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Philosemitism

January 01, 1970

Philosemitism, also called Judeophilia, is "defense, love, or admiration of Jews and Judaism".[1] Such attitudes can be found in Western cultures across the centuries.[2] The term originated in the nineteenth century by self-described German antisemites to describe their non-Jewish opponents.[3][1] American-Jewish historian Daniel Cohen of the Vienna Wiesenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies has asserted that philosemitism "can indeed easily recycle antisemitic themes, recreate Jewish otherness, or strategically compensate for Holocaust guilt."[4]

Celebration of Hanukkah at the Sejm in the city of Warsaw, 2015

Etymology edit

The controversial term "philosemitism" arose as a pejorative in Germany to describe the positive prejudice towards Jews; in other words, a philosemite is a "Jew-lover" or "Jew-friend".[5]

Concept edit

The concept of philosemitism is not new, and it was arguably avowed by such thinkers as the 19th-century philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, who described himself as an "anti-anti-Semite."[6]

Philosemitism is an expression of the larger phenomenon of allophilia, admiration for foreign cultures as embodied in the more widely known Anglophilia and Francophilia. The rise of philosemitism has also prompted some[who?] to reconsider Jewish history, and they argue that while antisemitism must be acknowledged, it is wrong to reduce the history of the Jewish people to one merely of suffering (as has been fostered by well-meaning gentile philosemites).[citation needed]

Religious philosemitism edit

Christian philosemitism which has been associated with Dispensational theology and Puritanism promotes a positive view of the Jewish people for religious reasons (in contrast to Christian antisemitism). Christian philosemitism generally arises from a premillennial and an Israel-centered understanding of biblical prophecy, causing the belief that God still sees the Jews as his chosen people.[7][8]

Prevalence edit

In Europe edit

Germany edit

Iris Dekel writes that in twenty-first-century Germany, philosemitism "is performed in three interconnected social domains: institutional, where state institutions declare their commitment to protecting Jews as a religious minority; group, where the contingent relations between love for the Jews and exclusionary statements about them appears, mostly in casting Jews as both strange and unknown and embraced; and individual, where individuals exhibit positive sentiments toward Jews as an ideal collective".[9]

Poland edit

 
Depiction of Polish king Casimir III the Great visiting his Jewish mistress Esther, by Polish painter Władysław Łuszczkiewicz (1870)

While Jews had lived in Poland since before his reign, king Casimir III the Great allowed them to settle in Poland in great numbers and protected them as people of the king. About 70 percent of the world's European Jews, or Ashkenazi, can trace their ancestry to Poland due to Casimir's reforms.[10] Casimir's legendary Jewish mistress Esterka remains unconfirmed by direct historical evidence, but belief in her and her legacy is widespread and prolific.[11] South of the Old Town of Kraków king Casimir established the independent royal city of Kazimierz, which for many centuries was a place where ethnic Polish and Jewish cultures coexisted and intermingled.

Czechoslovakia edit

The case of the myths created around the supposed special relationship between Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, the founding father of Czechoslovakia, and influential Jews from the U.S. or elsewhere, myths created by Masaryk and adopted in amended forms by Czechoslovak Jews, let cultural historian Martin Wein quote Zygmunt Bauman's and Artur Sandauer's concept of an "allosemitic" worldview, in which, in Wein's words, "antisemitism and philosemitism overlap and share stereotypes, producing exaggerated disregard or admiration for Jews or Judaism."[12] In this sense, Wein quotes Masaryk's statements about a decisive Jewish influence over the press, and him mentioning Jews and freemasons in the same breath, when it came to lobbies he allegedly managed to win over.[12]

In the Americas edit

United States edit

Mark Twain's essay Concerning the Jews has been described as philosemitic. Israeli scholar Bennet Kravitz states that one could just as easily hate Jews for the reasons Twain gives for admiring them. In fact, Twain's essay was cited by Nazi sympathizers in the 1930s. Kravitz concludes, "The flawed logic of 'Concerning the Jews' and all philo-Semitism leads to the anti-Semitic beliefs that the latter seeks to deflate".[13] Philosemitic ideas have also been promoted by some American Evangelicals due to the influence of Dispensationalism.[8]

