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Pepin the Short

Pepin[a] the Short (French: Pépin le Bref; c. 714 – 24 September 768), was King of the Franks from 751 until his death in 768. He was the first Carolingian to become king.[2]

Pepin the Short
Pepin the Younger, miniature, Anonymi chronica imperatorum, c. 1112–1114
King of the Franks
Reign751 – 24 September 768
PredecessorChilderic III
SuccessorCharlemagne and Carloman I
Mayor of the Palace of Neustria
Reign741–751
PredecessorCharles Martel
SuccessorCharlemagne
Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia
Reign747–751
PredecessorCarloman
SuccessorMerged into crown
Bornc. 714
Died24 September 768(768-09-24) (aged 53–54)
Saint-Denis, Kingdom of the Franks
Burial
SpouseBertrada of Laon
IssueCharlemagne
Carloman I
Gisela
DynastyCarolingian
FatherCharles Martel
MotherRotrude of Hesbaye
ReligionChalcedonian Christianity
Signature

Pepin was the son of the Frankish prince Charles Martel and his wife Rotrude. Pepin's upbringing was distinguished by the ecclesiastical education he had received from the Christian monks of the Abbey Church of St. Denis, near Paris. Succeeding his father as the Mayor of the Palace in 741, Pepin reigned over Francia jointly with his elder brother, Carloman. Pepin ruled in Neustria, Burgundy, and Provence, while his older brother Carloman established himself in Austrasia, Alemannia, and Thuringia. The brothers were active in suppressing revolts led by the Bavarians, Aquitanians, Saxons, and the Alemanni in the early years of their reign. In 743, they ended the Frankish interregnum by choosing Childeric III, who was to be the last Merovingian monarch, as figurehead King of the Franks.[citation needed]

Being well disposed towards the Christian Church and Papacy on account of their ecclesiastical upbringing, Pepin and Carloman continued their father's work in supporting Saint Boniface in reforming the Frankish church, and evangelizing the Saxons. After Carloman, who was an intensely pious man, retired to religious life in 747, Pepin became the sole ruler of the Franks. He suppressed a revolt led by his half-brother Grifo, and succeeded in becoming the undisputed master of all Francia. Giving up pretense, Pepin then forced Childeric into a monastery and had himself proclaimed King of the Franks with the support of Pope Zachary in 751. The decision was not supported by all members of the Carolingian family and Pepin had to put down a revolt led by Carloman's son, Drogo,[citation needed] and again by Grifo.[citation needed]

As King of the Franks, Pepin embarked on an ambitious program to expand his power. He reformed the legislation of the Franks and continued the ecclesiastical reforms of Boniface. Pepin also intervened in favour of the Papacy of Stephen II against the Lombards in Italy. In the midsummer of 754, Stephen II anointed Pepin afresh,[3] together with his two sons, Charles and Carloman.[4] The ceremony took place in the Abbey Church of St. Denis, and the Pope formally forbade the Franks ever to elect as king anyone who was not of the sacred race of Pepin. He also bestowed upon Pepin and his sons the title of Patrician of Rome.[5] Pepin was able to secure several cities, which he then gave to the Pope as part of the Donation of Pepin. This formed the legal basis for the Papal States in the Middle Ages. The Byzantine Greeks, keen to make good relations with the growing power of the Frankish Empire, gave Pepin the title of Patricius.[citation needed]

In wars of expansion for the Frankish realm, Pepin conquered Septimania from the Umayyad and Andalusian Muslims and defeated them at the siege of Narbonne in 759,[6][7] and proceeded to subjugate the southern realms by repeatedly defeating Waiofar and his Gascon troops, after which the Gascon and Aquitanian lords saw no option but to pledge loyalty to the Franks. Pepin was, however, troubled by the relentless revolts of the Saxons and the Bavarians. He campaigned tirelessly in Germania as well, but the final subjugation of the Germanic tribes was left to his successors.[citation needed]

Pepin died in 768 from unknown causes and was succeeded by his sons Charlemagne and Carloman. Although unquestionably one of the most powerful and successful rulers of his time, Pepin's reign is largely overshadowed by that of his more famous son, Charlemagne.[citation needed]

