fbpx
Wikipedia

360-degree video

January 01, 1970

360-degree videos, also known as surround video,[1] or immersive videos[2] or spherical videos,[3] are video recordings where a view in every direction is recorded at the same time, shot using an omnidirectional camera or a collection of cameras. The term 360x180 can be used to indicate 360° of azimuth and 180° from nadir to zenith. During playback on normal flat display the viewer has control of the viewing direction like a panorama. It can also be played on a display or projectors arranged in a sphere or some part of a sphere.

Sample 360-degree video in 360x180 equirectangular format.

Creation edit

 
Some omnidirectional cameras contain wide-angle lenses on the front and rear to facilitate the recording of 360-degree video.

360-degree video is typically recorded using either a special rig of multiple cameras, or using a dedicated camera that contains multiple camera lenses embedded into the device, and recording overlapping angles simultaneously.[4][5] Specialized omnidirectional cameras and rigs have been developed for the purpose of recording 360-degree video, including rigs such as GoPro's Omni and Odyssey (which consist of multiple action cameras installed within a frame), and contained cameras like the Nokia OZO. There have also been handheld dual-lens cameras such as the Ricoh Theta S, Samsung Gear 360, Garmin VIRB 360, and the Kogeto Dot 360—a panoramic camera lens accessory for smartphone cameras.[6][7][8]

This separate footage is stitched into one spherical video piece, and the color and contrast of each shot is calibrated to be consistent with the others.[4][5] This process is done either by the camera itself, or using specialized software that can analyze common visuals and audio to synchronize and link the different camera feeds together. Generally, the only area that cannot be viewed is the view toward the camera support.[9][10]

360-degree video is typically formatted in an equirectangular projection[11] and is either monoscopic, with one image directed to both eyes, or stereoscopic, viewed as two distinct images directed individually to each eye for a 3D effect.[9] Due to this projection and stitching, equirectangular video exhibits a lower quality in the middle of the image than at the top and bottom.[11] Spherical videos are frequently in curvilinear perspective with a fisheye effect. The heavy barrel distortion often requires rectilinear correction before applications in detection, tracking or navigation.[12]

Some storytellers refer to 360-degree video that uses professional cinematic production techniques such as lighting design, sound design, scenic design, and blocking techniques as cinematic virtual reality (or cine-VR for short).[13]

Playback edit

360-degree videos are typically viewed via personal computers, mobile devices such as smartphones, or dedicated head-mounted displays. Users can pan around the video by clicking and dragging. On smartphones, internal sensors such as the gyroscope can also be used to pan the video based on the orientation of the device. Taking advantage of this behavior, stereoscope-style enclosures for smartphones (such as Google Cardboard viewers and the Samsung Gear VR) can be used to view 360-degree videos in an immersive format similar to virtual reality. The phone display is viewed through lenses contained within the enclosure, as opposed to virtual reality headsets that contain their own dedicated displays.[14][15][16]

Publishing edit

 
A Google Cardboard viewer.

In March 2015, YouTube launched support for publishing and viewing 360-degree videos, with playback on its website and its Android mobile apps. Parent company Google also announced that it would collaborate with camera manufacturers to make it easier for creators to upload 360-degree content recorded with their products to YouTube.[14] However, in 2017, Google and YouTube began to promote an alternative monoscopic or stereoscopic video format known as VR180, which is limited to a 180-degree field of view, but is promoted as being more accessible to produce than 360-degree video, and allowing more depth to be maintained by not subjecting the video to equirectangular projection [11][17]

Facebook (parent company of VR headset maker Oculus VR) followed suit by adding 360-degree video support in September 2015, and subsequently unveiled reference designs for its own 360-degree camera systems known as Facebook Surround 360.[3] Facebook announced in March 2017 that more than 1 million 360-degree videos had been uploaded to Facebook to date.[18] Vimeo also launched 360-degree video support in March 2017.[19]

Google Cardboard, which is typically distributed in the form of do-it-yourself kits consisting of low-cost materials and components,[20] has been credited with helping virtual reality become more readily available to the general public, and helping boost the adoption of 360-degree video by publishers, such as mainstream journalists and media brands.[21]

