Polygonatum comes from the ancient Greek for "many knees", referring to the multiple jointed rhizome.[5] One explanation for the derivation of the common name "Solomon's seal" is that the roots bear depressions which resemble royal seals. Another is that the cut roots resemble Hebrew characters.[6]
Polygonatum biflorum(Walter) Elliott (including Polygonatum commutatum) – Solomon's seal, smooth or great Solomon's seal – Eastern and central North America
Polygonatum brevistylumBaker
Polygonatum × buschianumTzvelev
Polygonatum campanulatumG.W.Hu
Polygonatum cathcartiiBaker
Polygonatum cirrhifolium(Wall.) Royle – tendril-leaf Solomon's seal – Southern China
Polygonatum costatumFloden
Polygonatum cryptanthumH.Lév. & Vaniot
Polygonatum curvistylumHua
Polygonatum cyrtonemaHua – Solomon's seal – Eastern Asia
Polygonatum daminenseH.J.Yang & D.F.Cui
Polygonatum × desoulavyiKom.
Polygonatum × domonenseSatake
Polygonatum falcatumA.Gray – Eastern Asia
Polygonatum filipesMerr. ex C.Jeffrey & McEwan
Polygonatum franchetiiHua
Polygonatum geminiflorumDecne.
Polygonatum glaberrimumK.Koch
Polygonatum gongshanenseL.H.Zhao & X.J.He
Polygonatum govanianumRoyle
Polygonatum graminifoliumHook.
Polygonatum grandicauleY.S.Kim, B.U.Oh & C.G.Jang
Polygonatum griffithiiBaker
Polygonatum hirtellumHand.-Mazz.
Polygonatum hookeriBaker
Polygonatum humileFisch. ex Maxim. – dwarf Solomon's seal – Eastern Asia
Many species have long been used as food in China, such as Polygonatum sibiricum. Leaves, stems, and rhizomes are used raw or cooked and served as a side dish with meat and rice. The rhizomes of two local species are eaten with chicken's or pig's feet during festivals. The rhizomes are used to make tea or soaked in wine or liquor to flavor the beverages. They are also fried with sugar and honey to make sweet snacks. The starchy rhizomes can be dried, ground, and added to flour to supplement food staples. The rhizome of P. sibiricum is pulped, boiled, strained, and thickened with barley flour to make a sweet liquid seasoning agent called tangxi. At times, people in China have relied on P. megaphyllum as a famine food.[4]
The shoots of some Polygonatum can be boiled and used like asparagus. P. cirrifolium and P. verticillatum are used as leafy vegetables in India. The American species P. biflorum has a starchy root that was eaten like the potato and used as flour for bread.[4]
P. sibiricum is used for a tea called dungulle in Korea.[4]
Traditional medicine
This section needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. Please review the contents of the section and add the appropriate references if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Polygonatum" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR(October 2015)
The traditional use of Polygonatum in the treatment of diabetes was first observed in 1930 by Hedwig Langecker. After experiments, she concluded that it was effective in fighting nutritional hyperglycemia, though not that caused by adrenaline release, probably due to its glucokinin content.[10][full citation needed]
P. verticillatum is used in Ayurveda as an aphrodisiac.[11] It is also used to treat pain, fever, inflammation, allergy, and weakness.[12]
An herbal remedy called rhizoma polygonati is a mix of Polygonatum species used in traditional Chinese medicine. It is supposed to strengthen various organs and enhance the qi.[4] Polygonatum is believed to be restorative to mental vitality, especially when the mind has been overworked, overstressed, or is in a state of exhaustion.[13]
^Chase, M. W.; Reveal, J. L. & Fay, M. F. (2009), "A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161 (2): 132–136, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x
^ abcdeWujisguleng, W., et al. (2012). Ethnobotanical review of food uses of Polygonatum (Convallariaceae) in China. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 81(4) 239-44.
^Coombes, A. J. (2012). The A to Z of Plant Names. USA: Timber Press. pp. 312. ISBN9781604691962.
^RHS A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN978-1405332965.
^Source:Quer, Pío Font "Plantas Medicinales - El Dioscórides renovado". 1961/2005 Barcelona: Ediciones Península, ISBN9788483072424
^Kasmi, I., et al. (2012). Aphrodisiac properties of Polygonatum verticillatum leaf extract. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease S841-45.
^Khan, H., et al. (2011). Antinociceptive activity of aerial parts of Polygonatum verticillatum: Attenuation of both peripheral and central pain mediators. Phytotherapy Research 25(7) 1024-30.
^Teeguarden, Ron (1 March 2000). The Ancient Wisdom of the Chinese Tonic Herbs (1st ed.). Grand Central Publishing. p. 216. ISBN978-0446675062.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Polygonatum.