Assumption of power

Pepin's father Charles Martel died in 741. He divided the rule of the Frankish kingdom between Pepin and his elder brother, Carloman, his surviving sons by his first wife: Carloman became Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia, Pepin became Mayor of the Palace of Neustria. Grifo, Charles's son by his second wife, Swanahild (also known as Swanhilde), demanded a share in the inheritance, but he was besieged in Laon, forced to surrender and imprisoned in a monastery by his two half-brothers.[citation needed]

In the Frankish realm the unity of the kingdom was essentially connected with the person of the king. So Carloman, to secure this unity, raised the Merovingian Childeric to the throne (743). Then in 747 Carloman resolved to entering a monastery after years of consideration.[8] This left Francia in the hands of Pepin as sole mayor of the palace and dux et princeps Francorum.[citation needed]

At the time of Carloman's retirement, Grifo escaped his imprisonment and fled to Duke Odilo of Bavaria, who was married to Hiltrude, Pepin's sister. Pepin put down the renewed revolt led by his half-brother and succeeded in completely restoring the boundaries of the kingdom.

Under the reorganization of Francia by Charles Martel, the dux et princeps Francorum was the commander of the armies of the kingdom, in addition to his administrative duties as mayor of the palace.[9]

First Carolingian king

 
Coronation in 751 of Pepin by Boniface, Archbishop of Mainz

As mayor of the palace, Pepin was formally subject to the decisions of Childeric III, who had only the title of king, with no power. Since Pepin had control over the magnates and actually had the power of a king, he now addressed to Pope Zachary a suggestive question:

In regard to the kings of the Franks who no longer possess the royal power: is this state of things proper?

Hard pressed by the Lombards, Pope Zachary welcomed this move by the Franks to end an intolerable condition and lay the constitutional foundations for the exercise of the royal power. The Pope replied that such a state of things is not proper. Under these circumstances, the wielder of actual power should be called King. After this decision, Childeric III was deposed and confined to a monastery. He was the last of the Merovingians.

Pepin was then elected King of the Franks by an assembly of Frankish nobles, with a large portion of his army on hand. The earliest account of his election and anointing is the Clausula de Pippino, written around 767. Meanwhile, Grifo continued his rebellion, but was eventually killed in the battle of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne in 753.

Pepin was assisted by his friend Vergilius of Salzburg, an Irish monk who probably used a copy of the "Collectio canonum Hibernensis" (an Irish collection of canon law) to advise him to receive royal unction to assist his recognition as king.[10] Anointed a first time in 751 in Soissons, Pepin added to his power after Pope Stephen II traveled all the way to Paris to anoint him a second time in a lavish ceremony at the Basilica of St Denis in 754, bestowing upon him the additional title of Patricius Romanorum (Patrician of the Romans). This was the first recorded crowning of a civil ruler by a Pope.[11] As life expectancies were short in those days, and Pepin wanted family continuity, the Pope also anointed Pepin's sons, Charles (eventually known as Charlemagne), who was 12, and Carloman, who was 3.

The significance of the ceremony of anointment is visible in that it was newly adopted by the Pope and was unheard of in Rome. This, together with granting the title of Patrician of the Romans, which was connected to the role of Defensor Civitatis (protector of oppressed citizens), meant that Pippin was now designated as the defender of the Church.[12]

Expansion of the Frankish realm

 
Muslim troops leaving Narbonne in 759, after 40 years of occupation
 
Pepin's expedition to Septimania and Aquitaine (760)

Pepin's first major act as king was to go to war against the Lombard king Aistulf, who had expanded into the ducatus Romanus. After a meeting with Pope Stephen II at Ponthion, Pepin forced the Lombard king to return property seized from the Church.[13] He confirmed the papacy in possession of Ravenna and the Pentapolis, the so-called Donation of Pepin, whereby the Papal States were established and the temporal reign of the papacy officially began.[13] At about 752, he turned his attention to Septimania. The new king headed south in a military expedition down the Rhone valley and received the submission of eastern Septimania (i.e. Nîmes, Maguelone, Beziers and Agde) after securing count Ansemund's allegiance. The Frankish king went on to invest Narbonne, the main Umayyad stronghold in Septimania, but could not capture it from the Iberian Muslims until seven years later in 759,[14] when they were driven out to Hispania.

