse into the different towns in Turkish Kurdistan in order to set up a base of supporters for an armed revolution 46 At the beginning this idea had only a few supporters but following a journey Ocalan made through the cities of Agri Batman Diyarbakir Bingol Kars and Urfa in 1977 the group counted over 300 adherents and had organised about thirty armed militants 46 The Kurdistan Workers PartyIn 1978 in the midst of the right and left wing conflicts which culminated in the 1980 Turkish coup d etat Ocalan founded the Kurdistan Workers Party PKK 47 48 In July 1979 he fled to Syria 49 Since its foundation the party focused on ideological training 50 Marxism Leninism the history and estate of Kurdistan had a central role in the party 50 Ocalan elaborated on the importance of ideology to the extent to where he condemned ideoloylessness and equated ideology with religion which according to him had replaced the latter 50 If you break the link between yourself and ideology you will beastialize 51 With the support of the Syrian Government he established two training camps for the PKK in Lebanon where the Kurdish guerrillas should receive political and military training 45 In 1984 the PKK initiated a campaign of armed conflict by attacking government forces 52 53 54 in order to create an independent Kurdish state Ocalan attempted to unite the Kurdish liberation movements of the PKK and the one active against Saddam Hussein in Iraq In negotiations between the Kurdistan Democratic Party KDP and the PKK it was agreed that the latter was able to move freely in Iraqi Kurdistan He also met twice with Masoud Barzani the leader of the KDP in Damascus to resolve some minor issues they had once in 1984 and another time in 1985 But due to pressure from Turkey the cooperation remained timid 55 During an interview he gave to the Turkish Milliyet in 1988 he mentioned the goal wasn t to gain independence from Turkey at all costs but remained firm on the issue of the Kurdish rights and suggested that negotiations should take place for a federation to be established in Turkey 56 In 1988 he also met with Jalal Talabani of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan PUK in Damascus with which he signed an agreement and after some differences after the foundation of a Kurdish Government in Iraqi Kurdistan in 1992 he later had a better relationship 55 In the early 1990s interviews given to both Dogu Perincek and Hasan Bildirici he mentioned his willingness to achieve a peaceful solution to the conflict 57 In another given to Oral Calislar he emphasized the difference between independence and separatism He articulated the view that different nations were able to live in independence within the same state if they had equal rights 58 Then in 1993 upon request of Turkish president Turgut Ozal Ocalan met with Jalal Talabani for negotiations following which Ocalan declared a unilateral cease fire which had a duration from 20 March to 15 April 59 60 Later he prolonged it in order to enable negotiations with the Turkish government Soon after Ozal died on 17 April 1993 61 the initiative was halted by Turkey on the grounds that Turkey did not negotiate with terrorists 59 During an International Kurdish Conference in Brussels in March 1994 his initiative for equal rights for Kurds and Turks within Turkey was discussed 62 It is reported by Gottfried Stein that at least during the first half of the 1990s he used to live mainly in a protected neighborhood in Damascus 62 On 7 May 1996 in the midst of another unilateral cease fire declared by the PKK an attempt to assassinate him in a house in Damascus was unsuccessful 63 64 Following the protests which arose against the prohibition of the PKK in Germany Ocalan had several meetings with politicians from Germany who came to hold talks with him 65 In the summer of 1995 the president of the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution Verfassungsschutz Klaus Grunewald came to visit him 65 66 And with the German MP Heinrich Lummer of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany CDU he held meetings in October 1995 in Damascus and March 1996 during which they discussed the PKKs activities in Germany 65 Ocalan assured him that the PKK would