Polypodium vulgare
Polypodium vulgare, the common polypody, is an evergreen fern of the family Polypodiaceae. Polypodium vulgare is an allotetraploid species, believed to have arisen by chromosome doubling of a sterile diploid hybrid between two ferns which are not known in Europe. The fern's proposed parents are the northern Asian and northern North American Polypodium sibiricum and western North American Polypodium glycyrrhiza.[1] Biochemical data point to a species from eastern Asia as the second possible parent. The name is derived from poly (many) and pous, podos (a foot). Polypody has traditional uses in cooking for its aroma and sweet taste, and in herbal medicine as a purgative and vermifuge.
| Polypodium vulgare | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Division: | Polypodiophyta |
| Class: | Polypodiopsida |
| Order: | Polypodiales |
| Suborder: | Polypodiineae |
| Family: | Polypodiaceae |
| Genus: | Polypodium |
| Species: | P. vulgare |
| Binomial name | |
| Polypodium vulgare | |
Description
Polypodium vulgare, the common polypody, is a fern developing in isolation from along a horizontal rhizome. The fronds with triangular leaflets measure 10 to 50 centimetres (3.9 to 19.7 in). They are divided all the way back to the central stem in 10 to 18 pairs of segments or leaflets.
The leaflets become much shorter at the end of the frond. The leaflets are generally whole or slightly denticulated and somewhat wider at their base, where they often touch each other. They have an alternating arrangement, those on one side being slightly offset from those on the other side. The petioles have no scales.
The sori are found on the lower side of the fronds and range in colour from bright yellow to orange. They became dark grey at maturity.
- Period of sporulation: July to September.
- Mode of dissemination: anemochory (wind dispersal).
Geographical distribution
The common polypody occurs throughout western Europe and North Africa.[2] It is very common in France, where it is found up to an altitude of 2,000 metres (6,600 ft).[citation needed] It is also quite common in Scandinavia and Carpathian Mountains. It is an introduced species in New Zealand, that has begun to spread into the wild as an invasive species.[3]
Habitat
This fern is found in shaded and semi-shaded locations. It is a lithophyte (grows on rocks), and is found growing in the moss on old walls, cliffs, cracks in rocks, and in rocky undergrowth; also as an epiphyte on mossy trees.
Uses
- In cooking: The rhizome has a bittersweet taste. It has traditionally been used in some confectionery such as nougat for its aromatic properties. In 1971, a saponin, osladin was found in the roots and believed to be the compound responsible for the sweet taste as it elicits a relative sweetness 500 times sweeter than sugar (by weight).[4]
- Medicinal: The dried rhizome is used in herbal medicine as a purgative and vermifuge; these properties are due to the phytoecdysteroids in the rhizome.[5]
Research
P. vulgare plays the primary role in understanding of plant stomata responses to humidity. The Otto Lange group at the University of Würzburg first showed that stomatal opening and closing was performed in response to environmental humidity with Lange et al 1971,[6][7] and continued to use it to further illuminate stomatal-humidity responses in stomata-humidty-temperature dynamics in Lösch 1977 & 1979,[8] and metabolic energy supply to fuel stomatal articulation in Lösch & Tenhunen 1981.[9]
Gallery
- A Sycamore covered with epiphytic Common Polypody ferns.
Polypodium vulgare
Polypodium vulgare, illustration
Polypodium vulgare, sorus detail
Note
- The name Polypodium vulgare is sometimes applied to the Polypodium virginianum (rock polypody). Licorice fern is also known as Polypodium glycyrrhiza.
References
- ^ Haufler, Christopher H.; Windham, Michael D.; Rabe, Eric W. (1995). "Reticulate Evolution in the Polypodium vulgare Complex". Systematic Botany. 20 (2): 89–109. doi:10.2307/2419442. JSTOR 2419442.
- ^ Map
- ^ "Appendix one: Invasive weeds". www.doc.govt.nz. Retrieved 2019-04-01.
- ^ (in English) J Jizba, L Dolejs, V Herout & F Sorm, "The structure of osladin — The sweet principle of the rhizomes of Polypodium vulgare L.", in Tetrahedron Lett., vol. 18, 1971, p. 1329-1332. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(01)96701-2.
- ^ Camps, F.; Claveria, E.; Coll, J.; Marco, M. P.; Messeguer, J.; Mela, E. (1990). "Ecdysteroid production in tissue cultures of Polypodium vulgare". Phytochemistry. 29 (12): 3819. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(90)85339-H.
- ^ Mooney, H. A. (1999). "On the Road to Global Ecology". Annual Review of Energy and the Environment. Annual Reviews. 24 (1): 1–31. doi:10.1146/annurev.energy.24.1.1. ISSN 1056-3466.
- ^ Raschke, K (1975). "Stomatal Action". Annual Review of Plant Physiology. Annual Reviews. 26 (1): 309–340. doi:10.1146/annurev.pp.26.060175.001521. ISSN 0066-4294.
- ^ Berry, J; Bjorkman, O (1980). "Photosynthetic Response and Adaptation to Temperature in Higher Plants". Annual Review of Plant Physiology. Annual Reviews. 31 (1): 491–543. doi:10.1146/annurev.pp.31.060180.002423. ISSN 0066-4294.
- ^ Zeiger, E (1983). "The Biology of Stomatal Guard Cells". Annual Review of Plant Physiology. Annual Reviews. 34 (1): 441–474. doi:10.1146/annurev.pp.34.060183.002301. ISSN 0066-4294.
Further reading
- Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Copyright 1994. Jim Pojar and Andy MacKinnon. Lone Pine Publishing, Vancouver, BC.
- CT-botanical-society.org: Polypodium vulgare - Polypodium virginianum
External links
- Den virtuella floran: Polypodium vulgare (in Swedish)