Brazil edit

A current of Jewish studies in Brazil has dedicated itself to studying the extent to which far-right politician Jair Bolsonaro's professed philo-Semitism reproduces traces of anti-Semitism.[14] This perspective, based on a study of the speeches of Bolsonaro and his mentor, the writer Olavo de Carvalho, suggests that the proclaimed sympathy of far-right sectors for the State of Israel and the Jews, often presented without distinction, reverberates anti-Semitic tropes in two ways. Firstly, by portraying Jews as a wealthy and powerful group. In this context, Jews are often depicted as pillars of capitalism, and therefore inherently hostile to the left.[15] The second and most significant expression of antisemitism in the far right's sympathy for Judaism would be inspired by authors such as Rabbi Marvin Stuart Antelman, and reaffirms conspiracy theories presenting left-wing Jews as a group seeking world domination, but which would ultimately undermine the Jewish nation itself.[16] In this context, researchers demonstrate how the philo-Semitism of the Brazilian extreme right has been employed to divide the Jewish community. The designation of true Jews is thus reserved for those who espouse conservative or reactionary policies, while left-wing Jews are regarded as apostates or traitors.[17]

In Asia edit

Very few Jews live in East Asian countries, but Jews are viewed in an especially positive light in some of them, partly owing to their shared wartime experiences during the Second World War. Examples include South Korea,[18] Japan, and China.[19] In general, Jews are stereotyped with characteristics that in South Korean culture are considered positive: intelligence, business-savviness and commitment to family values and responsibility, while in the Western world, the first of the two aforementioned stereotypes more often have the negatively interpreted equivalents of guile and greed. In South Korean primary schools the Talmud is mandatory reading.[18] According to Mary J. Ainslie, philosemitism in China is "part of a civilizationist narrative designed to position China as globally central and superior".[20]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Samuels, Maurice (2021). "Philosemitism". Key Concepts in the Study of Antisemitism. Springer International Publishing. pp. 201–214. ISBN 978-3-030-51658-1.
  2. ^ Burnett, Stephen G. (2013). "Philosemitism in History edited by Jonathan Karp and Adam Sutcliffe (review)". Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies. 31 (4): 132–134. ISSN 1534-5165.
  3. ^ Sutcliffe, A. (2011). The Unfinished History of Philosemitism. Jewish Quarterly, 58(1), 64–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/0449010X.2011.10707112
  4. ^ Cohen, Daniel (2020). "Good Jews". S: I.M.O.N. Shoah: Intervention. Methods. Documentation. 7 (1): 118–127. doi:10.23777/SN.0120/ESS_DCOH01. ISSN 2408-9192.
  5. ^ With Friends Like These Review of Philosemitism in History in the New Republic by Adam Karp
  6. ^ The Encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 4 by Erwin Fahlbusch, Geoffrey William Bromiley
  7. ^ "Christian Philosemitism in England from Cromwell to the Jew Bill, 1656-1753. A Study in Jewish and Christian Identity". University of Bristol. Retrieved 2024-03-12.
  8. ^ a b Frey, Jörg (2022-04-04), "Anti-Judaism, Philosemitism, and Protestant New Testament Studies: Perspectives and Questions", Protestant Bible Scholarship: Antisemitism, Philosemitism and Anti-Judaism, Brill, pp. 149–181, ISBN 978-90-04-50515-5, retrieved 2024-02-13
  9. ^ Dekel, Irit (May 2022). "Philosemitism in contemporary German media". Media, Culture & Society. 44 (4): 746–763. doi:10.1177/01634437211060193.
  10. ^ "In Poland, a Jewish Revival Thrives—Minus Jews". The New York Times. 12 July 2007.
  11. ^ "Esterka: między legendą a prawdą historyczną". Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  12. ^ a b Wein, Martin (2015). "Masaeyk and the Jews". A History of Czechs and Jews: A Slavic Jerusalem. Routledge. pp. 44–50. ISBN 978-1138811652. Retrieved 2 July 2015 – via Google Books.
  13. ^ Kravitz, Bennett (2002). "Philo-Semitism as Anti-Semitism in Mark Twain's "Concerning the Jews"". Studies in Popular Culture. 25 (2): 1–12. ISSN 0888-5753. JSTOR 41970387.
  14. ^ Gherman, Michel (2022). O não-judeu judeu: A tentativa de colonização do judaísmo pelo bolsonarismo. São Paulo: Fósforo. p. 9. ISBN 9786584568471.
  15. ^ Gherman, p. 132
  16. ^ Gherman, pp. 142, 145
  17. ^ Gherman, p. 149
  18. ^ a b Alper, Tim. "Why South Koreans are in love with Judaism". The Jewish Chronicle. May 12, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2014.
  19. ^ Nagler-Cohen, Liron. "Chinese: 'Jews make money'". Ynetnews. April 23, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2014.
  20. ^ Ainslie, Mary J. (2021). "Chinese Philosemitism and Historical Statecraft: Incorporating Jews and Israel into Contemporary Chinese Civilizationism". The China Quarterly. 245: 208–226. doi:10.1017/S0305741020000302. ISSN 0305-7410. S2CID 218827042.