support a peaceful solution for the conflict Back in Germany Lummer made a statement in support for further negotiations with Ocalan 67 With time the United States 1997 68 European Union Syria Turkey and other countries have included the PKK on their lists of terrorist organizations 69 70 A Greek parliamentary delegation from the PASOK came to visit him in the Beqaa valley on 17 October 1996 65 During his stay in Syria he has published several books concerning the Kurdish revolution 62 On at least one occasion in 1993 he was detained and held by Syria s General Intelligence Directorate but later released 71 Until 1998 Ocalan was based in Syria As the situation deteriorated in Turkey the Turkish government openly threatened Syria over its support for the PKK 72 As a result the Syrian government forced Ocalan to leave the country but still refused turning him over to the Turkish authorities In October 1998 Ocalan prepared for his departure from Syria and during a meeting in Kobane he unsuccessfully attempted to lay the foundations for a new party which failed due to Syrian intelligence s obstruction 73 Exile in EuropeOcalan left Syria on 9 October 1998 and for the next four months he toured several European countries advocating for a solution of the Kurdish Turkish conflict 74 Ocalan first went to Russia where the Russian parliament voted on 4 November 1998 to grant him asylum 75 On 6 November 109 Greek parliamentarians invited Ocalan to stay in Greece a move which was repeated by Panayioitis Sgouridis el 75 the deputy speaker of the Greek Parliament at the time 76 Ocalan then chose to travel to Italy where he landed on 12 November 1998 at the airport in Rome 77 In 1998 the Turkish government requested the extradition of Ocalan from Italy 78 where he applied for political asylum upon his arrival He was detained by the Italian authorities due to an arrest warrant issued by Germany 79 But Italy did not extradite him to Germany who refused to hold a trial on Ocalan in its country 80 The German chancellor Gerhard Schroder as well as the Minister of the Interior Otto Schily preferred that Ocalan would be tried by an unspecified European Court 77 Italy also didn t extradite him to Turkey 79 The Italian prime minister Massimo D Alema announced it was contrary to Italian law to extradite someone to a country where the defendant is threatened with a capital punishment 81 But Italy also didn t want Ocalan to stay and pulled several diplomatic strings to compel him to leave the country 74 which was accomplished on 16 January 82 when he departed to Nizhny Novgorod in hope to find a safe haven in Russia 74 But in Russia he was not as much welcomed as in October and he had to wait for a week at the airport of Strigino International Airport in Nizhny Novgorod 74 From Russia he took an airplane from Saint Petersburg to Greece where he arrived in Athens upon the invitation of Nikolas Naxakis a retired Admiral on 29 January 1999 74 He spent the night as a guest of the popular Greek author Voula Damianakou in Nea Makri 74 Following this Ocalan attempted to travel to The Hague to pursue a settlement of his legal situation at the International Criminal Court but the Netherlands would not let his plane land and sent him back to Greece where he landed on the island Corfu in the Ionean Sea 74 Ocalan then decided to fly to Nairobi at the invitation of Greek diplomats 83 At that time he was defended by Britta Bohler a high profile German attorney who argued that the crimes he was accused of would have to be proven in court and attempted to reach that the International Court in The Hague would assume the case 84 Arrest trial and imprisonmentHe was taken captive in Kenya on 15 February 1999 while on his way from the Greek embassy to Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in Nairobi in an operation by the Turkish National Intelligence Organization Turkish Milli Istihbarat Teskilati MIT with the help of the CIA 85 According to the Turkish Vatan newspaper the Americans transferred him to the Turkish authorities who flew him back to Turkey for trial 86 Following the capture of Ocalan the Greek Government was in turmoil over Ocalan s capture and Foreign Minister Theodoros Pangalos Interior