The use of the term "virtual reality" to describe 360-degree video has been disputed, as VR typically refers to interactive experiences wherein the viewer's motions can be tracked to allow real-time interactions within a virtual environment, with orientation and position tracking. In 360-degree video, the locations of viewers are fixed, viewers are limited to the angles captured by the cameras, and cannot interact with the environment. The non-dynamic nature of video also means that rendering techniques cannot be used to reduce the risk of motion sickness.[22][23]

Variations edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Nielsen, Frank (2005). "Surround video: a multihead camera approach". The Visual Computer. 1 (1). Springer: 92–103. doi:10.1007/s00371-004-0273-z. S2CID 2000070.
  2. ^ "With Google's new immersive videos, you can feel what it's like to be a ballet dancer". Quartz. December 2015. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  3. ^ a b Etherington, Darrell (March 25, 2015). "Facebook To Support Spherical Video In News Feed And Oculus". TechCrunch. Retrieved March 14, 2016.
  4. ^ a b Nielsen, Frank (2005-02-01). "Surround video: a multihead camera approach". The Visual Computer. 21 (1–2): 92–103. doi:10.1007/s00371-004-0273-z. ISSN 0178-2789. S2CID 2000070.
  5. ^ a b "Create Immersive Experiences". Rewind. Retrieved 2017-05-13.
  6. ^ "Ricoh Theta S review". CNET. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  7. ^ Sam Byford (January 6, 2012). "Kogeto iCONIC panoramic video coming to Galaxy Nexus and more". The Verge. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
  8. ^ "360-degree cameras: The best VR cams, no matter your budget". Pocket-lint. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  9. ^ a b "10 things I wish I knew before shooting 360 video". CNET. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  10. ^ Maher, Michael (October 2, 2015). "How to Shoot, Edit, and Upload 360-Degree Videos". The Beat. Retrieved March 14, 2016.
  11. ^ a b c Strange, Adario. "YouTube's VR 180 and Daydream cameras bring immersive video to traditional creators". Mashable. Retrieved 2017-09-26.
  12. ^ Ran, Lingyan; Zhang, Yanning; Zhang, Qilin; Yang, Tao (2017-06-12). "Convolutional Neural Network-Based Robot Navigation Using Uncalibrated Spherical Images". Sensors. 17 (6): 1341. Bibcode:2017Senso..17.1341R. doi:10.3390/s17061341. PMC 5492478. PMID 28604624.
  13. ^ Williams, Eric R., Matt Love and Carrie Love. “Chapter #1: Cine-VR – A New Medium.” In Virtual Reality Cinema: Narrative Tips and Techniques. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group - 2021.
  14. ^ a b "You Can Now Watch and Upload 360-Degree Videos on YouTube". Wired. 2015-03-13. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  15. ^ . elsevr.tv. Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  16. ^ "Best VR headsets to buy in 2016, whatever your budget". Pocket-lint. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  17. ^ "YouTube's "VR180" format cuts down on VR video's prohibitive requirements". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2017-09-26.
  18. ^ "Introducing Facebook 360 For Gear VR | Facebook Newsroom". Retrieved 2017-11-07.
  19. ^ "Vimeo now offers 4K video downloads, but streaming isn't available yet". The Verge. Retrieved 2017-09-26.
  20. ^ Fingas, Jon (February 29, 2016). "Google starts selling Cardboard VR viewers through its store". Engadget. AOL. Retrieved April 3, 2016.
  21. ^ Scott, Caroline (February 19, 2016). "How to get involved in the rise of 360-degree video". Journalism.co.uk. Retrieved March 14, 2016.
  22. ^ "Virtual reality doesn't mean what you think it means". CNET. Retrieved 2017-09-26.
  23. ^ Smith, Will. "Stop Calling Google Cardboard's 360-Degree Videos 'VR'". Wired.com. Retrieved 2017-09-26.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 360-degree videos and omnidirectional cameras.
  • How do I make 360 videos? by BBC Academy
  • A beginner's guide to spatial audio in 360-degree video by NPR Training
  • A guide to recording spatial audio for 360-degree video by NPR Training

