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Piyama-Radu

January 01, 1970

Piyamaradu (also spelled Piyama-Radu, Piyama Radu, Piyamaradus, Piyamaraduš) was a warlord mentioned in Hittite documents from the middle and late 13th century BC. As an ally of the Ahhiyawa, he led or supported insurrections against the Hittite empire in Western Anatolia. His history is of particular interest since his area of activity may have included Wilusa, thus suggesting a potential connection to the myth of the Trojan War.

Meaning of the name edit

The name appears to be a compound with Luwian piyama "gift" as its first part. Other Luwian names containing the same word are attested, such as Piyama-Kurunta.

The second part of the word was earlier believed to be an unknown theonym *Radu,[1] but since Luwian words do not start with an r, it must be aradu, which may be a noun meaning "devotee", derived "from *arada- 'religious community (vel sim.)', itself a derivative of *ara- 'associate' (cf. Hittite ara- 'id.').[2]

The identity and exploits of Piyamaradu edit

Piyamaradu's renegade activities are remarkable for their duration, having spanned at least 35 years,[3] during which time he posed a considerable threat to three Hittite kings: Muwatalli II, Hattusili III, and Tudhaliya IV.

Some scholars speculate that Piyamaradu was the legitimate heir of Uhha-Ziti, a previous king of Arzawa who was dethroned by the Hittite king Mursili II; perhaps he was the son of Uhha-Ziti's son Piyama-Kurunta.[4] However, Piyamaradu is nowhere referred to as a prince, and Bryce and Sommers prefer to describe him as a "rebellious Hittite dignitary".[5] His attacks and raids in Western Anatolia on the Hittite vassal states of Arzawa, Seha, Lazpa (Lesbos) and Wilusa (Troy) have been interpreted as an attempt to reassert his own dynastic claim. He probably made a concurrent plea to the Great King of Hatti[6] to be accepted as a Hittite vassal king.

When his application was deprecated, he rebelled, and the Great King of Hatti suppressed him through the agency of a trusted vassal, Manapa-Tarhunta. Piyamaradu turned for support to the Great King of Ahhiyawa (Achaea, i.e. Mycenean Greece), and married his daughter to Atpa, the vassal ruler of Millawanda (Miletus).

Because he had allied with the Great King of Ahhiyawa against the Great King of Hatti, the Hittite archives call Piyamaradu a "troublemaker", "adventurer", "freebooter", or "mercenary", though he may have considered himself merely to be upholding his own (hereditary?) rights. The salience of his exploits in the record, together with his name and claim, render his dynastic descent plausible, but still entirely speculative.

Identification with Homeric personages edit

Piyamaradu has been conjectured to correspond to the archetype embodied in the epic/legendary Priam of Troy in the Iliad.[7] Konstantinos Kopanias also suggests that Greek oral tradition remembering Piyamaradu's exploits served as the basis for later stories about Achilles in the Epic Cycle.[8]

Hittite archives edit

The relevant Hittite archival correspondence referring to him include:

  • Manapa-Tarhunta letter "...a notorious local troublemaker called Piyamaradu is harrying Wilusiya, a land of the Assuwa federation loosely allied with the Hittite Empire. The Hittite king has apparently ordered Manapa-Tarhunda to drive out Piyamaradu himself, but Manapa-Tarhunda's attempt has failed, so that a Hittite force is now sent out to deal with the problem."
  • Tawagalawa letter "The letter would be more appropriately known as the 'Piyama-Radu letter'".
  • Milawata letter "Like the Tawagalawa letter and also the Manapa-Tarhunta letter, the Milawata letter mentions the infamous adventurer Piyama-Radu; but as a figure of the past."
  • Letter from a King of Hatti (Hattusili III?) to another Great King. Includes a reference to Piyamaradu along with the King of Ahhiyawa, but the text is too fragmentary for interpretation.[9]
  • Votive Prayer of Puduhepa, consort of Hattusili III and chief priestess. Dated to the mid-thirteenth century B.C.E., Puduhepa has traveled to the sea to make an offering in return for the sea god's intervention in apprehending Piyamaradu. One other god is appealed to, but the reference to the god's name is fragmentary.[10]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Arzawa Pages 2004-02-02 at the Wayback Machine; see Theophoric names, and compare to the Hebrew form Jonathan ("Gift of Jehova").
  2. ^ Cf. I.S. Yakubovich, Sociolinguistics of the Luvian Language, p. 113.
  3. ^ Gary M. Beckman, Trevor R. Bryce, and Eric H. Cline The Ahhijawa Texts 2011, Atlanta, Society of Biblical Literature, p.251.
  4. ^ F. Starke, "Troia im Kontext des historisch-politischen und sprachlichen Umfeldes Kleinasiens im 2. Jahrtausend", Studia Troica 7 (1997), p. 450-454; J.D. Hawkins, "Tarkasnawa King of Mira", Anatolian Studies 48 (1998), p. 17; W.-D. Niemeier, ”Westkleinasien und Ägäis von den Anfängen bis zur Ionischen Wanderung”, in: Frühes Ionien, 2007, p. 79.
  5. ^ Harry A. Hoffner and Gary M. Beckman, Letters from the Hittite Kingdom 2009, Atlanta, Society of Biblical Literature, p. 300.
  6. ^ Muwatalli II according to Gurney; Hattusili III, according to an earlier consensus
  7. ^ S.P. Morris, "A Tale of Two Cities", American Journal of Archaeology 93 (1989), p. 532.
  8. ^ Kopanias, K. "Deconstructing Achilles. The Stories about Piyamaradu and the Making of a Homeric Hero." P Pavúk, Klontza-Jaklová, V, and Harding, A. ΕΥΔΑΙΜΩΝ. Studies in Honor of Jan Bouzek. Prague: Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague. 2018. p. 64.
  9. ^ Gary M. Beckman, Trevor R. Bryce, and Eric H. Cline The Ahhijawa Texts 2011, Atlanta, Society of Biblical Literature, pp.168-171.
  10. ^ Gary M. Beckman, Trevor R. Bryce, and Eric H. Cline The Ahhijawa Texts 2011, Atlanta, Society of Biblical Literature, pp.248-252.