Minister Alekos Papadopoulos and the Minister of Public Order Philipos Petsalnikos resigned from their posts 87 Costoulas the Greek ambassador who protected him said that his own life was in danger after the operation 88 According to Nucan Derya Ocalan s interpreter in Kenya the Kenyans had warned the Greek ambassador that something might happen if he didn t leave four days prior and that they were given the assurance by Pangalos that Ocalan would have safe passage to Europe Ocalan was determined to travel to Amsterdam and face the accusations of terrorism 89 Ocalan s capture led thousands of Kurds to hold worldwide protests condemning his capture at Greek and Israeli embassies Kurds living in Germany were threatened with deportation if they continued to hold demonstrations in support of Ocalan The warning came after three Kurds were killed and 16 injured during the 1999 attack on the Israeli consulate in Berlin 90 91 A group named the Revenge Hawks of Apo set fire to a department store in Kadikoy Istanbul causing the death of 13 people 92 In several European capitals and larger cities 93 as well as in Iraq Iran and also Turkey protests were organized against his capture 94 Trial Main article Trial of Abdullah Ocalan nbsp Ocalan supporters in London April 2003He was brought to Imrali island where he was interrogated for a period of 10 days without being allowed to see or speak to his lawyers 95 A state security court consisting of one military and two civilian judges was established on Imrali island to try Ocalan 96 A delegation of three Dutch lawyers who intended to defend him were not allowed to meet with their client and detained for questioning at the airport on the grounds that they acted as PKK militants and not lawyers they were sent back to the Netherlands 83 On the seventh day a judge took part in the interrogations and prepared a transcript of it 95 97 The trial began on 31 May 1999 on the Imrali island 98 in the Sea of Marmara and was organized by the Ankara State Security Court 99 During the trial he was represented by the Asrin Law Office 100 His lawyers had difficulty in representing him adequately as they were allowed only two interviews per week of initially a duration of 20 minutes and later 1 hour of which several were cancelled due to bad weather or because the authorities didn t give the permission needed for them 95 Also his lawyers were unaware of what the charges might be and received the formal indictment only after excerpts of it were already presented to the press 97 The trial was accompanied by arrests of scores of Kurdish politicians from the People s Democracy Party HADEP 101 In mid June 1999 the Grand National Assembly of Turkey approved the removal of military judges from the State Security Courts in an attempt to address criticism from the European Court of Human Rights 102 and a civilian judge assumed the post of the military judge 96 Shortly before the verdict was read out by Judge Turgut Okyay when asked about his final remarks he again offered to play a role in the peace finding process 103 Ocalan was charged with treason and separatism and sentenced to death on 29 June 1999 104 He was also banned from holding public office for life 105 On the same day Amnesty international AI demanded a re trial 97 and Human Rights Watch HRW questioned the fact that witnesses brought by the defense were not heard in the trial 104 In 1999 the Turkish Parliament discussed a so called Repentance Bill which would commute Ocalans death sentence to 20 years imprisonment and allow PKK militants to surrender with a limited amnesty but it didn t pass due to resistance from the far right around the Nationalist Movement Party MHP 106 In January 2000 the Turkish government declared the death sentence was delayed until the European Court of Human Rights ECHR reviewed the verdict 107 Upon the abolition of the death penalty in Turkey in August 2002 108 in October of that year the security court commuted his sentence to life imprisonment 109 In an attempt to reach a verdict which was more favorable to Ocalan he appealed at the ECHR at Strasbourg which accepted the case in June 2004 110 In 2005 the ECHR ruled that Turkey had violated articles 3 5 and 6 of the