Sources edit

Further reading edit

  • Samuels, Maurice (2021). "Philosemitism". Key Concepts in the Study of Antisemitism, eds. Sol Goldberg, Scott Ury, Kalman Weiser. Palgrave Macmillan-Springer International Publishing. pp. 201–214. ISBN 978-3-030-51658-1.

External links edit

January 01, 1970
philosemitism, help, expand, this, article, with, text, translated, from, corresponding, article, german, november, 2021, click, show, important, translation, instructions, machine, translation, like, deepl, google, translate, useful, starting, point, translat. You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German November 2021 Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 9 121 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at de Philosemitismus see its history for attribution You may also add the template Translated de Philosemitismus to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Philosemitism also called Judeophilia is defense love or admiration of Jews and Judaism 1 Such attitudes can be found in Western cultures across the centuries 2 The term originated in the nineteenth century by self described German antisemites to describe their non Jewish opponents 3 1 American Jewish historian Daniel Cohen of the Vienna Wiesenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies has asserted that philosemitism can indeed easily recycle antisemitic themes recreate Jewish otherness or strategically compensate for Holocaust guilt 4 Celebration of Hanukkah at the Sejm in the city of Warsaw 2015 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Concept 2 1 Religious philosemitism 3 Prevalence 3 1 In Europe 3 1 1 Germany 3 1 2 Poland 3 1 3 Czechoslovakia 3 2 In the Americas 3 2 1 United States 3 2 2 Brazil 3 3 In Asia 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources 7 Further reading 8 External linksEtymology editThe controversial term philosemitism arose as a pejorative in Germany to describe the positive prejudice towards Jews in other words a philosemite is a Jew lover or Jew friend 5 Concept editThe concept of philosemitism is not new and it was arguably avowed by such thinkers as the 19th century philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche who described himself as an anti anti Semite 6 Philosemitism is an expression of the larger phenomenon of allophilia admiration for foreign cultures as embodied in the more widely known Anglophilia and Francophilia The rise of philosemitism has also prompted some who to reconsider Jewish history and they argue that while antisemitism must be acknowledged it is wrong to reduce the history of the Jewish people to one merely of suffering as has been fostered by well meaning gentile philosemites citation needed Religious philosemitism edit Christian philosemitism which has been associated with Dispensational theology and Puritanism promotes a positive view of the Jewish people for religious reasons in contrast to Christian antisemitism Christian philosemitism generally arises from a premillennial and an Israel centered understanding of biblical prophecy causing the belief that God still sees the Jews as his chosen people 7 8 Prevalence editIn Europe edit Germany edit Iris Dekel writes that in twenty first century Germany philosemitism is performed in three interconnected social domains institutional where state institutions declare their commitment to protecting Jews as a religious minority group where the contingent relations between love for the Jews and exclusionary statements about them appears mostly in casting Jews as both strange and unknown and embraced and individual where individuals exhibit positive sentiments toward Jews as an ideal collective 9 Poland edit nbsp Depiction of Polish king Casimir III the Great visiting his Jewish mistress Esther by Polish painter Wladyslaw Luszczkiewicz 1870 While Jews had lived in Poland since before his reign king Casimir III the Great allowed them to settle in Poland in great numbers and protected them