January 31, 2023
polygonatum, confused, with, polygonum, also, known, king, solomon, seal, solomon, seal, genus, flowering, plants, classification, system, placed, family, asparagaceae, subfamily, nolinoideae, formerly, family, ruscaceae, also, been, classified, former, family. Not to be confused with Polygonum Polygonatum ˌ p ɒ l ɪ ˈ ɡ ɒ n e t em 2 also known as King Solomon s seal or Solomon s seal is a genus of flowering plants In the APG III classification system it is placed in the family Asparagaceae subfamily Nolinoideae formerly the family Ruscaceae 3 It has also been classified in the former family Convallariaceae and like many lilioid monocots was formerly classified in the lily family Liliaceae The genus is distributed throughout the temperate Northern Hemisphere Most of the approximately 63 species occur in Asia with 20 endemic to China 4 PolygonatumPolygonatum multiflorumScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade MonocotsOrder AsparagalesFamily AsparagaceaeSubfamily NolinoideaeGenus PolygonatumMill Synonyms 1 Axillaria Raf Salomonia Heist ex Fabr Evallaria Neck Siphyalis Raf Codomale Raf Troxilanthes Raf Campydorum Salisb Sigillum Montandon in F Friche Joset Periballanthus Franch amp Sav Contents 1 Etymology 2 Description 3 Taxonomy 3 1 Species 4 Uses 4 1 Gardening 4 2 Food 4 3 Traditional medicine 5 See also 6 ReferencesEtymology EditPolygonatum comes from the ancient Greek for many knees referring to the multiple jointed rhizome 5 One explanation for the derivation of the common name Solomon s seal is that the roots bear depressions which resemble royal seals Another is that the cut roots resemble Hebrew characters 6 Description EditThe fruits are red or black berries Taxonomy Edit Polygonatum humile Fruit of Polygonatum odoratum Polygonatum verticillatum Species Edit The following species are recognised in the genus Polygonatum 7 Polygonatum acuminatifolium Kom Polygonatum adnatum S Yun Liang Polygonatum amabile Yatabe Polygonatum angelicum Floden Polygonatum annamense Floden Polygonatum arisanense Hayata Polygonatum autumnale Floden Polygonatum azegamii Ohwi M N Tamura Polygonatum biflorum Walter Elliott including Polygonatum commutatum Solomon s seal smooth or great Solomon s seal Eastern and central North America Polygonatum brevistylum Baker Polygonatum buschianum Tzvelev Polygonatum campanulatum G W Hu Polygonatum cathcartii Baker Polygonatum cirrhifolium Wall Royle tendril leaf Solomon s seal Southern China Polygonatum costatum Floden Polygonatum cryptanthum H Lev amp Vaniot Polygonatum curvistylum Hua Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua Solomon s seal Eastern Asia Polygonatum daminense H J Yang amp D F Cui Polygonatum desoulavyi Kom Polygonatum domonense Satake Polygonatum falcatum A Gray Eastern Asia Polygonatum filipes Merr ex C Jeffrey amp McEwan Polygonatum franchetii Hua Polygonatum geminiflorum Decne Polygonatum glaberrimum K Koch Polygonatum gongshanense L H Zhao amp X J He Polygonatum govanianum Royle Polygonatum graminifolium Hook Polygonatum grandicaule Y S Kim B U Oh amp C G Jang Polygonatum griffithii Baker Polygonatum hirtellum Hand Mazz Polygonatum hookeri Baker Polygonatum humile Fisch ex Maxim dwarf Solomon s seal Eastern Asia Polygonatum hybridum Brugger garden Solomon s seal Europe Polygonatum inflatum Kom Eastern Asia Polygonatum infundiflorum Y S Kim B U Oh amp C G Jang Polygonatum involucratum Franch amp Sav Maxim Asia Polygonatum jinzhaiense D C Zhang amp J Z Shao Polygonatum kingianum Collett amp Hemsl Solomon s seal Asia Polygonatum krylovii Ameljcz amp Malachova A L Ebel Polygonatum lasianthum Maxim Korean Solomon s seal 8 Eastern Asia Polygonatum latifolium Jacq Desf Polygonatum leiboense S C Chen amp D Q Liu Polygonatum longistylum Y Wan ex C Z Gao Polygonatum luteoverrucosum Floden Polygonatum macranthum Maxim Koidz Polygonatum macropodum Turcz big footed Solomon s seal Asia Polygonatum megaphyllum P Y Li Polygonatum mengtzense F T Wang amp Tang Polygonatum multiflorum L All common Solomon s seal Europe Polygonatum nervulosum Baker Polygonatum nodosum Hua Polygonatum odoratum Mill Druce scented or angular Solomon s seal Europe Polygonatum omeiense Z Y Zhu Polygonatum oppositifolium Wall Royle Polygonatum orientale Desf oriental Solomon s seal Western Asia Eastern Europe Polygonatum prattii Baker Polygonatum pseudopolyanthemum Miscz ex Grossh Polygonatum pubescens Willd Pursh downy hairy Solomon s seal Eastern North America Polygonatum punctatum Royle ex Kunth Polygonatum qinghaiense Z L Wu amp Y C Yang Polygonatum robustum Korsh Nakai Polygonatum roseum Ledeb Kunth Polygonatum sewerzowii Regel Polygonatum sibiricum Redoute Huang Jing Siberian Solomon s seal Eastern Asia Polygonatum singalilense H Hara