European Convention of Human Rights by refusing to allow Ocalan to appeal his arrest and by sentencing him to death without a fair trial 111 Ocalan s request for a retrial was refused by Turkish courts 112 Detention conditions Main article Imprisonment of Abdullah Ocalan nbsp Protest for freedom of Ocalan in Germany 21 January 2016After his capture Ocalan was held in solitary confinement as the only prisoner on Imrali island in the Sea of Marmara Following the commutation of the death sentence to a life sentence in 2002 113 Ocalan remained imprisoned on Imrali and was the sole inmate there Although former prisoners at Imrali were transferred to other prisons more than 1 000 Turkish military personnel were stationed on the island to guard him In November 2009 Turkish authorities announced that they were ending his solitary confinement by transferring several other prisoners to Imrali 114 They said that Ocalan would be allowed to see them for ten hours a week The new prison was built after the Council of Europe s Committee for the Prevention of Torture visited the island and objected to the conditions in which he was being held 115 116 From 27 July 2011 until 2 May 2019 his lawyers have not been allowed to see Abdullah Ocalan 117 From July 2011 until December 2017 his lawyers filed more than 700 appeals for visits but all were rejected 118 There have been held regular demonstrations by the Kurdish community to raise awareness of the isolation of Ocalan 119 In October 2012 several hundred Kurdish political prisoners went on hunger strike for better detention conditions for Ocalan and the right to use the Kurdish language in education and jurisprudence The hunger strike lasted 68 days until Ocalan demanded its end 120 Ocalan was banned from receiving visits almost two years from 6 October 2014 until 11 September 2016 when his brother Mehmet Ocalan visited him for Eid al Adha 121 In 2014 the ECHR ruled in that there was a violation of article 3 in regards of him being to only prisoner on Imarli island until 17 November 2009 as well as the impossibility to appeal his verdict 122 On 6 September 2018 visits from lawyers were banned for six months due to former punishments he received in the years 2005 2009 the fact that the lawyers made their conversations with Ocalan public and the impression that Ocalan was leading the PKK through communications with his lawyers 117 He was again banned from receiving visits until 12 January 2019 when his brother was permitted to visit him a second time His brother said his health was good 123 The ban on the visitation of his lawyers was lifted in April 2019 and Ocalan saw his lawyers on 2 May 2019 117 Legal prosecution of sympathizers of Abdullah OcalanIn 2008 the Justice Minister of Turkey Mehmet Ali Sahin said that between 2006 and 2007 949 people were convicted and more than 7 000 people prosecuted for calling Ocalan esteemed Sayin 124 The Kurdish peopleInvolvement in peace initiatives In November 1998 Ocalan elaborated on a 7 point peace plan according to which the Turkish attacks on Kurdish villages should stop the refugees would be allowed to return the Kurdish people would be granted autonomy within Turkey the Kurds would receive the equal democratic rights as the Turks and the Turkish government supported village guards system shall come to an end and the Kurdish language and culture was to be officially recognized 125 In January 1999 during his stay in Europe Ocalan saw the parties liberation struggle focus to have developed from guerrilla warfare to dialogue and negotiations 126 After his capture Ocalan called for a halt in PKK attacks and advocated for a peaceful solution for the Kurdish conflict inside the borders of Turkey 127 128 129 page needed In October 1999 eight PKK militants around the former European PKK spokesman Ali Sapan turned themselves in to Turkey on request of Ocalan 130 Depending on their treatment the other PKK militants would turn themselves in as well his attorney announced 130 But the eight as well as another group which surrendered a few weeks later in Istanbul were imprisoned and the peace initiative was dismissed by the Turkish Government 131 Ocalan called for the foundation of a Truth and Justice Commission