The tree is vulnerable to the pest insect Cadra cautella, a moth. The larva bores into the seed to pupate, feeding on the seed interior and filling it with webbing. It also consumes the flower heads.[4]
This plant is a tree growing up to 30 meters tall. The leaf is bipinnate. It is divided into 20 to 30 or more leaflets called pinnae, which are up to 12 centimeters long. Each pinna is divided into 50 to 60 pairs of smaller, narrow leaflets each up to a centimeter long. The inflorescence is a head of flowers dangling at the end of a peduncle up to 45 centimeters long. The flower head is a few centimeters wide and contains several flowers with five-lobed corollas. The fruit is a long, flattened legume pod up to 36 centimeters long which contains up to 21 hard, black seeds each around 2 centimeters long.[7]
There are a number of human uses for this tree. The wood is used for firewood and lumber.[2] In Africa the wood is not generally used, but the tree is often planted for ornamental purposes.[6] It is a popular garden tree in India,[4] particularly in Assam and Manipur, where it is a "characteristic feature" of Meitei backyards.[10] It is tolerant of sun and shade.[11]
Tree bean is a common food in Thailand and Indonesia. In Thai cuisine this vegetable is known as nitta sprout, and it is added to curry.[12] When the seeds are mature, they have a hard, black seed coat. The seeds can be dried and stored.[2] The seeds have a strong "sulphur smell," which is due to the presence of thioproline.[2] The treebean therefore requires an acquired taste [13] In some areas, the seeds of the related tree species Parkia speciosa(also known as yongchaak, petai or stink beans ) are much more popular, and tree bean will be consumed as a second choice.[14]
Referencesedit
^Harvey-Brown, Y. (2019). "Parkia timoriana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T153891751A153917814. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T153891751A153917814.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
^ abcdThangjam, R. and L. Sahoo. (2012). In vitro regeneration and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation of Parkia timoriana (DC.) Merr.: A multipurpose tree legume. Acta Physiol Plant 34 1207-15.
^Luttge, U., et al., Eds. Progress in Botany, Volume 74. Springer. 2013. pg. 85.
^ abcThangjam, R., et al. (2003). Cadra cautella Walker (Lepidoptera: Crambidae:Phycitinae) – A pest on Parkia timoriana (DC.) Merr. in Manipur. Current Science 85(6) 725-26.
^Fleming, T. H., et al. (2009). The evolution of bat pollination: a phylogenetic perspective. Annals of Botany 104(6) 1017–1043.
^Bumrungsri, S., et al. (2008). The pollination ecology of two species of Parkia (Mimosaceae) in southern Thailand. Journal of Tropical Ecology 24(5) 467-475.
^Devi, N. L. and A. K. Das. (2010). Journal of Tropical Agriculture 48(1-2) 45-8.
^DENR, other govt employees start planting trees in compliance with National Greening Program. Talk.com.ph. July 13, 2011.
^Tangkanakul, P., et al. (2011). Antioxidant capacity and antimutagenicity of thermal processed Thai foods. JARQ 45(2) 211-18.
^Thangjam, R. and D. D. Maibam. (2012). Sulphur free radical reactivity of thioproline and crude extracts of Parkia timoriana (DC.) Merr.[permanent dead link]Environmental Engineering Research 17(S1) S9-S13.
^Schulte, A. and D. H. Schöne, Eds. Dipterocarp Forest Ecosystems: Towards Sustainable Management. World Scientific. 1996. pg. 80.