as people of the king About 70 percent of the world s European Jews or Ashkenazi can trace their ancestry to Poland due to Casimir s reforms 10 Casimir s legendary Jewish mistress Esterka remains unconfirmed by direct historical evidence but belief in her and her legacy is widespread and prolific 11 South of the Old Town of Krakow king Casimir established the independent royal city of Kazimierz which for many centuries was a place where ethnic Polish and Jewish cultures coexisted and intermingled Czechoslovakia edit The case of the myths created around the supposed special relationship between Tomas Garrigue Masaryk the founding father of Czechoslovakia and influential Jews from the U S or elsewhere myths created by Masaryk and adopted in amended forms by Czechoslovak Jews let cultural historian Martin Wein quote Zygmunt Bauman s and Artur Sandauer s concept of an allosemitic worldview in which in Wein s words antisemitism and philosemitism overlap and share stereotypes producing exaggerated disregard or admiration for Jews or Judaism 12 In this sense Wein quotes Masaryk s statements about a decisive Jewish influence over the press and him mentioning Jews and freemasons in the same breath when it came to lobbies he allegedly managed to win over 12 In the Americas edit United States edit Mark Twain s essay Concerning the Jews has been described as philosemitic Israeli scholar Bennet Kravitz states that one could just as easily hate Jews for the reasons Twain gives for admiring them In fact Twain s essay was cited by Nazi sympathizers in the 1930s Kravitz concludes The flawed logic of Concerning the Jews and all philo Semitism leads to the anti Semitic beliefs that the latter seeks to deflate 13 Philosemitic ideas have also been promoted by some American Evangelicals due to the influence of Dispensationalism 8 Brazil edit A current of Jewish studies in Brazil has dedicated itself to studying the extent to which far right politician Jair Bolsonaro s professed philo Semitism reproduces traces of anti Semitism 14 This perspective based on a study of the speeches of Bolsonaro and his mentor the writer Olavo de Carvalho suggests that the proclaimed sympathy of far right sectors for the State of Israel and the Jews often presented without distinction reverberates anti Semitic tropes in two ways Firstly by portraying Jews as a wealthy and powerful group In this context Jews are often depicted as pillars of capitalism and therefore inherently hostile to the left 15 The second and most significant expression of antisemitism in the far right s sympathy for Judaism would be inspired by authors such as Rabbi Marvin Stuart Antelman and reaffirms conspiracy theories presenting left wing Jews as a group seeking world domination but which would ultimately undermine the Jewish nation itself 16 In this context researchers demonstrate how the philo Semitism of the Brazilian extreme right has been employed to divide the Jewish community The designation of true Jews is thus reserved for those who espouse conservative or reactionary policies while left wing Jews are regarded as apostates or traitors 17 In Asia edit Very few Jews live in East Asian countries but Jews are viewed in an especially positive light in some of them partly owing to their shared wartime experiences during the Second World War Examples include South Korea 18 Japan and China 19 In general Jews are stereotyped with characteristics that in South Korean culture are considered positive intelligence business savviness and commitment to family values and responsibility while in the Western world the first of the two aforementioned stereotypes more often have the negatively interpreted equivalents of guile and greed In South Korean primary schools the Talmud is mandatory reading 18 According to Mary J Ainslie philosemitism in China is part of a civilizationist narrative designed to position China as globally central and superior 20 See also editAnti antisemitism Conversion to Judaism Ger toshav