by Kurdish institutions in order to investigate war crimes committed by both the PKK and Turkish security forces A similar structure began functioning in May 2006 132 In March 2005 Ocalan issued the Declaration of Democratic confederalism in Kurdistan 133 calling for a border free confederation between the Kurdish regions of Southeastern Turkey called Northern Kurdistan by Kurds 134 Northeast Syria Western Kurdistan Northern Iraq South Kurdistan and Northwestern Iran East Kurdistan In this zone three bodies of law would be implemented EU law Turkish Syrian Iraqi Iranian law and Kurdish law This proposal was adopted by the PKK programme following the Refoundation Congress in April 2005 135 Ocalan had his lawyer Ibrahim Bilmez 136 release a statement on 28 September 2006 calling on the PKK to declare a ceasefire and seek peace with Turkey Ocalan s statement said The PKK should not use weapons unless it is attacked with the aim of annihilation and it is very important to build a democratic union between Turks and Kurds With this process the way to democratic dialogue will be also opened 137 He worked on a solution for the Kurdish Turkish conflict which would include a decentralization and democratization of Turkey within the frame of the European Charter of local Self Government which was also signed by Turkey but his 160 page proposal on the subject was confiscated by the Turkish authorities in August 2009 138 On 31 May 2010 Ocalan said he was abandoning the ongoing dialogue with Turkey as this process is no longer meaningful or useful Ocalan stated that Turkey had ignored his three protocols for negotiation a his terms of health and security b his release and c a peaceful resolution to the Kurdish issue in Turkey Though the Turkish government had received Ocalan s protocols they were never released to the public Ocalan said he would leave the top PKK commanders in charge of the conflict but that this should not be misinterpreted as a call for the PKK to intensify its armed conflict with Turkey 139 140 In January 2013 peace negotiations between the PKK and the Turkish Government were initiated and from between January 141 and March he met several times with politicians of Peace and Democracy Party BDP on Imrali Island 142 On 21 March Ocalan declared a ceasefire between the PKK and the Turkish state Ocalan s statement was read to hundreds of thousands of Kurds in Diyarbakir who had gathered to celebrate the Kurdish New Year Newroz The statement said in part Let guns be silenced and politics dominate a new door is being opened from the process of armed conflict to democratization and democratic politics It s not the end It s the start of a new era 143 Soon after Ocalan s declaration the functional head of the PKK Murat Karayilan responded by promising to implement a ceasefire 144 During the peace process the pro Kurdish Peoples Democratic Party HDP entered parliament during the parliamentarian election of June 2015 145 The ceasefire ended after in July 2015 two Turkish police officers were killed in Ceylanpinar 146 Political ideological shift Since his incarceration Ocalan has significantly changed his ideology through exposure to Western social theorists such as Murray Bookchin Immanuel Wallerstein and Hannah Arendt 30 Abandoning his old Marxism Leninist 30 and Stalinist beliefs 127 147 148 Ocalan fashioned his ideal society called democratic confederalism 148 30 In early 2004 Ocalan attempted to arrange a meeting with Murray Bookchin through Ocalan s lawyers describing himself as Bookchin s student eager to adapt Bookchin s thought to Middle Eastern society Bookchin was too ill to meet with Ocalan 148 Democratic confederalism Main article Democratic confederalism Democratic confederalism is a system of popularly elected administrative councils allowing local communities to exercise autonomous control over their assets while linking to other communities via a network of confederal councils 149 Decisions are made by communes in each neighborhood village or city All are welcome to partake in the communal councils but political participation is not mandated There is no private property but rather ownership by use which grants individuals usage rights to the buildings land