fbpx
Wikipedia

Phatic expression

January 06, 2023

Not to be confused with Haptic communication.

In linguistics, a phatic expression (English: /ˈfætɪk/, FAT-ik) is a communication which primarily serves to establish or maintain social relationships. In other words, phatic expressions have mostly socio-pragmatic rather than denotational functions. They can be observed in everyday conversational exchanges,[1] as in, for instance, exchanges of social pleasantries that do not seek or offer information of intrinsic value but rather signal willingness to observe conventional local expectations for politeness.[2]

Other uses of the term include the category of "small talk" (conversation for its own sake) in speech communication, where it is also called "grooming talking."[3] In Roman Jakobson's work, the 'phatic' function of language concerns the channel of communication; for instance, when one says "I can't hear you, you're breaking up" in the middle of a cell-phone conversation. This usage appears in research on online communities and micro-blogging.[4][5]

Purpose

Phatic communion at first appears to break Grice's conversational maxims, because it denotationally appears to give information that is unnecessary, untrue, or irrelevant. However, phatic communion plays an important role in language and has important connotational meanings that do not break these maxims[6] and needs to be understood as an important part of language in its role in establishing, maintaining, and managing bonds of sociality between participants,[7] as well as creating feelings of solidarity and familiarity, and putting participants at ease.[8]

History

The term phatic communion ('bonding by language') was coined by anthropologist Bronisław Malinowski in his essay "The Problem of Meaning in Primitive Languages", which appeared in 1923 as a supplementary contribution to The Meaning of Meaning by C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards. The term phatic means 'linguistic' (i.e. 'by language') and comes from the Greek φατός phatós ('spoken, that may be spoken'), from φημί phēmí ('I speak, say').[9]

Importance of context

Many expressions generally considered to be phatic (see below) may be a genuine request for information in certain contexts. For example, in British English, "How are you?" is a phatic expression used when greeting someone one knows, especially when a participant wants to initiate conversation. However, it can be asked sincerely, and this must be inferred from context, such as when a friend gives bad news, or tone, such falling intonation to show it as a genuine question (as is with w/h-word questions), or speaking more quietly. Authenticity of the question can also be emphasised by the addition of the word "feeling" ("How are you feeling?").

Phatic expressions in various languages

Danish

Danish has several phatic greetings:

  • Hvordan går det? 'how goes it?'. Possible answers are: Det går godt/fint 'it goes good/fine'.
  • Hvor'n skær'en? 'how does it cut?' Informal greeting between close friends.
  • Hvad så? 'what then?'. Similar to the English greeting what's up?. More often used in Jutland.[10] A possible answer is Ikke så meget 'not that much'.
  • Hej is a common informal greeting and equivalent to the English hi, pronounced almost the same. Single word greetings with approximately the same meaning include hejsa (from combining hej with German sa from French ça[11]), dav, davs (both reduced forms of dag meaning 'day'[12]), goddag, halløj, halløjsa, halløjsovs (Pun greeting. Made by combining halløj and løgsovs 'onion sauce'),[citation needed] pænt goddag 'nice good day' is a more formal greeting.
  • Hallo is only used when the speaker is not sure they can be heard. Examples when saying/yelling hallo is appropriate: Trying to find out if someone else is in a seemingly empty room/building; using it as an initial phone greeting; checking if the person you're calling can still hear you (when experiencing a bad phone connection); trying to get the attention of a listener that appears to not pay attention.
  • Mojn is only used in Southern Jutland. It comes from North German moin from the German word Morgen[13][verification needed] meaning 'morning'. Despite its original meaning it is used as a greeting throughout the day.
  • Hej hej or farvel are common ways to say goodbye. Vi ses 'we will see each other' is used as a farewell greeting in face-to-face conversations while vi snakkes 'we will speak each other'/vi snakkes ved 'we will speak to each other by' are used in both face-to-face and phone/text conversations.
  • Kør forsigtigt 'drive safely' is said to a person leaving the place where the speaker is located and going to drive/bike to another location. Kom godt hjem 'come well home' is said in the same situation whatever the method of transportation.
  • God arbejdslyst 'good lust for work' is said when parting with a person that is either currently at work or leaving to go to work.
  • Tak for i dag 'thanks for today' is often said in more formal contexts of prolonged interactions like at the end of a meeting or the end of a class.
  • Tak for sidst 'thanks for the last time that we were together' acknowledging that the people were together somewhere[14]
  • God bedring 'good recovery'. Said when leaving a sick person.
  • Ha' det godt 'have it good' or du/I må ha det godt 'you (sg./pl.) may have it good' is a farewell phrase wishing for the other's well-being. A joke variant of this is Ha' det som I ser ud 'have it as you look' (literally: 'have it as you look out'). By not saying the expected adjective godt 'good', the speaker is violating the maxim of quantity and thereby inferring that they do not think the listener looks good. This can be understood as an insult and is therefore mainly used informally between friends.