Aquitaine still remained under Waiofar's Gascon-Aquitanian rule, however, and beyond Frankish reach. Duke Waiofar appears to have confiscated Church lands, maybe distributing them among his troops. In 760, after conquering the Roussillon from the Muslims and denouncing Waiofar's actions, Pepin moved his troops over to Toulouse and Albi, ravaged with fire and sword most of Aquitaine, and, in retaliation, counts loyal to Waiofar ravaged Burgundy.[15] Pepin, in turn, besieged the Aquitanian-held towns and strongholds of Bourbon, Clermont, Chantelle, Bourges and Thouars, defended by Waiofar's Gascon troops, who were overcome, captured and deported into northern France with their children and wives.[16]

In 763, Pepin advanced further into the heart of Waiofar's domains and captured major strongholds (Poitiers, Limoges, Angoulême, etc.), after which Waiofar counterattacked and war became bitter. Pepin opted to spread terror, burning villas, destroying vineyards and depopulating monasteries. By 765, the brutal tactics seemed to pay off for the Franks, who destroyed resistance in central Aquitaine and devastated the whole region. The city of Toulouse was conquered by Pepin in 767 as was Waiofar's capital of Bordeaux.[17]

As a result, Aquitanian nobles and Gascons from beyond the Garonne too saw no option but to accept a pro-Frankish peace treaty (Fronsac, c. 768). Waiofar escaped but was assassinated by his own frustrated followers in 768.

Legacy

 
Allegoric depiction of Pepin

Pepin died on campaign in 768 at the age of 54. He was interred in the Basilica of Saint Denis in modern-day Metropolitan Paris. His wife Bertrada was also interred there in 783. Charlemagne rebuilt the Basilica in honor of his parents and placed markers at the entrance.

The Frankish realm was divided according to the Salic law between his two sons: Charlemagne and Carloman I.

Historical opinion[who?] often seems to regard him as the lesser son and lesser father of two greater men, though a great man in his own right. He continued to build up the heavy cavalry which his father had begun. He maintained the standing army that his father had found necessary to protect the realm and form the core of its full army in wartime. He not only contained the Spanish Muslims as his father had, but drove them out of what is now France and, as important, he managed to subdue the Aquitanians and the Gascons after three generations of on-off clashes, so opening the gate to central and southern Gaul and Muslim Spain. He continued his father's expansion of the Frankish church (missionary work in Germany and Scandinavia) and the institutional infrastructure (feudalism) that would prove the backbone of medieval Europe.

His rule was historically important and of great benefit to the Franks as a people. Pepin's assumption of the crown, and the title of Patrician of Rome, were harbingers of his son's imperial coronation. He made the Carolingians the ruling dynasty of the Franks and the foremost power of Europe. Known as a great conqueror, he was undefeated during his lifetime.

Family

Pepin married Leutberga from the Danube region. They had five children. She was repudiated some time after the birth of Charlemagne and her children were sent to convents.[18]

In 741, Pepin married Bertrada, daughter of Caribert of Laon. They are known to have had eight children, at least three of whom survived to adulthood:

  • Charles (Charlemagne) (2 April 742 – 28 January 814)
  • Carloman (751 – 4 December 771)
  • Pepin (756–762)
  • Gisela (757–810)
  • Berthe, died young
  • Adelais (Adelaide), died young, buried in Metz
  • Chrothais (Rothaide), died young, buried in Metz.

Notes

  1. ^ Pronounced /ˈpɛpɪn/; rarely, his name may be spelled Peppin or Pippin.[1]

References

  1. ^ Duckett 2022
  2. ^ Riché 1993, p. 65.
  3. ^ Doig 2008, p. 110
  4. ^ Duckett 2022
  5. ^ R.H.C 1957, p. 133
  6. ^ Deanesly, Margaret (2019). "The Later Merovingians". A History of Early Medieval Europe: From 476–911. Routledge Library Editions: The Medieval World (1st ed.). London and New York City: Routledge. pp. 244–245. ISBN 9780367184582.
  7. ^ Collins, Roger (1998). "Italy and Spain, 773–801". Charlemagne. Buffalo, London, and Toronto: Palgrave Macmillan/University of Toronto Press. pp. 65–66. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-26924-2_4. ISBN 978-1-349-26924-2.
  8. ^ Duckett 2022
  9. ^ Schulman 2002, p. 101.
  10. ^ Enright 1985, p. ix, 198.
  11. ^ Kazhdan 1991
  12. ^ Ullmann 2013, pp. 67–69
  13. ^ a b Brown 1995, p. 328.
  14. ^ Lewis 2010, p. chapter 1.
  15. ^ Petersen 2013, p. 728.
  16. ^ Petersen 2013, pp. 728–731.
  17. ^ Tucker 2011, p. 215.
  18. ^ Borovský 2019, p. 139

