Stenospermocarpy is the biological mechanism that produces parthenocarpy (seedlessness) in some fruits, notably many table grapes.
Undeveloped seeds in 'Crimson Seedless' grapes
In stenospermocarpic fruits, normal pollination and fertilization are still required to ensure that the fruit 'sets', i.e. continues to develop on the plant; however subsequent abortion of the embryo that began growing following fertilization leads to a near seedless condition. The remains of the undeveloped seed are visible in the fruit.[1]
Most commercial seedless grapes are sprayed with gibberellin to increase the size of the fruit and also to make the fruit clusters less tightly packed. A new cultivar, 'Melissa', has naturally larger fruit so does not require gibberellin sprays.[2]
Grape breeders have developed some new seedless grape cultivars by using the embryo rescue technique.[3] Before the tiny embryo aborts, it is removed from the developing fruit and grown in tissue culture until it is large enough to survive on its own. Embryo rescue allows the crossing of two seedless grape cultivars.
There are two types of seedlessness in grapes: true seedlessness of parthenocarpic berries when only ovules may develop and commercial seedlessness of stenospermocarpic berries when aborted seeds go unnoticed when chewing.[4] Stenospermocarpic seeds vary significant in size and in the degree of development of the seed coat and the endosperm.[5] Larger seeds of stenospermocarpic grapes are referred to as rudimentary seeds and smaller ones as seed traces. A scientific article with many photos of ovules, aborted and normal seeds of the parthenocarpic, stenospermocarpic and seeded cultivars. [6]
Seedless grapes are divided into white, red and black types based roughly on fruit color. The most popular seedless grape is known in the United States as 'Thompson Seedless', but was originally known as 'Sultana'. It is believed to be of ancient origin. It is considered a white grape, but is actually a pale green. Other white cultivars are 'Perlette', 'Menindee Seedless', 'Interlaken', 'Himrod', 'Romulanus', 'Lakemont', 'Fayez', and 'Remaily Seedless.' The most popular red seedless in the U.S. is 'Flame Seedless'. Other red cultivars are 'Crimson Seedless', 'Ruby Seedless', 'Suffolk Red', 'Saturn' and 'Pink Reliance'. Some black cultivars are 'Black Beauty', 'Black Monukka', 'Concord Seedless', 'Glenora' and 'Thomcord.'
^Soule, J. (1985), Glossary for Horticultural Crops, New York: Wiley, ISBN978-0-471-88499-6, cited in Huang, Jing-Hao; Ma, Wei-Hong; Liang, Guo-Lu; Zhang, Ling-Yuan; Wang, Wei-Xing; Cai, Zi-Jian; Wen, Shou-Xing (2010), "Effects of low temperatures on sexual reproduction of 'Tainong 1' mango (Mangifera indica)", Scientia Horticulturae, 126 (2): 109–119, doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2010.06.017
^Ramming, D.W. 1999. New grape trio. Agricultural Research 47(10): 23.
^Wood, M. 1997. Mouth-watering new fruits Agricultural Research 45(8): 9-10.
^Stout, A. 1936. Seedlessness in grapes New York State Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin 238: 68.
^Striem, M.J., Spiegel-Roy, P., Baron, I., Sahar, N. 1992. The degrees of development of the seed-coat and the endosperm as separate subtraits of stenospermocarpic seedlessness in grapes Vitis: Journal of Grapevine Research 31(3): 7.
^Costantini, L., Moreno-Sanz, P., Nwafor, C.C. et al. 2021. Somatic variants for seed and fruit set in grapevine BMC Plant Biology 21(135): 33.
External linksedit
Herrera, E. 2002. Improving size and quality of seedless grapes. Guide H-311. New Mexico State University
February 15, 2024
stenospermocarpy, biological, mechanism, that, produces, parthenocarpy, seedlessness, some, fruits, notably, many, table, grapes, undeveloped, seeds, crimson, seedless, grapesin, stenospermocarpic, fruits, normal, pollination, fertilization, still, required, e. Stenospermocarpy is the biological mechanism that produces parthenocarpy seedlessness in some fruits notably many table grapes Undeveloped seeds in Crimson Seedless grapesIn stenospermocarpic fruits normal pollination and fertilization are still required to ensure that the fruit sets i e continues to develop on the plant however subsequent abortion of the embryo that began growing following fertilization leads to a near seedless condition The remains of the undeveloped seed are visible in the fruit 1 Most commercial seedless grapes are sprayed with gibberellin to increase the size of the fruit and also to make the fruit clusters less tightly packed A new cultivar Melissa has naturally larger fruit so does not require gibberellin sprays 2 Grape breeders have developed some new seedless grape cultivars by using the embryo rescue technique 3 Before the tiny embryo aborts it is removed from the developing fruit and grown in tissue culture until it is large enough to survive on its own Embryo rescue allows the crossing of two seedless grape cultivars There are two types of seedlessness in grapes true seedlessness of parthenocarpic berries when only ovules may develop and commercial seedlessness of stenospermocarpic berries when aborted seeds go unnoticed when chewing 4 Stenospermocarpic seeds vary significant in size and in the degree of development of the seed coat and the endosperm 5 Larger seeds of stenospermocarpic grapes are referred to as rudimentary seeds and smaller ones as seed traces A scientific article with many photos of ovules aborted and normal seeds of the parthenocarpic stenospermocarpic and seeded cultivars 6 Contents 1 Seedless grape cultivars 2 See also 3 References 4 External linksSeedless grape cultivars editSeedless grapes are divided into white red and black types based roughly on fruit color The most popular seedless grape is known in the United States as Thompson Seedless but was originally known as Sultana It is believed to be of ancient origin It is considered a white grape but is actually a pale green Other white cultivars are Perlette Menindee Seedless Interlaken Himrod Romulanus Lakemont Fayez and Remaily Seedless The most popular red seedless in the U S is Flame Seedless Other red cultivars are Crimson Seedless Ruby Seedless Suffolk Red Saturn and Pink Reliance Some black cultivars are Black Beauty Black Monukka Concord Seedless Glenora and Thomcord nbsp Thompson Seedless nbsp Sheegene 21 nbsp Crimson Seedless nbsp IFG Three nbsp A red seedless nbsp IFG SeventeenSee also editList of grape varieties Seedless fruitReferences edit Soule J 1985 Glossary for Horticultural Crops New York Wiley ISBN 978 0 471 88499 6 cited in Huang Jing Hao Ma Wei Hong Liang Guo Lu Zhang Ling Yuan Wang Wei Xing Cai Zi Jian Wen Shou Xing 2010 Effects of low temperatures on sexual reproduction of Tainong 1 mango Mangifera indica Scientia Horticulturae 126 2 109 119 doi 10 1016 j scienta 2010 06 017 Ramming D W 1999 New grape trio Agricultural Research 47 10 23 Wood M 1997 Mouth watering new fruits Agricultural Research 45 8 9 10 Stout A 1936 Seedlessness in grapes New York State Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin 238 68 Striem M J Spiegel Roy P Baron I Sahar N 1992 The degrees of development of the seed coat and the endosperm as separate subtraits of stenospermocarpic seedlessness in grapes Vitis Journal of Grapevine Research 31 3 7 Costantini L Moreno Sanz P Nwafor C C et al 2021 Somatic variants for seed and fruit set in grapevine BMC Plant Biology 21 135 33 External links editHerrera E 2002 Improving size and quality of seedless grapes Guide H 311 New Mexico State University Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Stenospermocarpy amp oldid 1167263660, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