Some phatic greetings are only used in writings such as letters, e-mails and speeches read aloud:

  • Kære 'dear' followed by a name is a formalised way of beginning a letter, speech etc.[15]
  • Ways to end a letter or e-mail include hilsen 'greeting', (med) venlig hilsen '(with) friendly greeting', sometimes abbreviated to (m)vh. Others include med kærlig hilsen 'with loving greeting' abbreviated kh, knus 'hug'.

Some greetings like hej can be used throughout the day. Some are more specific, and the specific time of when to switch to the next greeting can vary from speaker to speaker. Time-specific greetings include Godmorgen ('good morning'), God formiddag (literally 'good pre-noon'), Goddag ('good day'), God eftermiddag ('good afternoon'), Godaften ('good evening'), and Godnat ('good night').

Ways of saying thanks include tak 'thanks', tak skal du have 'thanks shall you have', mange tak 'many thanks', tusind(e) tak 'thousand thanks', tak for det 'thanks for that' and jeg takker 'I thank'. A thanks can be answered with selv tak 'self thanks' or det var så lidt 'it was so little' (referring to the small amount of work that had to be done).

Other phatic expressions include Held og lykke ('luck and fortune'), equivalent to the English good luck, and Knæk og bræk ('crack and break') which has the same meaning as good luck similar to the English expression break a leg, mostly used by hunters, fishers, and theater crews.[16]

English

"You're welcome", in its phatic usage, is not intended to convey the message that the hearer is welcome; it is a phatic response to being thanked, which in turn is a phatic whose function is to acknowledge the receipt of a benefit.

Similarly, the question "how are you?" is usually an automatic component of a social encounter. Although there are times when "how are you?" is asked in a sincere, concerned manner and does in fact anticipate a detailed response regarding the respondent's present state, this needs to be pragmatically inferred from context and intonation.

Example: a simple, basic exchange between two acquaintances in a non-formal environment:

Speaker one: "What's up?" (US English. In UK English this more commonly means "Is there something wrong?")
Speaker two: "Hey, how's it going?" (In US English "Hey" is equivalent to "Hi", or "Hello". Adding "How's it going" returns the initial greeting-query, paraphrased, without offering any information about what is possibly "up". In short, the first speaker's token is replied to with the second speaker's equivalent token, not actually answering the first speaker's literal query.)

Or:

Speaker one: "All right?" (UK English. In US English this can only be a tag question, approximately meaning "Do you agree with or accept what I've said?" In the US, the longer question "(Are) you all right?" is possible to mean "Is something wrong?")
Speaker two: "Yeah, all right."

In both dialogues neither speaker expects an actual answer to the question but rather it is an indication that each has recognized the other's presence and has therefore sufficiently performed that particular social duty.

Icelandic

There are several phatic greetings in Icelandic differing in formality:

  • Hvað segirðú (gott)? 'What say you (good)?'. Equal to English how are you?. To a foreign speaker it can seem strange that the preferred answer, gott 'good', is embedded in the question. A preferred answer can be ég segi allt gott/fínt 'I say everything good/fine'
  • Hvernig gengur? 'how goes?'.

Thanking:

  • Takk fyrir 'thanks for'.

Japanese

Main article: Aizuchi

In Japanese, phatic expressions play a significant role in communication, for instance the backchannel responses referred to as aizuchi. Other such expressions include the ubiquitous Yoroshiku onegaishimasu ('please treat me well', used before starting work with someone), Otsukaresama desu (lit. 'you must be tired', closer to 'thank you for your hard work'—used for leave-taking and sometimes as a greeting) and Osewa ni natte imasu ('thank you for your support').