January 01, 1970
degree, video, also, known, surround, video, immersive, videos, spherical, videos, video, recordings, where, view, every, direction, recorded, same, time, shot, using, omnidirectional, camera, collection, cameras, term, 360x180, used, indicate, azimuth, from, . 360 degree videos also known as surround video 1 or immersive videos 2 or spherical videos 3 are video recordings where a view in every direction is recorded at the same time shot using an omnidirectional camera or a collection of cameras The term 360x180 can be used to indicate 360 of azimuth and 180 from nadir to zenith During playback on normal flat display the viewer has control of the viewing direction like a panorama It can also be played on a display or projectors arranged in a sphere or some part of a sphere source source source source source source source source Sample 360 degree video in 360x180 equirectangular format Contents 1 Creation 2 Playback 3 Publishing 4 Variations 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksCreation edit nbsp Some omnidirectional cameras contain wide angle lenses on the front and rear to facilitate the recording of 360 degree video 360 degree video is typically recorded using either a special rig of multiple cameras or using a dedicated camera that contains multiple camera lenses embedded into the device and recording overlapping angles simultaneously 4 5 Specialized omnidirectional cameras and rigs have been developed for the purpose of recording 360 degree video including rigs such as GoPro s Omni and Odyssey which consist of multiple action cameras installed within a frame and contained cameras like the Nokia OZO There have also been handheld dual lens cameras such as the Ricoh Theta S Samsung Gear 360 Garmin VIRB 360 and the Kogeto Dot 360 a panoramic camera lens accessory for smartphone cameras 6 7 8 This separate footage is stitched into one spherical video piece and the color and contrast of each shot is calibrated to be consistent with the others 4 5 This process is done either by the camera itself or using specialized software that can analyze common visuals and audio to synchronize and link the different camera feeds together Generally the only area that cannot be viewed is the view toward the camera support 9 10 360 degree video is typically formatted in an equirectangular projection 11 and is either monoscopic with one image directed to both eyes or stereoscopic viewed as two distinct images directed individually to each eye for a 3D effect 9 Due to this projection and stitching equirectangular video exhibits a lower quality in the middle of the image than at the top and bottom 11 Spherical videos are frequently in curvilinear perspective with a fisheye effect The heavy barrel distortion often requires rectilinear correction before applications in detection tracking or navigation 12 Some storytellers refer to 360 degree video that uses professional cinematic production techniques such as lighting design sound design scenic design and blocking techniques as cinematic virtual reality or cine VR for short 13 Playback edit360 degree videos are typically viewed via personal computers mobile devices such as smartphones or dedicated head mounted displays Users can pan around the video by clicking and dragging On smartphones internal sensors such as the gyroscope can also be used to pan the video based on the orientation of the device Taking advantage of this behavior stereoscope style enclosures for smartphones such as Google Cardboard viewers and the Samsung Gear VR can be used to view 360 degree videos in an immersive format similar to virtual reality The phone display is viewed through lenses contained within the enclosure as opposed to virtual reality headsets that contain their own dedicated displays 14 15 16 Publishing edit nbsp A Google Cardboard viewer In March 2015 YouTube launched support for publishing and viewing 360 degree videos with playback on its website and its Android mobile apps Parent company Google also announced that it would collaborate with camera manufacturers to make it easier for creators to upload 360 degree content recorded with their products to YouTube 14 However in 2017 Google and YouTube began to promote an alternative monoscopic or stereoscopic video format known as VR180 which is limited to a 180 degree field of view but is promoted as being more accessible to produce than 360 degree video and allowing more depth to be maintained by not subjecting the video to equirectangular projection 11 17 Facebook parent company of VR headset maker Oculus VR followed suit by adding 360 degree video support in September 