Penology is a subfield of criminology that deals with the philosophy and practice[1][2] of various societies in their attempts to repress criminal activities, and satisfy public opinion via an appropriate treatment regime for persons convicted of criminal offences.
Penology is concerned with the effectiveness of those social processes devised and adopted for the prevention of crime, via the repression or inhibition of criminal intent via the fear of punishment. The study of penology therefore deals with the treatment of prisoners and the subsequent rehabilitation of convicted criminals. It also encompasses aspects of probation (rehabilitation of offenders in the community) as well as penitentiary science relating to the secure detention and retraining of offenders committed to secure institutions.
Historical theories were based on the notion that fearful consequences would discourage potential offenders. An example of this principle can be found in the Draconian law of Ancient Greece and the Bloody Code which persisted in Renaissance England, when (at various times) capital punishment was prescribed for over 200 offenses. Similarly, certain hudud offenses under Sharia hadith tradition may incur fearful penalties.
Modern theories of the punishment and rehabilitation of offenders are broadly based on principles articulated in the seminal pamphlet "On Crimes and Punishments" published by Cesare, Marquis of Beccaria in 1764. They center on the concept of proportionality. In this respect, they differ from many previous systems of punishment, for example, England's Bloody Code, under which the penalty of theft had been the same regardless of the value stolen, giving rise to the English expression "It is as well to be hanged for a sheep or a lamb". Subsequent development of the ideas of Beccaria made non-lethal punishment more acceptable. Consequently, convicted prisoners had to be re-integrated into society when their punishment was complete.[4]
Penologists have consequently evolved occupational and psychological education programs for offenders detained in prison, and a range of community service and probation orders which entail guidance and aftercare of the offender within the community. The importance of inflicting some measure of punishment on those persons who breach the law is however maintained in order to maintain social order and to moderate public outrage which might provoke appeals for cruelvengeance.[clarification needed]
More recently, some penologists have shifted from a retributive based punishment to a form of community corrections. "Community corrections involves the management and supervision of offenders in the community. These offenders are serving court-imposed orders either as an alternative to imprisonment or as a condition of their release on parole from prison. This means they must report regularly to their community corrections officer and may have to participate in unpaid community work and rehabilitation programs.[5]"
^Rajendra Kumar Sharma (1 January 1998). Criminology And Penology. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 2 ff. ISBN978-81-7156-754-6. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
^Shlomo Giora Shoham; Ori Beck; Martin Kett (8 October 2007). International Handbook of Penology and Criminal Justice. CRC Press. ISBN978-1-4200-5388-3. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
^Todd R. Clear (1994). Harm in American penology: offenders, victims, and their communities. SUNY Press. p. 15. ISBN978-0-7914-2174-1.
^Marcello Maestro, "A pioneer for the abolition of capital punishment: Cesare Beccaria." Journal of the History of Ideas 34.3 (1973): 463-468. online
^Corrections Prisons Parole, Department of Justice. . www.corrections.vic.gov.au. Archived from the original on 2019-04-28. Retrieved 2018-10-25.
Further readingedit
Diiulio, John J., Governing Prisons: A Comparative Study of Correctional Management, Simon and Schuster, 1990. ISBN0-02-907883-0
Feeley, M. M., & Simon, J. (1992). The new penology: Notes on the emerging strategy of corrections and its implications. Criminology, 30(4), 449-474.
Kazemian, L., McCoy, C., & Sacks, M. (2013). Does law matter? An old bail law confronts the New Penology. Punishment & Society, 15(1), 43-70.