Bibliography edit

  • ;
  • Heinhold-Krahmer, Susanne.
    • 1986. "Untersuchungen zu Piyamaradu (Teil II)." Orientalia 55.47-62.
    • 1983. "Untersuchungen zu Piyamaradu (Teil I)." Orientalia 52.81-97.
  • Gurney, Oliver 2002. "The authorship of the Tawagalawas Letter." Silva Anatolica Vol. 2002, pp. 133–141.
  • Beckman, Gary M., Bryce, Trevor R., Cline, Eric H. The Ahhijawa Texts 2011, Atlanta, Society of Biblical Literature.
  • Hoffner, Harry A., and Beckman, Gary M., Letters from the Hittite Kingdom 2009, Atlanta, Society of Biblical Literature
  • Max Gander (2014), An Alternative View on the Location of Arzawa. Hittitology today: Studies on Hittite and Neo-Hittite Anatolia in Honor of Emmanuel Laroche’s 100th Birthday. Alice Mouton, ed. p. 163-190

External sites edit

  • Piyamaradu Università degli Studi di Firenze - sagas.unifi.it

January 01, 1970
piyama, radu, piyamaradu, also, spelled, piyama, radu, piyamaradus, piyamaraduš, warlord, mentioned, hittite, documents, from, middle, late, 13th, century, ally, ahhiyawa, supported, insurrections, against, hittite, empire, western, anatolia, history, particul. Piyamaradu also spelled Piyama Radu Piyama Radu Piyamaradus Piyamaradus was a warlord mentioned in Hittite documents from the middle and late 13th century BC As an ally of the Ahhiyawa he led or supported insurrections against the Hittite empire in Western Anatolia His history is of particular interest since his area of activity may have included Wilusa thus suggesting a potential connection to the myth of the Trojan War Contents 1 Meaning of the name 2 The identity and exploits of Piyamaradu 3 Identification with Homeric personages 4 Hittite archives 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External sitesMeaning of the name editThe name appears to be a compound with Luwian piyama gift as its first part Other Luwian names containing the same word are attested such as Piyama Kurunta The second part of the word was earlier believed to be an unknown theonym Radu 1 but since Luwian words do not start with an r it must be aradu which may be a noun meaning devotee derived from arada religious community vel sim itself a derivative of ara associate cf Hittite ara id 2 The identity and exploits of Piyamaradu editPiyamaradu s renegade activities are remarkable for their duration having spanned at least 35 years 3 during which time he posed a considerable threat to three Hittite kings Muwatalli II Hattusili III and Tudhaliya IV Some scholars speculate that Piyamaradu was the legitimate heir of Uhha Ziti a previous king of Arzawa who was dethroned by the Hittite king Mursili II perhaps he was the son of Uhha Ziti s son Piyama Kurunta 4 However Piyamaradu is nowhere referred to as a prince and Bryce and Sommers prefer to describe him as a rebellious Hittite dignitary 5 His attacks and raids in Western Anatolia on the Hittite vassal states of Arzawa Seha Lazpa Lesbos and Wilusa Troy have been interpreted as an attempt to reassert his own dynastic claim He probably made a concurrent plea to the Great King of Hatti 6 to be accepted as a Hittite vassal king When his application was deprecated he rebelled and the Great King of Hatti suppressed him through the agency of a trusted vassal Manapa Tarhunta Piyamaradu turned for support to the Great King of Ahhiyawa Achaea i e Mycenean Greece and married his daughter to Atpa the vassal ruler of Millawanda Miletus Because he had allied with the Great King of Ahhiyawa against the Great King of Hatti the Hittite archives call Piyamaradu a troublemaker adventurer freebooter or mercenary though he may have considered himself merely to be upholding his own hereditary rights The salience of his exploits in the record together with his name and claim render his dynastic descent plausible but still entirely speculative Identification with Homeric personages editPiyamaradu has been conjectured to correspond to the archetype embodied in the