Judeo Christian Messianic Judaism Sacred Name MovementReferences edit a b Samuels Maurice 2021 Philosemitism Key Concepts in the Study of Antisemitism Springer International Publishing pp 201 214 ISBN 978 3 030 51658 1 Burnett Stephen G 2013 Philosemitism in History edited by Jonathan Karp and Adam Sutcliffe review Shofar An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies 31 4 132 134 ISSN 1534 5165 Sutcliffe A 2011 The Unfinished History of Philosemitism Jewish Quarterly 58 1 64 68 https doi org 10 1080 0449010X 2011 10707112 Cohen Daniel 2020 Good Jews S I M O N Shoah Intervention Methods Documentation 7 1 118 127 doi 10 23777 SN 0120 ESS DCOH01 ISSN 2408 9192 With Friends Like These Review of Philosemitism in History in the New Republic by Adam Karp The Encyclopedia of Christianity Volume 4 by Erwin Fahlbusch Geoffrey William Bromiley Christian Philosemitism in England from Cromwell to the Jew Bill 1656 1753 A Study in Jewish and Christian Identity University of Bristol Retrieved 2024 03 12 a b Frey Jorg 2022 04 04 Anti Judaism Philosemitism and Protestant New Testament Studies Perspectives and Questions Protestant Bible Scholarship Antisemitism Philosemitism and Anti Judaism Brill pp 149 181 ISBN 978 90 04 50515 5 retrieved 2024 02 13 Dekel Irit May 2022 Philosemitism in contemporary German media Media Culture amp Society 44 4 746 763 doi 10 1177 01634437211060193 In Poland a Jewish Revival Thrives Minus Jews The New York Times 12 July 2007 Esterka miedzy legenda a prawda historyczna Retrieved 28 March 2020 a b Wein Martin 2015 Masaeyk and the Jews A History of Czechs and Jews A Slavic Jerusalem Routledge pp 44 50 ISBN 978 1138811652 Retrieved 2 July 2015 via Google Books Kravitz Bennett 2002 Philo Semitism as Anti Semitism in Mark Twain s Concerning the Jews Studies in Popular Culture 25 2 1 12 ISSN 0888 5753 JSTOR 41970387 Gherman Michel 2022 O nao judeu judeu A tentativa de colonizacao do judaismo pelo bolsonarismo Sao Paulo Fosforo p 9 ISBN 9786584568471 Gherman p 132 Gherman pp 142 145 Gherman p 149 a b Alper Tim Why South Koreans are in love with Judaism The Jewish Chronicle May 12 2011 Retrieved February 8 2014 Nagler Cohen Liron Chinese Jews make money Ynetnews April 23 2012 Retrieved February 8 2014 Ainslie Mary J 2021 Chinese Philosemitism and Historical Statecraft Incorporating Jews and Israel into Contemporary Chinese Civilizationism The China Quarterly 245 208 226 doi 10 1017 S0305741020000302 ISSN 0305 7410 S2CID 218827042 Sources editAlan Edelstein An Unacknowledged Harmony Philo Semitism and the Survival of European Jewry Contributions in Ethnic Studies ISBN 0 313 22754 3 David S Katz Philo Semitism and the Readmission of the Jews to England 1603 1655 ISBN 0 19 821885 0 Hilary L Rubinstein amp William D Rubinstein Philosemitism Admiration and Support in the English Speaking World for Jews 1840 1939 Studies in Modern History ISBN 0 312 22205 X Frank Stern The Whitewashing of the Yellow Badge Antisemitism and Philosemitism in Postwar Germany Studies in Antisemitism ISBN 0 08 040653 X Marion Mushkat Philo Semitic and Anti Jewish Attitudes in Post Holocaust Poland Symposium Series Vol 33 ISBN 0 7734 9176 7 Frank Stern Im Anfang war Auschwitz Antisemitismus und Philosemitismus im deutschen Nachkrieg ISBN 3 88350 459 9 Gertrude Himmelfarb The People of the Book Philosemitism in England From Cromwell to Churchill ISBN 1 59403 570 9Further reading editSamuels Maurice 2021 Philosemitism Key Concepts in the Study of Antisemitism eds Sol Goldberg Scott Ury Kalman Weiser Palgrave Macmillan Springer International Publishing pp 201 214 ISBN 978 3 030 51658 1 External links editWashington Post January 8 2006 page A01 On Philo Semitism by Jacques Berlinerblau Georgetown University s Program for Jewish Civilization via archive org Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Philosemitism amp oldid 1221366440, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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