Bibliography

  • Borovský, Jozef (2019). Chrysalis: Metamorphosis of Odium. FriesenPress. ISBN 9781525547690.
  • Brown, T.S. (1995). "Byzantine Italy". In McKitterick, Rosamond (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History, c.700-c.900. Vol. II. Cambridge University Press.
  • Doig, Allan (2008). Liturgy and architecture from the early church to the Middle Ages. Ashgate. ISBN 9780754652748.
  • Duckett, Eleanor Shipley (20 September 2022). "Pippin III". www.britannica.com. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2022-09-29.
  • Dutton, Paul Edward (2008). Charlemagne's Mustache: And Other Cultural Clusters of a Dark Age. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Enright, M.J. (1985). Iona, Tara, and Soissons: The Origin of the Royal Anointing Ritual. Walter de Gruyter.
  • Kazhdan, Alexander P. (1991). The Oxford dictionary of Byzantium. (Aleksandr Petrovich), 1922-1997, Talbot, Alice-Mary Maffry, Cutler, Anthony, 1934-, Gregory, Timothy E., Ševčenko, Nancy Patterson. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195046528. OCLC 22733550.
  • Lewis, Archibald R. (2010). The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050. THE LIBRARY OF IBERIAN RESOURCES ONLINE.
  • Petersen, Leif Inge Ree (2013). Siege Warfare and Military Organization in the Successor States (400-800 AD): Byzantium, the West and Islam. Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-25199-1.
  • R.H.C, Davis (1957). A History of Medieval Europe - From Constantine to Saint Louis. Great Britain: A Longman Paperback. ISBN 0582482089.
  • Riché, Pierre (1993). The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe. Translated by Allen, Michael Idomir. University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Schulman, Jana K., ed. (2002). The Rise of the Medieval World, 500-1300: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Press.
  • Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2011). A Global Chronology of Conflict. Vol. I. ABC-CLIO.
  • Ullmann, Walter (2013). Growth of Papal Government in Middle Ages - Study in Ideological Relation of Clerical to Lay Power. Routledge.

External links

  • Literatur über Pippin den Jüngeren in the German National Library catalogue
  • Document by Pepin for Fulda Abbey, 760, "digitalised image". Photograph Archive of Old Original Documents (Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden). University of Marburg..
Pepin the Short
Born: 714 Died: 768
Preceded by Mayor of the Palace of Neustria
741–751
Merged into crown
Preceded by Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia
747–751
Preceded by King of the Franks
751 – 24 September 768
Succeeded by