Polygonatum sparsifolium F T Wang amp Tang Polygonatum stenophyllum Maxim Polygonatum stewartianum Diels Polygonatum tamaense H Hara Polygonatum tessellatum F T Wang amp Tang Polygonatum tsinlingense Tsui Polygonatum undulatifolium Floden Polygonatum urceolatum J M H Shaw Floden Polygonatum verticillatum L All whorled Solomon s seal Europe Polygonatum wardii F T Wang amp Tang Polygonatum yunnanense H Lev Polygonatum zanlanscianense Pamp Polygonatum zhejiangensis X J Xue amp H YaoUses EditGardening Edit Several species are valued as ornamental plants including 9 Polygonatum biflorum Polygonatum hirtum Polygonatum hookeri Polygonatum humile Polygonatum hybridum Polygonatum multiflorum Polygonatum odoratum Polygonatum stewartianum Polygonatum verticillatum Food Edit Many species have long been used as food in China such as Polygonatum sibiricum Leaves stems and rhizomes are used raw or cooked and served as a side dish with meat and rice The rhizomes of two local species are eaten with chicken s or pig s feet during festivals The rhizomes are used to make tea or soaked in wine or liquor to flavor the beverages They are also fried with sugar and honey to make sweet snacks The starchy rhizomes can be dried ground and added to flour to supplement food staples The rhizome of P sibiricum is pulped boiled strained and thickened with barley flour to make a sweet liquid seasoning agent called tangxi At times people in China have relied on P megaphyllum as a famine food 4 The shoots of some Polygonatum can be boiled and used like asparagus P cirrifolium and P verticillatum are used as leafy vegetables in India The American species P biflorum has a starchy root that was eaten like the potato and used as flour for bread 4 P sibiricum is used for a tea called dungulle in Korea 4 Traditional medicine Edit This section needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources Please review the contents of the section and add the appropriate references if you can Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Polygonatum news newspapers books scholar JSTOR October 2015 The traditional use of Polygonatum in the treatment of diabetes was first observed in 1930 by Hedwig Langecker After experiments she concluded that it was effective in fighting nutritional hyperglycemia though not that caused by adrenaline release probably due to its glucokinin content 10 full citation needed P verticillatum is used in Ayurveda as an aphrodisiac 11 It is also used to treat pain fever inflammation allergy and weakness 12 An herbal remedy called rhizoma polygonati is a mix of Polygonatum species used in traditional Chinese medicine It is supposed to strengthen various organs and enhance the qi 4 Polygonatum is believed to be restorative to mental vitality especially when the mind has been overworked overstressed or is in a state of exhaustion 13 See also EditMaianthemumReferences Edit Search for Polygonatum World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Royal Botanic Gardens Kew retrieved 2014 06 26 Sunset Western Garden Book 1995 606 607 Chase M W Reveal J L amp Fay M F 2009 A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 2 132 136 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8339 2009 00999 x a b c d e Wujisguleng W et al 2012 Ethnobotanical review of food uses of Polygonatum Convallariaceae in China Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 81 4 239 44 Coombes A J 2012 The A to Z of Plant Names USA Timber Press pp 312 ISBN 9781604691962 Solomon s Seal Botanical com Polygonatum Mill Plants of the World Online Kew Science Plants of the World Online Retrieved 2022 07 19 English Names for Korean Native Plants PDF Pocheon Korea National Arboretum 2015 p 582 ISBN 978 89 97450 98 5 Archived from the original PDF on 25 May 2017 Retrieved 24 December 2016 via Korea Forest Service RHS A Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants United Kingdom Dorling Kindersley 2008 p 1136 ISBN 978 1405332965 Source Quer Pio Font Plantas Medicinales El Dioscorides renovado 1961 2005 Barcelona Ediciones Peninsula ISBN 9788483072424 Kasmi I et al 2012 Aphrodisiac properties of Polygonatum verticillatum leaf extract Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease S841 45 Khan H et al 2011 Antinociceptive activity of aerial parts of Polygonatum verticillatum Attenuation of both peripheral and central pain mediators Phytotherapy Research 25 7 1024 30 Teeguarden Ron 1 March 2000 The Ancient Wisdom of the Chinese Tonic Herbs 1st ed Grand Central Publishing p 216 ISBN 978 0446675062 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Polygonatum Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Polygonatum amp oldid 1123443459, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