Mandarin Chinese

In China, the phatic expression 吃饭了吗 'have you eaten?' is equivalent to English speakers how are you? Food culture is important in China and thus inquiring if one is well-fed implies the speaker's desire to know if the listener has this basic need met. This expression is most often used by older members of society towards younger persons.

Persian

Main article: Taarof

Taarof is a complex set of expressions and other gestures in Persian society, primarily reflected in the language.

Welsh

In Welsh the general phatic is a regional and colloquial version of sut mae? ('how is?'). The general pronunciation in southern Wales is shw mae and in the North, su' mae. The usual answer is iawn ('OK') or, iawn, diolch' ('OK, thanks'), or maybe the more traditional go lew ('quite good'),go lew, diolch ('quite good, thanks').Many native speakers do not answer like this, but simply say, shw mae? or su' mae? in response.

The use of sut mae phatic has been used as a Welsh language campaigners to encourage Welsh speakers to begin conversations in Welsh, and for non-fluent speakers to "give it a go".[17] Shwmae Sumae Day was held for the first time in 2013 and is held annually on 13 October.[18]

In fiction

Phatic expressions are often created by authors, particularly in science fiction or fantasy, as part of their worldbuilding.

  • In A Song of Ice and Fire by George R. R. Martin, the people of Essos use the expression Valar Morghulis ('All men must die'), answered with Valar Dohaeris ('All men must serve').
  • In the Star Wars series, "May the Force be with you" is used as a leave-taking phrase.
  • In Star Trek, the expression "live long and prosper" is used phatically, accompanied by a Vulcan salute.

Non-verbal phatic expressions

Non-verbal phatic expressions are used in nonverbal communication for emphasis or to add detail to the message that a person conveys or expresses. Common examples of these are smiling, gesturing, waving, etc.[19] According to Dr. Carola Surkamp, professor at University of Cologne, non-verbal phatic communication can be expressed with involuntary physical features such as direction of gaze, blushing, posture, etc. and that these have a vital function in regulating conversation.[20]

Online phatic expressions

Phatic expressions are used on different communication platforms on the internet such as social media networks where certain platforms require and prompt certain actions to be made between users to communicate or implicate certain messages between people without direct utterances. Examples for this would be: 'likes', comments/replies, shares/reblogs, emoji use, etc. These phatic posts as Radovanovic and Ragnedda like to call them, are again used with a social function of social communicative upkeep with the primary function of expressing social connection, relationships between users, and recognition of coparticipants.[21]

See also

References

  1. ^ Vladimir Žegarac, "What IS Phatic Communication?", 'Phatic Communication', April 25, 2018
  2. ^ Malinowski, B. (1923), "The Problem of Meaning in Primitive Languages", in Charles K. Ogden; Ian A. Richards (eds.), The Meaning of Meaning, London: Kegan Paul, Trench and Trubner, pp. 296–336
  3. ^ "Teach Yourself Linguistics", by Jean Aitchison, ISBN 978-0-340-87083-9
  4. ^ Makice, Kevin (2009). "Phatics and the design of community". Proceedings of the 27th international conference extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems. Boston, MA, USA.
  5. ^ pear analytics (2009). "Twitter Study – August 2009, Whitepaper".
  6. ^ Padilla Cruz, Manuel (2005). "Teaching to be phatic: a pragmatic approach". Estudios de Metodología de la Lengua Inglesa. 3.
  7. ^ Malinowski, B. (1923) "The Problem of Meaning in Primitive Languages”, in: Charles K. Ogden and Ian A. Richards, The Meaning of Meaning, 296–336, London: Kegan Paul, Trench and Trubner
  8. ^ Kendon, Adam; Harris, Richard M; Key, Mary R, eds. (2011-06-15). Organization of Behavior in Face-to-Face Interaction. De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9783110907643. ISBN 978-3-11-090764-3.
  9. ^ Haberland, H. (1996) "Communion or communication? A historical note on one of the 'founding fathers' of pragmatics", in Robin Sackmann (ed.), "Theoretical linguistics and grammatical description", 163-166, Amsterdam: Benjamins
  10. ^ "hvad så — Den Danske Ordbog". ordnet.dk. Retrieved 2020-07-19.
  11. ^ "hejsa — Den Danske Ordbog". ordnet.dk. Retrieved 2020-07-19.
  12. ^ "dav — Den Danske Ordbog". ordnet.dk. Retrieved 2020-07-19.
  13. ^ "mojn — Den Danske Ordbog". ordnet.dk. Retrieved 2020-07-19.
  14. ^ Youtube: Tak for sidst
  15. ^ "kær,2 — Den Danske Ordbog". ordnet.dk. Retrieved 2020-07-19.
  16. ^ "knæk og bræk — Den Danske Ordbog". ordnet.dk. Retrieved 2020-07-19.
  17. ^ . Archived from the original on 2016-01-15.
  18. ^ https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1963913980334755[user-generated source]
  19. ^ Carola Surkamp, "Non-verbal communication", April 26, 2018
  20. ^ Carola Surkamp, "Non-verbal communication", , April 25, 2018
  21. ^ Radovanovic and Ragnedda, "Phatic Posts", 'Phatic Posts', April 26, 2018