pepin, short, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, september, 20. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Pepin the Short news newspapers books scholar JSTOR September 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Pepin a the Short French Pepin le Bref c 714 24 September 768 was King of the Franks from 751 until his death in 768 He was the first Carolingian to become king 2 Pepin the ShortPepin the Younger miniature Anonymi chronica imperatorum c 1112 1114King of the FranksReign751 24 September 768PredecessorChilderic IIISuccessorCharlemagne and Carloman IMayor of the Palace of NeustriaReign741 751PredecessorCharles MartelSuccessorCharlemagneMayor of the Palace of AustrasiaReign747 751PredecessorCarlomanSuccessorMerged into crownBornc 714Died24 September 768 768 09 24 aged 53 54 Saint Denis Kingdom of the FranksBurialBasilica of St DenisSpouseBertrada of LaonIssueCharlemagneCarloman IGiselaDynastyCarolingianFatherCharles MartelMotherRotrude of HesbayeReligionChalcedonian ChristianitySignaturePepin was the son of the Frankish prince Charles Martel and his wife Rotrude Pepin s upbringing was distinguished by the ecclesiastical education he had received from the Christian monks of the Abbey Church of St Denis near Paris Succeeding his father as the Mayor of the Palace in 741 Pepin reigned over Francia jointly with his elder brother Carloman Pepin ruled in Neustria Burgundy and Provence while his older brother Carloman established himself in Austrasia Alemannia and Thuringia The brothers were active in suppressing revolts led by the Bavarians Aquitanians Saxons and the Alemanni in the early years of their reign In 743 they ended the Frankish interregnum by choosing Childeric III who was to be the last Merovingian monarch as figurehead King of the Franks citation needed Being well disposed towards the Christian Church and Papacy on account of their ecclesiastical upbringing Pepin and Carloman continued their father s work in supporting Saint Boniface in reforming the Frankish church and evangelizing the Saxons After Carloman who was an intensely pious man retired to religious life in 747 Pepin became the sole ruler of the Franks He suppressed a revolt led by his half brother Grifo and succeeded in becoming the undisputed master of all Francia Giving up pretense Pepin then forced Childeric into a monastery and had himself proclaimed King of the Franks with the support of Pope Zachary in 751 The decision was not supported by all members of the Carolingian family and Pepin had to put down a revolt led by Carloman s son Drogo citation needed and again by Grifo citation needed As King of the Franks Pepin embarked on an ambitious program to expand his power He reformed the legislation of the Franks and continued the ecclesiastical reforms of Boniface Pepin also intervened in favour of the Papacy of Stephen II against the Lombards in Italy In the midsummer of 754 Stephen II anointed Pepin afresh 3 together with his two sons Charles and Carloman 4 The ceremony took place in the Abbey Church of St Denis and the Pope formally forbade the Franks ever to elect as king anyone who was not of the sacred race of Pepin He also bestowed upon Pepin and his sons the title of Patrician of Rome 5 Pepin was able to secure several cities which he then gave to the Pope as part of the Donation of Pepin This formed the legal basis for the Papal States in the Middle Ages The Byzantine Greeks keen to make good relations with the growing power of the Frankish Empire gave Pepin the title of Patricius citation needed In wars of expansion for the Frankish realm Pepin conquered Septimania from the Umayyad and Andalusian Muslims and defeated them at the siege of Narbonne in 759 6 7 and proceeded to subjugate the southern realms by repeatedly defeating Waiofar and his Gascon troops after which the Gascon and Aquitanian lords saw no option but to pledge loyalty to the Franks Pepin was however troubled by the relentless revolts of the Saxons and the Bavarians He campaigned tirelessly in Germania as well but the final subjugation of the Germanic tribes was left to his successors citation needed Pepin died in 768 from unknown causes and was succeeded by his sons Charlemagne and Carloman Although unquestionably one of the most powerful and successful rulers of his time Pepin s reign is largely overshadowed by that of his more famous son Charlemagne citation needed Contents 1 Assumption of power 2 First Carolingian king 3 Expansion of the Frankish realm 4 Legacy 5 Family 6 Notes 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External linksAssumption of power EditPepin s father Charles Martel died in 741 He divided the rule of the Frankish kingdom between Pepin and his elder brother Carloman his surviving sons by his first wife Carloman became Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia Pepin became Mayor of the Palace of Neustria Grifo Charles s son by his second wife Swanahild also known as Swanhilde demanded a share in the inheritance but he was besieged in Laon forced to surrender and imprisoned in a monastery by his two half brothers citation needed In the Frankish realm the unity of the kingdom was essentially connected with the person of the king So Carloman to secure this unity raised the Merovingian Childeric to the throne 743 Then in 747 Carloman resolved to entering a monastery after years of consideration 8 This left Francia in the hands of Pepin