2015 and subsequently unveiled reference designs for its own 360 degree camera systems known as Facebook Surround 360 3 Facebook announced in March 2017 that more than 1 million 360 degree videos had been uploaded to Facebook to date 18 Vimeo also launched 360 degree video support in March 2017 19 Google Cardboard which is typically distributed in the form of do it yourself kits consisting of low cost materials and components 20 has been credited with helping virtual reality become more readily available to the general public and helping boost the adoption of 360 degree video by publishers such as mainstream journalists and media brands 21 The use of the term virtual reality to describe 360 degree video has been disputed as VR typically refers to interactive experiences wherein the viewer s motions can be tracked to allow real time interactions within a virtual environment with orientation and position tracking In 360 degree video the locations of viewers are fixed viewers are limited to the angles captured by the cameras and cannot interact with the environment The non dynamic nature of video also means that rendering techniques cannot be used to reduce the risk of motion sickness 22 23 Variations edit6DOF video stereoscopic 360 degree video which also captures depth and allows for six degrees of freedom in navigation within the captured environment Volumetric videoSee also edit3D film Cinematography Digital cinema 360 photography disambiguation 360 video projection 360 degree camera MSG SphereReferences edit Nielsen Frank 2005 Surround video a multihead camera approach The Visual Computer 1 1 Springer 92 103 doi 10 1007 s00371 004 0273 z S2CID 2000070 With Google s new immersive videos you can feel what it s like to be a ballet dancer Quartz December 2015 Retrieved 12 July 2016 a b Etherington Darrell March 25 2015 Facebook To Support Spherical Video In News Feed And Oculus TechCrunch Retrieved March 14 2016 a b Nielsen Frank 2005 02 01 Surround video a multihead camera approach The Visual Computer 21 1 2 92 103 doi 10 1007 s00371 004 0273 z ISSN 0178 2789 S2CID 2000070 a b Create Immersive Experiences Rewind Retrieved 2017 05 13 Ricoh Theta S review CNET CBS Interactive Retrieved 12 July 2016 Sam Byford January 6 2012 Kogeto iCONIC panoramic video coming to Galaxy Nexus and more The Verge Retrieved February 24 2016 360 degree cameras The best VR cams no matter your budget Pocket lint Retrieved 12 July 2016 a b 10 things I wish I knew before shooting 360 video CNET CBS Interactive Retrieved 12 July 2016 Maher Michael October 2 2015 How to Shoot Edit and Upload 360 Degree Videos The Beat Retrieved March 14 2016 a b c Strange Adario YouTube s VR 180 and Daydream cameras bring immersive video to traditional creators Mashable Retrieved 2017 09 26 Ran Lingyan Zhang Yanning Zhang Qilin Yang Tao 2017 06 12 Convolutional Neural Network Based Robot Navigation Using Uncalibrated Spherical Images Sensors 17 6 1341 Bibcode 2017Senso 17 1341R doi 10 3390 s17061341 PMC 5492478 PMID 28604624 Williams Eric R Matt Love and Carrie Love Chapter 1 Cine VR A New Medium In Virtual Reality Cinema Narrative Tips and Techniques New York Routledge Taylor amp Francis Group 2021 a b You Can Now Watch and Upload 360 Degree Videos on YouTube Wired 2015 03 13 Retrieved 12 July 2016 How 360 degree videos are shot elsevr tv Archived from the original on 19 July 2021 Retrieved 31 May 2018 Best VR headsets to buy in 2016 whatever your budget Pocket lint Retrieved 12 July 2016 YouTube s VR180 format cuts down on VR video s prohibitive requirements Ars Technica Retrieved 2017 09 26 Introducing Facebook 360 For Gear VR Facebook Newsroom Retrieved 2017 11 07 Vimeo now offers 4K video downloads but streaming isn t available yet The Verge Retrieved 2017 09 26 Fingas Jon February 29 2016 Google starts selling Cardboard VR viewers through its store Engadget AOL Retrieved April 3 2016 Scott Caroline February 19 2016 How to get involved in the rise of 360 degree video Journalism co uk Retrieved March 14 2016 Virtual reality doesn t mean what you think it means CNET Retrieved 2017 09 26 Smith Will Stop Calling Google Cardboard s 360 Degree Videos VR Wired com Retrieved 2017 09 26 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to wbr 360 degree videos and wbr omnidirectional cameras How do I make 360 videos by BBC Academy A beginner s guide to spatial audio in 360 degree video by NPR Training A guide to recording spatial audio for 360 degree video by NPR Training Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 360 degree video amp oldid 1188534998, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.