January 06, 2023
phatic, expression, confused, with, haptic, communication, linguistics, phatic, expression, english, communication, which, primarily, serves, establish, maintain, social, relationships, other, words, phatic, expressions, have, mostly, socio, pragmatic, rather,. Not to be confused with Haptic communication In linguistics a phatic expression English ˈ f ae t ɪ k FAT ik is a communication which primarily serves to establish or maintain social relationships In other words phatic expressions have mostly socio pragmatic rather than denotational functions They can be observed in everyday conversational exchanges 1 as in for instance exchanges of social pleasantries that do not seek or offer information of intrinsic value but rather signal willingness to observe conventional local expectations for politeness 2 Other uses of the term include the category of small talk conversation for its own sake in speech communication where it is also called grooming talking 3 In Roman Jakobson s work the phatic function of language concerns the channel of communication for instance when one says I can t hear you you re breaking up in the middle of a cell phone conversation This usage appears in research on online communities and micro blogging 4 5 Contents 1 Purpose 2 History 3 Importance of context 4 Phatic expressions in various languages 4 1 Danish 4 2 English 4 3 Icelandic 4 4 Japanese 4 5 Mandarin Chinese 4 6 Persian 4 7 Welsh 4 8 In fiction 5 Non verbal phatic expressions 6 Online phatic expressions 7 See also 8 ReferencesPurpose EditPhatic communion at first appears to break Grice s conversational maxims because it denotationally appears to give information that is unnecessary untrue or irrelevant However phatic communion plays an important role in language and has important connotational meanings that do not break these maxims 6 and needs to be understood as an important part of language in its role in establishing maintaining and managing bonds of sociality between participants 7 as well as creating feelings of solidarity and familiarity and putting participants at ease 8 History EditThe term phatic communion bonding by language was coined by anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski in his essay The Problem of Meaning in Primitive Languages which appeared in 1923 as a supplementary contribution to The Meaning of Meaning by C K Ogden and I A Richards The term phatic means linguistic i e by language and comes from the Greek fatos phatos spoken that may be spoken from fhmi phemi I speak say 9 Importance of context EditMany expressions generally considered to be phatic see below may be a genuine request for information in certain contexts For example in British English How are you is a phatic expression used when greeting someone one knows especially when a participant wants to initiate conversation However it can be asked sincerely and this must be inferred from context such as when a friend gives bad news or tone such falling intonation to show it as a genuine question as is with w h word questions or speaking more quietly Authenticity of the question can also be emphasised by the addition of the word feeling How are you feeling Phatic expressions in various languages EditDanish Edit Danish has several phatic greetings Hvordan gar det how goes it Possible answers are Det gar godt fint it goes good fine Hvor n skaer en how does it cut Informal greeting between close friends Hvad sa what then Similar to the English greeting what s up More often used in Jutland 10 A possible answer is Ikke sa meget not that much Hej is a common informal greeting and equivalent to the English hi pronounced almost the same Single word greetings with approximately the same meaning include hejsa from combining hej with German sa from French ca 11 dav davs both reduced forms of dag meaning day 12 goddag halloj hallojsa hallojsovs Pun greeting Made by combining halloj and logsovs onion sauce citation needed paent goddag nice good day is a more formal greeting Hallo is only used when the speaker is not sure they can be heard Examples when saying yelling hallo is appropriate Trying to find out if someone else is in a seemingly empty room building using it as an initial phone greeting checking if the person you re calling can still hear you when experiencing a bad phone connection trying to get the attention of a listener that appears to not pay attention Mojn is only used in Southern Jutland It comes from North German moin from the German word Morgen 13 verification needed meaning morning Despite its original meaning it is used as a greeting throughout the day Hej hej or farvel are common ways to say goodbye Vi ses we will see each other is used as a farewell greeting in face to face conversations while vi snakkes we will speak each other vi snakkes ved we will speak to each other by are used in both face to face and phone text conversations Kor forsigtigt drive safely is said to a