and infrastructure but not the right to sell and buy on the market or convert them to private enterprises 149 The economy is in the hands of the communal councils and is thus in the words of Bookchin neither collectivised nor privatised it is common 149 Feminism ecology and direct democracy are essential in democratic confederalism 150 With his 2005 Declaration of Democratic Confederalism in Kurdistan Ocalan advocated for a Kurdish implementation of Bookchin s The Ecology of Freedom via municipal assemblies as a democratic confederation of Kurdish communities beyond the state borders of Syria Iran Iraq and Turkey Ocalan promoted a platform of shared values environmentalism self defense gender equality and a pluralistic tolerance for religion politics and culture While some of his followers questioned Ocalan s conversion from Marxism Leninism to social ecology the PKK adopted Ocalan s proposal and began to form assemblies 127 It became also the ideology of the Democratic Union Party PYD and is applied in the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria AANES 30 On women s rights Ocalan is a supporter of the liberation of the women he writes in his Freedom Manifesto for Women that all slavery is based on the housewifization of women 151 He deems the woman often as being trapped in a situation where she accepts traditional gender roles and a disadvantaged relationship with a man 151 Personal lifeAccording to his own account while his father is Kurdish his mother is Turkmen 152 According to some sources Ocalan s grandmother was an ethnic Turk 153 154 Ocalan s mother Esma Ocalan Uveys 155 was rather dominant and criticised his father blaming him for their dire economic situation He later explained in an interview that it was in his childhood he learned to defend himself from injustice 156 Like many Kurds in Turkey Ocalan was raised speaking Turkish according to Amikam Nachmani lecturer at the Bar Ilan University in Israel Ocalan did not know Kurdish when he met him in 1991 Nachmani He Ocalan told me that he speaks Turkish gives orders in Turkish and thinks in Turkish 157 In 1978 Ocalan married Kesire Yildirim who he had met at the Ankara University 158 and was of a better household than the regular revolutionaries around Ocalan 159 They had a difficult marriage with reportedly many disputes and discussions 160 In 1988 while representing the PKK in Athens Greece his wife unsuccessfully attempted to overthrow Ocalan following which Yildirim went underground 159 After his sister Havva was married to a man from another village in an arranged marriage he felt regret This event led Ocalan to his policies towards the liberation of women from the traditional suppressed female role 156 Ocalan s brother Osman became a PKK commander until he defected from the PKK with several others to establish the Patriotic and Democratic Party of Kurdistan 161 His other brother Mehmet Ocalan is a member of the pro Kurdish Peace and Democracy Party BDP 162 Fatma Ocalan is the sister of Abdullah Ocalan 163 and Dilek Ocalan a former parliamentarian of the HDP is his niece 164 Omer Ocalan a current member of parliament for the HDP is his nephew 165 166 Honorary citizenshipsSeveral localities have awarded him with an honorary citizenship Palermo 167 Olympia 168 Naples 167 Castel del Giudice 169 Castelbottaccio 169 Pinerolo 95 Martano 170 Reggio Emilia 167 95 Palagonia 170 Riace 170 Berceto 171 Fossalto 172 Publications nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Abdullah Ocalan Ocalan is the author of more than 40 books four of which were written in prison Many of the notes taken from his weekly meetings with his lawyers have been edited and published He has also written articles for the newspaper Ozgur Gundem which is a newspaper that reported on the Kurdish Turkish conflict under the pseudonym of Ali Firat 173 Books Interviews and Speeches London Kurdistan Solidarity Committee Kurdistan Information Centre 1991 46 p Translation of his 1999 defense in court Archived from the original on 20 October 2007 Retrieved 24 April 2007 Prison Writings The Roots of Civilisation London Ann Arbor MI Pluto 2007 ISBN 978 0 7453 2616 0 Prison Writings Volume II The PKK and the Kurdish Question