External linksedit
CrimLinks UK based site
January 01, 1970
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Penology is a subfield of criminology that deals with the philosophy and practice 1 2 of various societies in their attempts to repress criminal activities and satisfy public opinion via an appropriate treatment regime for persons convicted of criminal offences The Oxford English Dictionary defines penology as the study of the punishment of crime and prison management and in this sense it is equivalent with corrections 3 The term penology comes from penal Latin poena punishment and the Greek suffix logia study of Penology is concerned with the effectiveness of those social processes devised and adopted for the prevention of crime via the repression or inhibition of criminal intent via the fear of punishment The study of penology therefore deals with the treatment of prisoners and the subsequent rehabilitation of convicted criminals It also encompasses aspects of probation rehabilitation of offenders in the community as well as penitentiary science relating to the secure detention and retraining of offenders committed to secure institutions Penology concerns many topics and theories including those concerning prisons prison reform prisoner abuse prisoners rights and recidivism as well as theories of the purposes of punishment deterrence retribution incapacitation and rehabilitation Contemporary penology concerns itself mainly with criminal rehabilitation and prison management The word seldom applies to theories and practices of punishment in less formal environments such as parenting school and workplace correctional measures Contents 1 History 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External linksHistory edit nbsp Cesare Beccaria Dei delitti e delle pene nbsp Dei delitti e delle pene 1766 frontpage 6th edition Further information Prison reform Historical theories were based on the notion that fearful consequences would discourage potential offenders An example of this principle can be found in the Draconian law of Ancient Greece and the Bloody Code which persisted in Renaissance England when at various times capital punishment was prescribed for over 200 offenses Similarly certain hudud offenses under Sharia hadith tradition may incur fearful penalties Modern theories of the punishment and rehabilitation of offenders are broadly based on principles articulated in the seminal pamphlet On Crimes and Punishments published by Cesare Marquis of Beccaria in 1764 They center on the concept of proportionality In this respect they differ from many previous systems of punishment for example England s Bloody Code under which the penalty of theft had been the same regardless of the value stolen giving rise to the English expression It is as well to be hanged for a sheep or a lamb Subsequent development of the ideas of Beccaria made non lethal punishment more acceptable Consequently convicted prisoners had to be re integrated into society when their punishment was complete 4 Penologists have consequently evolved occupational and psychological education programs for offenders detained in prison and a range of community service and probation orders which entail guidance and aftercare of the offender within the community The importance of inflicting some measure of punishment on those persons who breach the law is however maintained in order to maintain social order and to moderate public outrage which might provoke appeals for cruel vengeance clarification needed More recently some penologists have shifted from a retributive based punishment to a form of community corrections Community corrections involves the management and supervision of offenders in the community These offenders are serving court imposed orders either as an alternative to imprisonment or as a condition of their release on parole from prison This means they must report regularly to their community corrections officer and may have to participate in unpaid community work and rehabilitation programs 5 See also editAuburn System Zebulon Brockway Elmira Correctional Facility His Majesty s Prison Service Incarceration in Norway Offender workforce development Panopticon Penal transportation Prison reform Protective PairingReferences edit Rajendra Kumar Sharma 1 January 1998 Criminology And Penology Atlantic Publishers amp Dist pp 2 ff ISBN 978 81 7156 754 6 Retrieved 2 March 2013 Shlomo Giora Shoham Ori Beck Martin Kett 8 October 2007 International Handbook of Penology and Criminal Justice CRC Press ISBN 978 1 4200 5388 3 Retrieved 2 March 2013 Todd R Clear 1994 Harm in American penology offenders victims and their communities SUNY Press p 15 ISBN 978 0 7914 2174 1 Marcello Maestro A pioneer for the abolition of capital punishment Cesare Beccaria Journal of the History of Ideas 34 3 1973 463 468 online Corrections Prisons Parole Department of Justice Community corrections www corrections vic gov au Archived from the original on 2019 04 28 Retrieved 2018 10 25 Further reading editDiiulio John J Governing Prisons A Comparative Study of Correctional Management Simon and Schuster 1990 ISBN 0 02 907883 0 Feeley M M amp Simon J 1992 The new penology Notes on the emerging strategy of corrections and its implications Criminology 30 4 449 474 Kazemian L McCoy C amp Sacks M 2013 Does law matter An old bail law confronts the New Penology Punishment amp Society 15 1 43 70 External links editCrimLinks UK based site Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Penology amp oldid 1209603140, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