as sole mayor of the palace and dux et princeps Francorum citation needed At the time of Carloman s retirement Grifo escaped his imprisonment and fled to Duke Odilo of Bavaria who was married to Hiltrude Pepin s sister Pepin put down the renewed revolt led by his half brother and succeeded in completely restoring the boundaries of the kingdom Under the reorganization of Francia by Charles Martel the dux et princeps Francorum was the commander of the armies of the kingdom in addition to his administrative duties as mayor of the palace 9 First Carolingian king Edit Coronation in 751 of Pepin by Boniface Archbishop of Mainz As mayor of the palace Pepin was formally subject to the decisions of Childeric III who had only the title of king with no power Since Pepin had control over the magnates and actually had the power of a king he now addressed to Pope Zachary a suggestive question In regard to the kings of the Franks who no longer possess the royal power is this state of things proper Hard pressed by the Lombards Pope Zachary welcomed this move by the Franks to end an intolerable condition and lay the constitutional foundations for the exercise of the royal power The Pope replied that such a state of things is not proper Under these circumstances the wielder of actual power should be called King After this decision Childeric III was deposed and confined to a monastery He was the last of the Merovingians Pepin was then elected King of the Franks by an assembly of Frankish nobles with a large portion of his army on hand The earliest account of his election and anointing is the Clausula de Pippino written around 767 Meanwhile Grifo continued his rebellion but was eventually killed in the battle of Saint Jean de Maurienne in 753 Pepin was assisted by his friend Vergilius of Salzburg an Irish monk who probably used a copy of the Collectio canonum Hibernensis an Irish collection of canon law to advise him to receive royal unction to assist his recognition as king 10 Anointed a first time in 751 in Soissons Pepin added to his power after Pope Stephen II traveled all the way to Paris to anoint him a second time in a lavish ceremony at the Basilica of St Denis in 754 bestowing upon him the additional title of Patricius Romanorum Patrician of the Romans This was the first recorded crowning of a civil ruler by a Pope 11 As life expectancies were short in those days and Pepin wanted family continuity the Pope also anointed Pepin s sons Charles eventually known as Charlemagne who was 12 and Carloman who was 3 The significance of the ceremony of anointment is visible in that it was newly adopted by the Pope and was unheard of in Rome This together with granting the title of Patrician of the Romans which was connected to the role of Defensor Civitatis protector of oppressed citizens meant that Pippin was now designated as the defender of the Church 12 Expansion of the Frankish realm Edit Muslim troops leaving Narbonne in 759 after 40 years of occupation Pepin s expedition to Septimania and Aquitaine 760 Pepin s first major act as king was to go to war against the Lombard king Aistulf who had expanded into the ducatus Romanus After a meeting with Pope Stephen II at Ponthion Pepin forced the Lombard king to return property seized from the Church 13 He confirmed the papacy in possession of Ravenna and the Pentapolis the so called Donation of Pepin whereby the Papal States were established and the temporal reign of the papacy officially began 13 At about 752 he turned his attention to Septimania The new king headed south in a military expedition down the Rhone valley and received the submission of eastern Septimania i e Nimes Maguelone Beziers and Agde after securing count Ansemund s allegiance The Frankish king went on to invest Narbonne the main Umayyad stronghold in Septimania but could not capture it from the Iberian Muslims until seven years later in 759 14 when they were driven out to Hispania Aquitaine still remained under Waiofar s Gascon Aquitanian rule however and beyond Frankish reach Duke Waiofar appears to have confiscated Church lands maybe distributing them among his troops In 760 after conquering the Roussillon from the Muslims and denouncing Waiofar s actions Pepin moved his troops over to Toulouse and Albi ravaged with fire and sword most of Aquitaine and in retaliation counts loyal to Waiofar ravaged Burgundy 15 Pepin in turn besieged the Aquitanian held towns and strongholds of Bourbon Clermont Chantelle Bourges and Thouars defended by Waiofar s Gascon troops who were overcome captured and deported into northern France with their children and wives 16 In 763 Pepin advanced further into the heart of Waiofar s domains and captured major strongholds Poitiers Limoges Angouleme etc after which Waiofar counterattacked and war became bitter Pepin opted to spread terror burning villas destroying vineyards and depopulating monasteries By 765 the brutal tactics seemed to pay off for the Franks who destroyed resistance in central Aquitaine and devastated the whole region The city of Toulouse was conquered by Pepin in 767 as was Waiofar s capital of Bordeaux 17 As a result Aquitanian nobles and Gascons from beyond the Garonne too saw no option but to accept a pro Frankish peace treaty Fronsac c 768 Waiofar escaped but was assassinated by his own frustrated followers in 768 Legacy Edit Allegoric depiction of Pepin Pepin died on campaign in 768 at the age of 54 He was interred