in the 21st Century London Transmedia 2011 ISBN 978 0 9567514 0 9 Democratic Confederalism London Transmedia 2011 ISBN 978 3 941012 47 9 Prison Writings III The Road Map to Negotiations Cologne International Initiative 2012 ISBN 978 3 941012 43 1 Liberating life Women s Revolution Cologne Germany International Initiative Edition 2013 ISBN 978 3 941012 82 0 Manifesto for a Democratic Civilization Volume 1 Porsgrunn Norway New Compass 2015 ISBN 978 82 93064 42 8 Defending a Civilisation when The Political Thought of Abdullah Ocalan London UK Pluto Press 2017 ISBN 978 0 7453 9976 8 Manifesto for a Democratic Civilization Volume 2 Porsgrunn Norway New Compass 2017 ISBN 978 82 93064 48 0See alsoKurdistan Free Life Party Yalcin KucukReferences International Initiative Celebrate Ocalan s birthday with us ANFNews Retrieved 18 April 2020 Turkmen Gulay 2020 Religion in Turkey s Kurdish Conflict in Djupe Paul A Rozell Mark J Jelen Ted G eds The Oxford Encyclopedia of Politics and Religion Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 acref 9780190614379 001 0001 ISBN 978 0 19 061438 6 Profile Abdullah Ocalan Greyer and tempered by long isolation PKK leader is braving the scepticism of many Turks and some of his own fighters Al Jazeera R McHugh Ocalan Abdullah 1948 Ozcan Ali Kemal Turkey s Kurds A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Ocalan London Routledge 2005 Phillips David L 2017 The Kurdish Spring A New Map of the Middle East Routledge ISBN 978 1 351 48036 9 Butler Daren 21 March 2013 Kurdish rebel chief Ocalan dons mantle of peacemaker UK Reuters Ocalan Abdullah 2015 Capitalism The Age of Unmasked Gods and Naked Kings New Compass p 115 Paul J White Primitive rebels or revolutionary modernizers The Kurdish national movement in Turkey Zed Books 2000 Professor Robert Olson University of Kentucky a b Political Violence against Americans 1999 Bureau of Diplomatic Security December 2000 p 123 ISBN 978 1 4289 6562 1 Kurdistan Workers Party PKK Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 25 July 2013 Mango Andrew 2005 Turkey and the War on Terror For Forty Years We Fought Alone Routledge London p 32 ISBN 978 0 203 68718 5 The most ruthless among them was Abdullah Ocalan known as Apo a diminutive for Abdullah the word also means uncle in Kurdish Jongerden Joost 2007 The Settlement Issue in Turkey and the Kurds An Analysis of Spatial Policies Modernity and War Leiden the Netherlands Brill p 57 ISBN 978 90 04 15557 2 In 1975 the group settled on a name the Kurdistan Revolutionaries Kurdistan Devrimcileri but others knew them as Apocu followers of Apo the nickname of Abdullah Ocalan apo is also Kurdish for uncle Traynor Ian 2 March 2013 Locked in a fateful embrace Turkey s PM and his Kurdish prisoner The Guardian Retrieved 17 February 2021 Turkey slams honorary citizenship for Ocalan ANSA it 6 March 2020 Retrieved 17 February 2021 Powell Colin 5 October 2001 2001 Report on Foreign Terrorist Organizations Foreign Terrorist Organizations Washington DC Bureau of Public Affairs U S State Department Retrieved 24 June 2017 AMs criticise Kurdish leader s treatment BBC News 20 March 2019 Retrieved 21 May 2020 Jailed PKK leader Abdullah Ocalan granted rare family visit Rudaw 3 March 2020 Retrieved 30 September 2020 Weiner Tim 20 February 1999 U S Helped Turkey Find and Capture Kurd Rebel Published 1999 The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 7 January 2021 Ocalan v Turkey App no 46221 99 ECHR 12 May 2005 Human Rights and Drugs www hr dp org Retrieved 7 January 2021 Prison island trial for Ocalan BBC News 24 March 1999 Marlies Casier Joost Jongerden Nationalisms and Politics in Turkey Political Islam Kemalism and the Kurdish Issue Taylor amp Francis 2010 p 146 Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Documents 1999 Ordinary Session fourth part September 1999 Volume VII Council of Europe 1999 p 18 Ozcan Ali Kemal 2006 Turkey s Kurds A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Ocalan Routledge p 205 ISBN 978 0 415 36687 8 Mag Katharina Kirchmayer The Case of the Isolation Regime of Abdullah Ocalan A Violation of European Human Rights Law and Standards GRIN Verlag 2010 p 37 Jailed PKK leader visit ban lifted Turkish minister says