person leaving the place where the speaker is located and going to drive bike to another location Kom godt hjem come well home is said in the same situation whatever the method of transportation God arbejdslyst good lust for work is said when parting with a person that is either currently at work or leaving to go to work Tak for i dag thanks for today is often said in more formal contexts of prolonged interactions like at the end of a meeting or the end of a class Tak for sidst thanks for the last time that we were together acknowledging that the people were together somewhere 14 God bedring good recovery Said when leaving a sick person Ha det godt have it good or du I ma ha det godt you sg pl may have it good is a farewell phrase wishing for the other s well being A joke variant of this is Ha det som I ser ud have it as you look literally have it as you look out By not saying the expected adjective godt good the speaker is violating the maxim of quantity and thereby inferring that they do not think the listener looks good This can be understood as an insult and is therefore mainly used informally between friends Some phatic greetings are only used in writings such as letters e mails and speeches read aloud Kaere dear followed by a name is a formalised way of beginning a letter speech etc 15 Ways to end a letter or e mail include hilsen greeting med venlig hilsen with friendly greeting sometimes abbreviated to m vh Others include med kaerlig hilsen with loving greeting abbreviated kh knus hug Some greetings like hej can be used throughout the day Some are more specific and the specific time of when to switch to the next greeting can vary from speaker to speaker Time specific greetings include Godmorgen good morning God formiddag literally good pre noon Goddag good day God eftermiddag good afternoon Godaften good evening and Godnat good night Ways of saying thanks include tak thanks tak skal du have thanks shall you have mange tak many thanks tusind e tak thousand thanks tak for det thanks for that and jeg takker I thank A thanks can be answered with selv tak self thanks or det var sa lidt it was so little referring to the small amount of work that had to be done Other phatic expressions include Held og lykke luck and fortune equivalent to the English good luck and Knaek og braek crack and break which has the same meaning as good luck similar to the English expression break a leg mostly used by hunters fishers and theater crews 16 English Edit You re welcome in its phatic usage is not intended to convey the message that the hearer is welcome it is a phatic response to being thanked which in turn is a phatic whose function is to acknowledge the receipt of a benefit Similarly the question how are you is usually an automatic component of a social encounter Although there are times when how are you is asked in a sincere concerned manner and does in fact anticipate a detailed response regarding the respondent s present state this needs to be pragmatically inferred from context and intonation Example a simple basic exchange between two acquaintances in a non formal environment Speaker one What s up US English In UK English this more commonly means Is there something wrong Speaker two Hey how s it going In US English Hey is equivalent to Hi or Hello Adding How s it going returns the initial greeting query paraphrased without offering any information about what is possibly up In short the first speaker s token is replied to with the second speaker s equivalent token not actually answering the first speaker s literal query Or Speaker one All right UK English In US English this can only be a tag question approximately meaning Do you agree with or accept what I ve said In the US the longer question Are you all right is possible to mean Is something wrong Speaker two Yeah all right In both dialogues neither speaker expects an actual answer to the question but rather it is an indication that each has recognized the other s presence and has therefore sufficiently performed that particular social duty Icelandic Edit There are several phatic greetings in Icelandic differing in formality Hvad segirdu gott What say you good Equal to English how are you To a foreign speaker it can seem strange that the preferred answer gott good is embedded in the question A preferred answer can be eg segi allt gott fint I say everything good fine Hvernig gengur how goes Thanking Takk fyrir thanks for Japanese Edit Main article Aizuchi In Japanese phatic expressions play a significant role in communication for instance the backchannel responses referred to as aizuchi Other such expressions include the ubiquitous Yoroshiku onegaishimasu please treat me well used before starting work with someone Otsukaresama desu lit you must be tired closer to thank you for your hard work used for leave taking and sometimes as a greeting and Osewa ni natte imasu thank you for your support Mandarin Chinese Edit In China the phatic