Phaeosphaeria nodorum
Phaeosphaeria nodorum (syn. Stagonospora nodorum, synonym and correct taxonomic name: Parastagonospora nodorum)[1] is a major fungal pathogen of wheat (Triticum aestivum), causing the disease Septoria nodorum blotch. It is a member of the Dothideomycetes, a large fungal taxon that includes many important plant pathogens affecting all major crop plant families.
| Phaeosphaeria nodorum | |
|---|---|
| Necrosis on wheat | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Dothideomycetes |
| Order: | Pleosporales |
| Family: | Phaeosphaeriaceae |
| Genus: | Phaeosphaeria |
| Species: | P. nodorum |
| Binomial name | |
| Phaeosphaeria nodorum (E.Müll.) Hedjar. (1969) | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Disease cycle edit
The infection occurs in repeated cycles of both asexual and sexual infection throughout the growing season. New rounds of infection are initiated by rain-splash or wind dispersal of spores. Infection begins when spores land on leaf tissue. The spores rapidly germinate to produce long, branching threadlike structures, called hyphae. The hyphae invade the leaf, using specialised branches to gain entry to the outermost layer of cells on the leaves. They can also grow directly through pores in the leaves. The hyphae rapidly colonize the leaves and begin to produce asexual fruiting bodies.
Management edit
Seed treatment edit
Seed treatment with fungicide - already used for bunts and smuts - has been discovered to eliminate seed transmission in wheat.[2]
Model organism edit
Parastagonospora nodorum is an experimentally tractable organism, which is easily handled in defined media. It was one of the first fungal pathogens to be genetically manipulated. Parastagonospora nodorum has been a model for fungicide development and emerged as a model for dothideomycete pathology.
Genetics and genomics edit
Genomic resources edit
Parastagonospora nodorum has been sequenced and annotated[3] by the Broad Institute.
Genetics edit
Genes for signal transduction factors are vital to the infection process.[4] Functional genomics investigations by the Solomon group have dissected the roles of several, by disabling them and observing how they fail.[4] In Solomon et al., 2005 & Solomon et al., 2006 they demonstrate how sporulation, pathogenicity, and stress tolerance are centrally related to several kinases, Mak2 (a MAP kinase) and Cpk1, Cpk2, and Cpk3 (calmodulin kinases).[4]
Taxonomy edit
In 2013, Quaedvlieg et al. introduced a new combination for this species: Parastagonospora nodorum (Berk.) Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous. In the article named "Sizing up Septoria" they showed that the type of the fungal genus Stagonospora (Stagonospora paludosa) actually clustered inside the Massarinaceae and not in the Phaeosphaeriaceae as was previously assumed. They also showed that the type of the genus Phaeosphaeria (P. oryzae) does not cluster near Stagonospora nodorum. This means that both the Phaeosphaeria and Stagonospora names for this species are wrong. This caused that the Phaeosphaeriaceae located genus previously known as Stagonospora, incorporating several important pathogens on grasses (e.g. Stagonospora nodorum and S. avenae), was subsequently renamed into Parastagonospora with Parastagonospora nodorum being the type of this genus.[1]
References edit
- ^ a b Quaedvlieg, W.; G.J.M. Verkley; H.-D. Shin; R.W. Barreto; A.C. Alfenas; W.J. Swart; J.Z. Groenewald; P.W. Crous (2013). (PDF). Studies in Mycology. 75 (1): 307–390. doi:10.3114/sim0017. PMC 3713890. PMID 24014902. S2CID 34737955. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2013-09-26.
- ^ Downie, Rowena C.; Lin, Min; Corsi, Beatrice; Ficke, Andrea; Lillemo, Morten; Oliver, Richard P.; Phan, Huyen T. T.; Tan, Kar-Chun; Cockram, James (2021-07-27). "Septoria Nodorum Blotch of Wheat: Disease Management and Resistance Breeding in the Face of Shifting Disease Dynamics and a Changing Environment". Phytopathology. 111 (6). American Phytopathological Society: PHYTO–07–20–028. doi:10.1094/phyto-07-20-0280-rvw. hdl:20.500.11937/83208. ISSN 0031-949X. PMID 33245254.
- ^ HANE JK, LOWE, RGT, SOLOMON, PS, TAN K-C, SCHOCH, CL, SPATAFORA, JWB, CROUS, PC, KODIRA, C, BIRREN, BW, GALAGAN, JE, TORRIANI, SFF, MCDONALD, BA & OLIVER (2007). Dothideomycete-plant interactions illuminated by genome sequencing and EST analysis of the wheat pathogen Stagonospora nodorum. Plant Cell 19:3347-3368.
- ^ a b c Oliver, Richard P.; Friesen, Timothy L.; Faris, Justin D.; Solomon, Peter S. (2012-09-08). "Stagonospora nodorum: From Pathology to Genomics and Host Resistance". Annual Review of Phytopathology. 50 (1). Annual Reviews: 23–43. doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-081211-173019. ISSN 0066-4286. PMID 22559071.
External links edit
- Sizing up Septoria (Studies in Mycology 75: 307–390). 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine