A passive speaker (also referred to as a receptive bilingual or passive bilingual) is a category of speaker who has had enough exposure to a language in childhood to have a native-like comprehension of it, but has little or no active command of it.[1] Such passively fluent individuals are often raised in an environment where the language was spoken but did not become native speakers.[2]
Such speakers are especially common in language shift communities where speakers of a declining language do not acquire active competence. Around 10% of the Ainu people who speak the language are considered passive speakers. Passive speakers are often targeted in language revival efforts to increase the number of speakers of a language quickly, as they are likely to gain active and near-native speaking skills more quickly than those with no knowledge of the language. They are also found in areas where people grow up hearing another language outside their family with no formal education.
A more common term for the phenomenon is 'passive bilingualism'. Grosjean argues that there has been a monolingual bias regarding who is considered a 'bilingual' in which people who do not have equal competence in all their languages are judged as not speaking properly. 'Balanced bilinguals' are, in fact, very rare. One's fluency as a bilingual in a language is domain-specific: it depends on what each language is used for.[3] That means that speakers may not admit to their fluency in their passive language although there are social (extralinguistic) factors that underlie their different competencies.
Basque Country
The percentage of passive speakers in 2011 among under -35s in the Basque Country.
In 2016, 28.4 % of inhabitants aged 16 and over are bilingual, 16.4 % are passive bilingual and 51.2 % are non-Basque speakers. Today there are 751 500 bilinguals and 434 000 passive speakers.[4][5]
Karlos Cid Abasolo discusses that passive bilingualism would be a minimum requirement for the co-official status of Basque and Spanish to become a working reality. As there are now many monolingual Spanish-speakers, and no monolingual Basque-speakers in the Basque Country, there is no requisite for those fluent in Basque to speak it.[6]
^Leap, W (1998). "Indian language renewal". Human Organization. 47: 283–291.
^Basham, Charlotte; Fathman, Ann (19 December 2008). "The Latent Speaker: Attaining Adult Fluency in an Endangered Language". International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. 11 (5): 577–597. doi:10.1080/13670050802149192.
^Grosjean, François (2010). Bilingual : Life and Reality. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 21.
^VIe Enquête Sociolinguistique en Euskal herria (Communauté Autonome d'Euskadi, Navarre et Pays Basque Nord) (2016). Dans l'échantillon total du Pays basque, la marge d'erreur est de plus ou moins 1,4 %.
^VIe Enquête Sociolinguistique au Pays Basque Nord (2016).
^Abasolo, Karlos Cid (2009). "Bilingüísmo, monolingüísmo y sesquilingüismo en la Comunidad Autónoma Vasca". Revista de Filología Románica. 26: 229–242.
passive, speaker, language, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corresponding, inline, citations, please, help, improve, this, article, introducing, more, precise, citations, november, 2016, learn, when, remove, this, templat. This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations November 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message A passive speaker also referred to as a receptive bilingual or passive bilingual is a category of speaker who has had enough exposure to a language in childhood to have a native like comprehension of it but has little or no active command of it 1 Such passively fluent individuals are often raised in an environment where the language was spoken but did not become native speakers 2 Such speakers are especially common in language shift communities where speakers of a declining language do not acquire active competence Around 10 of the Ainu people who speak the language are considered passive speakers Passive speakers are often targeted in language revival efforts to increase the number of speakers of a language quickly as they are likely to gain active and near native speaking skills more quickly than those with no knowledge of the language They are also found in areas where people grow up hearing another language outside their family with no formal education Contents 1 Language attitudes 2 Basque Country 3 See also 4 ReferencesLanguage attitudes EditA more common term for the phenomenon is passive bilingualism Grosjean argues that there has been a monolingual bias regarding who is considered a bilingual in which people who do not have equal competence in all their languages are judged as not speaking properly Balanced bilinguals are in fact very rare One s fluency as a bilingual in a language is domain specific it depends on what each language is used for 3 That means that speakers may not admit to their fluency in their passive language although there are social extralinguistic factors that underlie their different competencies Basque Country Edit The percentage of passive speakers in 2011 among under 35s in the Basque Country In 2016 28 4 of inhabitants aged 16 and over are bilingual 16 4 are passive bilingual and 51 2 are non Basque speakers Today there are 751 500 bilinguals and 434 000 passive speakers 4 5 Karlos Cid Abasolo discusses that passive bilingualism would be a minimum requirement for the co official status of Basque and Spanish to become a working reality As there are now many monolingual Spanish speakers and no monolingual Basque speakers in the Basque Country there is no requisite for those fluent in Basque to speak it 6 See also EditHeritage speaker Home language Language acquisition Multilingualism Speech repetition Literary ArabicReferences Edit Leap W 1998 Indian language renewal Human Organization 47 283 291 Basham Charlotte Fathman Ann 19 December 2008 The Latent Speaker Attaining Adult Fluency in an Endangered Language International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 11 5 577 597 doi 10 1080 13670050802149192 Grosjean Francois 2010 Bilingual Life and Reality Massachusetts Harvard University Press p 21 VIe Enquete Sociolinguistique en Euskal herria Communaute Autonome d Euskadi Navarre et Pays Basque Nord 2016 Dans l echantillon total du Pays basque la marge d erreur est de plus ou moins 1 4 VIe Enquete Sociolinguistique au Pays Basque Nord 2016 Abasolo Karlos Cid 2009 Bilinguismo monolinguismo y sesquilinguismo en la Comunidad Autonoma Vasca Revista de Filologia Romanica 26 229 242 This article about language acquisition is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Passive speaker language amp oldid 1126443216, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