expression 吃饭了吗 have you eaten is equivalent to English speakers how are you Food culture is important in China and thus inquiring if one is well fed implies the speaker s desire to know if the listener has this basic need met This expression is most often used by older members of society towards younger persons Persian Edit Main article Taarof Taarof is a complex set of expressions and other gestures in Persian society primarily reflected in the language Welsh Edit In Welsh the general phatic is a regional and colloquial version of sut mae how is The general pronunciation in southern Wales is shw mae and in the North su mae The usual answer is iawn OK or iawn diolch OK thanks or maybe the more traditional go lew quite good go lew diolch quite good thanks Many native speakers do not answer like this but simply say shw mae or su mae in response The use of sut mae phatic has been used as a Welsh language campaigners to encourage Welsh speakers to begin conversations in Welsh and for non fluent speakers to give it a go 17 Shwmae Sumae Day was held for the first time in 2013 and is held annually on 13 October 18 In fiction Edit Phatic expressions are often created by authors particularly in science fiction or fantasy as part of their worldbuilding In A Song of Ice and Fire by George R R Martin the people of Essos use the expression Valar Morghulis All men must die answered with Valar Dohaeris All men must serve In the Star Wars series May the Force be with you is used as a leave taking phrase In Star Trek the expression live long and prosper is used phatically accompanied by a Vulcan salute Non verbal phatic expressions EditNon verbal phatic expressions are used in nonverbal communication for emphasis or to add detail to the message that a person conveys or expresses Common examples of these are smiling gesturing waving etc 19 According to Dr Carola Surkamp professor at University of Cologne non verbal phatic communication can be expressed with involuntary physical features such as direction of gaze blushing posture etc and that these have a vital function in regulating conversation 20 Online phatic expressions EditPhatic expressions are used on different communication platforms on the internet such as social media networks where certain platforms require and prompt certain actions to be made between users to communicate or implicate certain messages between people without direct utterances Examples for this would be likes comments replies shares reblogs emoji use etc These phatic posts as Radovanovic and Ragnedda like to call them are again used with a social function of social communicative upkeep with the primary function of expressing social connection relationships between users and recognition of coparticipants 21 See also EditBackchannel linguistics Filler linguistics Literal and figurative language Pragmatics linguistics Small talk SociolinguisticsReferences Edit Vladimir Zegarac What IS Phatic Communication Phatic Communication April 25 2018 Malinowski B 1923 The Problem of Meaning in Primitive Languages in Charles K Ogden Ian A Richards eds The Meaning of Meaning London Kegan Paul Trench and Trubner pp 296 336 Teach Yourself Linguistics by Jean Aitchison ISBN 978 0 340 87083 9 Makice Kevin 2009 Phatics and the design of community Proceedings of the 27th international conference extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems Boston MA USA pear analytics 2009 Twitter Study August 2009 Whitepaper Padilla Cruz Manuel 2005 Teaching to be phatic a pragmatic approach Estudios de Metodologia de la Lengua Inglesa 3 Malinowski B 1923 The Problem of Meaning in Primitive Languages in Charles K Ogden and Ian A Richards The Meaning of Meaning 296 336 London Kegan Paul Trench and Trubner Kendon Adam Harris Richard M Key Mary R eds 2011 06 15 Organization of Behavior in Face to Face Interaction De Gruyter Mouton doi 10 1515 9783110907643 ISBN 978 3 11 090764 3 Haberland H 1996 Communion or communication A historical note on one of the founding fathers of pragmatics in Robin Sackmann ed Theoretical linguistics and grammatical description 163 166 Amsterdam Benjamins hvad sa Den Danske Ordbog ordnet dk Retrieved 2020 07 19 hejsa Den Danske Ordbog ordnet dk Retrieved 2020 07 19 dav Den Danske Ordbog ordnet dk Retrieved 2020 07 19 mojn Den Danske Ordbog ordnet dk Retrieved 2020 07 19 Youtube Tak for sidst kaer 2 Den Danske Ordbog ordnet dk Retrieved 2020 07 19 knaek og braek Den Danske Ordbog ordnet dk Retrieved 2020 07 19 Shwmae Su mae Rhowch gynnig arni Archived from the original on 2016 01 15 https www facebook com watch v 1963913980334755 user generated source Carola Surkamp Non verbal communication April 26 2018 Carola Surkamp Non verbal communication April 25 2018 Radovanovic and Ragnedda Phatic Posts Phatic Posts April 26 2018 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Phatic expression amp oldid 1130372467, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.