Reuters 16 May 2019 What kind of peace The case of the Turkish and Kurdish peace process openDemocracy Retrieved 7 January 2021 Argentieri Benedetta 3 February 2015 One group battling Islamic State has a secret weapon female fighters Reuters Archived from the original on 22 August 2019 Retrieved 24 November 2016 Lau Anna Baran Erdelan Sirinathsingh Melanie 18 November 2016 A Kurdish response to climate change openDemocracy Archived from the original on 12 November 2017 Retrieved 24 November 2016 a b c d e Novellis Andrea The Rise of Feminism in the PKK Ideology or Strategy PDF Zanj The Journal of Critical Global South Studies 2 116 Archived PDF from the original on 15 July 2021 A Short Biography Kurdistan Workers Party Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 Retrieved 2 February 2015 Kutschera Chris 1999 Abdullah Ocalan s Last Interview Archived from the original on 17 October 2013 Retrieved 15 October 2013 Aliza Marcus Blood and Belief New York University Press 2007 p 16 Marcus Aliza April 2009 Blood and Belief The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence NYU Press p 17 ISBN 978 0 8147 9587 3 a b c d Marcus Aliza April 2009 pp 17 18 a b c d Brauns Nikolaus Kiechle Brigitte 2010 PKK Perspektiven des kurdischen Freiheitskampfes zwischen Selbstbestimmung EU und Islam in German Schmetterling Verlag p 39 ISBN 978 3 89657 564 7 Marcus Aliza 2009 p 23 Yilmaz Kamil 2014 Disengaging from Terrorism Lessons from the Turkish Penitents Routledge p 32 ISBN 978 1 317 96449 0 Koru Fehmi 8 June 1999 Too many questions but not enough answers Turkish Daily News Archived from the original on 13 February 2009 Retrieved 22 December 2008 Nevzat Cicek 31 July 2008 Pilot Necati sivil istihbaratciymis Taraf in Turkish Archived from the original on 9 August 2008 Retrieved 4 January 2009 Abdullah Ocalan in Istanbul dan Ankara ya gelmesine keske izin verilmeseydi O zamanlar Dev Genc i bolmek icin boyle bir yol izlendi Kurt genclerini Marksistler in elinden kurtarmak ve Dev Genc in bolunmesi hedeflendi Bunda basarili olundu olunmasina ama Abdullah Ocalan yagdan kil ceker gibi kaydi gitti Keske Tuzlucayir da oldurulseydi Ocalan Used Charisma Guns Bombs AP NEWS Retrieved 14 May 2021 Who is who in Turkish politics PDF Heinrich Boll Stiftung pp 11 13 Archived from the original PDF on 15 November 2019 Retrieved 15 November 2019 a b Jongerden Joost Akkaya Ahmet Hamdi 1 June 2012 The Kurdistan Workers Party and a New Left in Turkey Analysis of the revolutionary movement in Turkey through the PKK s memorial text on Haki Karer European Journal of Turkish Studies Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey 14 doi 10 4000 ejts 4613 ISSN 1773 0546 Archived from the original on 16 February 2020 Retrieved 18 May 2019 Jongerden Joost Akkaya Ahmet Hamdi 1 June 2012 The Kurdistan Workers Party and a New Left in Turkey Analysis of the revolutionary movement in Turkey through the PKK s memorial text on Haki Karer European Journal of Turkish Studies Social Sciences on 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Abdullah Ocalan gazzettadellemilia it in Italian Retrieved 6 October 2019 Protest gegen turkischen Druck auf italienische Stadtverwaltungen ANF News in German Retrieved 10 March 2020 Marcus Aliza August 2007 Blood and Belief The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence NYU Press p 191 ISBN 978 0 8147 5711 6 Further readingKaminaris Spiros Ch June 1999 Greece and the Middle East Middle East Review of International Affairs Volume 3 Number 2 Ozcan Ali Kemal 2005 Turkey s Kurds A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Ocalan London amp New York Routledge ISBN 0 415 36687 9 Parkinson Joe and Ayla Albayrak 15 March 2013 Kurd Locked in Solitary Cell Holds Key to Turkish Peace The Wall Street Journal archived copy External links nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Abdullah Ocalan Books by Abdullah Ocalan Freedom for Abdullah Ocalan Peace in Kurdistan International Initiative Special report The Ocalan file BBC News 26 November 1999 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Abdullah Ocalan amp oldid 1207775818, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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