epic legendary Priam of Troy in the Iliad 7 Konstantinos Kopanias also suggests that Greek oral tradition remembering Piyamaradu s exploits served as the basis for later stories about Achilles in the Epic Cycle 8 Hittite archives editThe relevant Hittite archival correspondence referring to him include Manapa Tarhunta letter a notorious local troublemaker called Piyamaradu is harrying Wilusiya a land of the Assuwa federation loosely allied with the Hittite Empire The Hittite king has apparently ordered Manapa Tarhunda to drive out Piyamaradu himself but Manapa Tarhunda s attempt has failed so that a Hittite force is now sent out to deal with the problem Tawagalawa letter The letter would be more appropriately known as the Piyama Radu letter Milawata letter Like the Tawagalawa letter and also the Manapa Tarhunta letter the Milawata letter mentions the infamous adventurer Piyama Radu but as a figure of the past Letter from a King of Hatti Hattusili III to another Great King Includes a reference to Piyamaradu along with the King of Ahhiyawa but the text is too fragmentary for interpretation 9 Votive Prayer of Puduhepa consort of Hattusili III and chief priestess Dated to the mid thirteenth century B C E Puduhepa has traveled to the sea to make an offering in return for the sea god s intervention in apprehending Piyamaradu One other god is appealed to but the reference to the god s name is fragmentary 10 See also editKingdom of Mira Luwians Madduwatta Seha River LandReferences edit Arzawa Pages Archived 2004 02 02 at the Wayback Machine see Theophoric names and compare to the Hebrew form Jonathan Gift of Jehova Cf I S Yakubovich Sociolinguistics of the Luvian Language p 113 Gary M Beckman Trevor R Bryce and Eric H Cline The Ahhijawa Texts 2011 Atlanta Society of Biblical Literature p 251 F Starke Troia im Kontext des historisch politischen und sprachlichen Umfeldes Kleinasiens im 2 Jahrtausend Studia Troica 7 1997 p 450 454 J D Hawkins Tarkasnawa King of Mira Anatolian Studies 48 1998 p 17 W D Niemeier Westkleinasien und Agais von den Anfangen bis zur Ionischen Wanderung in Fruhes Ionien 2007 p 79 Harry A Hoffner and Gary M Beckman Letters from the Hittite Kingdom 2009 Atlanta Society of Biblical Literature p 300 Muwatalli II according to Gurney Hattusili III according to an earlier consensus S P Morris A Tale of Two Cities American Journal of Archaeology 93 1989 p 532 Kopanias K Deconstructing Achilles The Stories about Piyamaradu and the Making of a Homeric Hero P Pavuk Klontza Jaklova V and Harding A EYDAIMWN Studies in Honor of Jan Bouzek Prague Faculty of Arts Charles University in Prague 2018 p 64 Gary M Beckman Trevor R Bryce and Eric H Cline The Ahhijawa Texts 2011 Atlanta Society of Biblical Literature pp 168 171 Gary M Beckman Trevor R Bryce and Eric H Cline The Ahhijawa Texts 2011 Atlanta Society of Biblical Literature pp 248 252 Bibliography edit nbsp Asia portal American Journal of Archaeology Online Forum The Importance of Troy in the Late Bronze Age 2005 03 10 Heinhold Krahmer Susanne 1986 Untersuchungen zu Piyamaradu Teil II Orientalia 55 47 62 1983 Untersuchungen zu Piyamaradu Teil I Orientalia 52 81 97 Gurney Oliver 2002 The authorship of the Tawagalawas Letter Silva Anatolica Vol 2002 pp 133 141 Beckman Gary M Bryce Trevor R Cline Eric H The Ahhijawa Texts 2011 Atlanta Society of Biblical Literature Hoffner Harry A and Beckman Gary M Letters from the Hittite Kingdom 2009 Atlanta Society of Biblical Literature Max Gander 2014 An Alternative View on the Location of Arzawa Hittitology today Studies on Hittite and Neo Hittite Anatolia in Honor of Emmanuel Laroche s 100th Birthday Alice Mouton ed p 163 190External sites editPiyamaradu Universita degli Studi di Firenze sagas unifi it Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Piyama Radu amp oldid 1189285884, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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