in the Basilica of Saint Denis in modern day Metropolitan Paris His wife Bertrada was also interred there in 783 Charlemagne rebuilt the Basilica in honor of his parents and placed markers at the entrance The Frankish realm was divided according to the Salic law between his two sons Charlemagne and Carloman I Historical opinion who often seems to regard him as the lesser son and lesser father of two greater men though a great man in his own right He continued to build up the heavy cavalry which his father had begun He maintained the standing army that his father had found necessary to protect the realm and form the core of its full army in wartime He not only contained the Spanish Muslims as his father had but drove them out of what is now France and as important he managed to subdue the Aquitanians and the Gascons after three generations of on off clashes so opening the gate to central and southern Gaul and Muslim Spain He continued his father s expansion of the Frankish church missionary work in Germany and Scandinavia and the institutional infrastructure feudalism that would prove the backbone of medieval Europe His rule was historically important and of great benefit to the Franks as a people Pepin s assumption of the crown and the title of Patrician of Rome were harbingers of his son s imperial coronation He made the Carolingians the ruling dynasty of the Franks and the foremost power of Europe Known as a great conqueror he was undefeated during his lifetime Family EditPepin married Leutberga from the Danube region They had five children She was repudiated some time after the birth of Charlemagne and her children were sent to convents 18 In 741 Pepin married Bertrada daughter of Caribert of Laon They are known to have had eight children at least three of whom survived to adulthood Charles Charlemagne 2 April 742 28 January 814 Carloman 751 4 December 771 Pepin 756 762 Gisela 757 810 Berthe died young Adelais Adelaide died young buried in Metz Chrothais Rothaide died young buried in Metz Notes Edit Pronounced ˈ p ɛ p ɪ n rarely his name may be spelled Peppin or Pippin 1 References Edit Duckett 2022 Riche 1993 p 65 Doig 2008 p 110 Duckett 2022 R H C 1957 p 133 Deanesly Margaret 2019 The Later Merovingians A History of Early Medieval Europe From 476 911 Routledge Library Editions The Medieval World 1st ed London and New York City Routledge pp 244 245 ISBN 9780367184582 Collins Roger 1998 Italy and Spain 773 801 Charlemagne Buffalo London and Toronto Palgrave Macmillan University of Toronto Press pp 65 66 doi 10 1007 978 1 349 26924 2 4 ISBN 978 1 349 26924 2 Duckett 2022 Schulman 2002 p 101 Enright 1985 p ix 198 Kazhdan 1991 Ullmann 2013 pp 67 69 a b Brown 1995 p 328 Lewis 2010 p chapter 1 Petersen 2013 p 728 Petersen 2013 pp 728 731 Tucker 2011 p 215 Borovsky 2019 p 139Bibliography EditBorovsky Jozef 2019 Chrysalis Metamorphosis of Odium FriesenPress ISBN 9781525547690 Brown T S 1995 Byzantine Italy In McKitterick Rosamond ed The New Cambridge Medieval History c 700 c 900 Vol II Cambridge University Press Doig Allan 2008 Liturgy and architecture from the early church to the Middle Ages Ashgate ISBN 9780754652748 Duckett Eleanor Shipley 20 September 2022 Pippin III www britannica com Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 2022 09 29 Dutton Paul Edward 2008 Charlemagne s Mustache And Other Cultural Clusters of a Dark Age Palgrave Macmillan Enright M J 1985 Iona Tara and Soissons The Origin of the Royal Anointing Ritual Walter de Gruyter Kazhdan Alexander P 1991 The Oxford dictionary of Byzantium Aleksandr Petrovich 1922 1997 Talbot Alice Mary Maffry Cutler Anthony 1934 Gregory Timothy E Sevcenko Nancy Patterson New York Oxford University Press ISBN 0195046528 OCLC 22733550 Lewis Archibald R 2010 The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society 718 1050 THE LIBRARY OF IBERIAN RESOURCES ONLINE Petersen Leif Inge Ree 2013 Siege Warfare and Military Organization in the Successor States 400 800 AD Byzantium the West and Islam Leiden Brill Publishers ISBN 978 90 04 25199 1 R H C Davis 1957 A History of Medieval Europe From Constantine to Saint Louis Great Britain A Longman Paperback ISBN 0582482089 Riche Pierre 1993 The Carolingians A Family Who Forged Europe Translated by Allen Michael Idomir University of Pennsylvania Press Schulman Jana K ed 2002 The Rise of the Medieval World 500 1300 A Biographical Dictionary Greenwood Press Tucker Spencer C ed 2011 A Global Chronology of Conflict Vol I ABC CLIO Ullmann Walter 2013 Growth of Papal Government in Middle Ages Study in Ideological Relation of Clerical to Lay Power Routledge External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pepin the Short Literatur uber Pippin den Jungeren in the German National Library catalogue Document by Pepin for Fulda Abbey 760 digitalised image Photograph Archive of Old Original Documents Lichtbildarchiv alterer Originalurkunden University of Marburg Pepin the ShortCarolingian DynastyBorn 714 Died 768Preceded byCharles Martel Mayor of the Palace of Neustria741 751 Merged into crownPreceded byCarloman Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia747 751Preceded byChilderic III King of the Franks751 24 September 768 Succeeded byCharles I andCarloman I Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pepin the Short amp oldid 1152167040, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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