External linksedit
Media related to Parkia timoriana at Wikimedia Commons
April 14, 2024
parkia, timoriana, species, flowering, plant, legume, family, english, common, names, include, tree, bean, native, thailand, malaysia, myanmar, indonesia, assam, manipur, india, widely, cultivated, food, wood, ornamental, conservation, statusleast, concern, iu. Parkia timoriana is a species of flowering plant in the legume family English common names include tree bean 2 3 4 It is native to Thailand Malaysia Myanmar Indonesia and Assam and Manipur in India It is widely cultivated for food and wood 5 and as an ornamental 6 Parkia timorianaConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade RosidsOrder FabalesFamily FabaceaeSubfamily CaesalpinioideaeClade Mimosoid cladeGenus ParkiaSpecies P timorianaBinomial nameParkia timoriana DC Merr SynonymsParkia javanica Parkia roxburghii G DonRoasted tree bean s seeds as snack in IndonesiaThe tree is vulnerable to the pest insect Cadra cautella a moth The larva bores into the seed to pupate feeding on the seed interior and filling it with webbing It also consumes the flower heads 4 Contents 1 Description 2 Uses 3 References 4 External linksDescription editThis plant is a tree growing up to 30 meters tall The leaf is bipinnate It is divided into 20 to 30 or more leaflets called pinnae which are up to 12 centimeters long Each pinna is divided into 50 to 60 pairs of smaller narrow leaflets each up to a centimeter long The inflorescence is a head of flowers dangling at the end of a peduncle up to 45 centimeters long The flower head is a few centimeters wide and contains several flowers with five lobed corollas The fruit is a long flattened legume pod up to 36 centimeters long which contains up to 21 hard black seeds each around 2 centimeters long 7 The flowers of this tree are pollinated by Old World fruit bats 8 especially Eonycteris spelaea which feeds on the nectar Bats are more efficient pollinators of the flowers than are the insects that also visit 9 Uses editThere are a number of human uses for this tree The wood is used for firewood and lumber 2 In Africa the wood is not generally used but the tree is often planted for ornamental purposes 6 It is a popular garden tree in India 4 particularly in Assam and Manipur where it is a characteristic feature of Meitei backyards 10 It is tolerant of sun and shade 11 Tree bean is a common food in Thailand and Indonesia In Thai cuisine this vegetable is known as nitta sprout and it is added to curry 12 When the seeds are mature they have a hard black seed coat The seeds can be dried and stored 2 The seeds have a strong sulphur smell which is due to the presence of thioproline 2 The treebean therefore requires an acquired taste 13 In some areas the seeds of the related tree species Parkia speciosa also known as yongchaak petai or stink beans are much more popular and tree bean will be consumed as a second choice 14 References edit Harvey Brown Y 2019 Parkia timoriana IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T153891751A153917814 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 3 RLTS T153891751A153917814 en Retrieved 19 November 2021 a b c d Thangjam R and L Sahoo 2012 In vitro regeneration and Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated genetic transformation of Parkia timoriana DC Merr A multipurpose tree legume Acta Physiol Plant 34 1207 15 Luttge U et al Eds Progress in Botany Volume 74 Springer 2013 pg 85 a b c Thangjam R et al 2003 Cadra cautella Walker Lepidoptera Crambidae Phycitinae A pest on Parkia timoriana DC Merr in Manipur Current Science 85 6 725 26 Parkia timoriana Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Retrieved 25 January 2018 a b Louppe D et al Timbers PROTA 2008 pg 417 Parkia timoriana Flora of China Fleming T H et al 2009 The evolution of bat pollination a phylogenetic perspective Annals of Botany 104 6 1017 1043 Bumrungsri S et al 2008 The pollination ecology of two species of Parkia Mimosaceae in southern Thailand Journal of Tropical Ecology 24 5 467 475 Devi N L and A K Das 2010 Plant species diversity in the traditional homegardens of Meitei community A case study from Barak Valley Assam Journal of Tropical Agriculture 48 1 2 45 8 DENR other govt employees start planting trees in compliance with National Greening Program Talk com ph July 13 2011 Tangkanakul P et al 2011 Antioxidant capacity and antimutagenicity of thermal processed Thai foods JARQ 45 2 211 18 Thangjam R and D D Maibam 2012 Sulphur free radical reactivity of thioproline and crude extracts of Parkia timoriana DC Merr permanent dead link Environmental Engineering Research 17 S1 S9 S13 Schulte A and D H Schone Eds Dipterocarp Forest Ecosystems Towards Sustainable Management World Scientific 1996 pg 80 External links edit nbsp Media related to Parkia timoriana at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Parkia timoriana amp oldid 1181663654, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
