"Bone flute" redirects here. For the science fiction short story, see The Bone Flute.
During regular archaeological excavations, several flutes that date to the EuropeanUpper Paleolithic were discovered in caves in the Swabian Alb region of Germany. Dated and tested independently by two laboratories, in England and Germany, the artifacts are authentic products of the Aurignacianarchaeological culture. The Aurignacian flutes were created between 43,000 and 35,000 years ago. The flutes, made of bone and ivory, represent the earliest known musical instruments and provide unmistakable evidence of prehistoric music.
The flutes were found in caves with the oldest known examples of figurative art. Music and sculpture as artistic expression have developed simultaneously among the first humans in Europe, as the region is considered a key area in which various cultural innovations have developed. In addition to recreational and religious purposes, such ritual music might have helped to maintain larger social networks. This may have provided a competitive advantage over the Neanderthals.[1][2]
In 2006, the Hohle Fels flute was discovered in the Hohle Fels cave in Germany's Swabian Alb. The flute is made from a vulture radius bone perforated with five finger holes, and dates to approximately 35,000 years ago.[2] Several years before, two flutes made of mute swan bone and one made of woolly mammothivory were found in the nearby Geissenklösterle cave. The team that made the Hohle Fels discovery wrote that these finds were, at the time, the earliest evidence of humans being engaged in musical culture. They suggested music may have helped to maintain bonds between larger groups of humans, and that this may have helped the species to expand both in numbers and in geographical range.[3] In 2012, a fresh high-resolution carbon dating examination revealed an age of 42,000 to 43,000 years for the Geissenklösterle cave flutes, suggesting that they could be older than the one from the Hohle Fels cave.[4][5][6]
The artifact known as the Divje Babe flute, which was discovered in Slovenia in 1995, has also been suggested as the oldest Paleolithic flute, though this claim has been disputed. The artifact is AMS-14C dated to 43100 ± 700 year old cave bearfemur pierced with spaced holes. Later dating using the more powerful ESR method has shown that the layer containing the flute is outside the dating range of the AMS-14C method and that the original dating of samples from this layer was incorrect. According to ESR dating, the age of the flute is now estimated at 50,000 to 60,000 years BP. Its discoverer suggested the holes were manmade and that there may have been four originally before the item was damaged.[7] However, other scientists have argued that the holes were chewed by an animal.[8][9][10]
^Conard, Nicholas J.; Malina, Maria; Münzel, Susanne C. (2009). "New flutes document the earliest musical tradition in southwestern Germany". Nature. 460 (7256): 737–40. Bibcode:2009Natur.460..737C. doi:10.1038/nature08169. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 19553935. S2CID 4336590.
^ ab"Earliest musical instrument discovered". The New York Times. June 24, 2009. Retrieved July 15, 2017.
^Conard, N. J. (2009). "A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern Germany". Nature. 459 (7244): 248–252. Bibcode:2009Natur.459..248C. doi:10.1038/nature07995. PMID 19444215. S2CID 205216692.
^Higham, Thomas; Laura Basell; Roger Jacobic; Rachel Wood; Christopher Bronk Ramsey; Nicholas J. Conard (May 8, 2012). "Τesting models for the beginnings of the Aurignacian and the advent of figurative art and music: The radiocarbon chronology of Geißenklösterle". Journal of Human Evolution. Elsevier. 62 (6): 664–76. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.03.003. PMID 22575323.
^"Earliest music instruments found". BBC News. May 25, 2012. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
^"Earliest musical instrument discovered". International Business Times. May 25, 2012. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
^Turk, Ivan, ed. (1997). Mousterienska Koscena Piscal in druge najdbe iz Divjih Bab I v Sloveniji (Mousterian Bone Flute and other finds from Divje Babe I Cave site in Slovenia). Znanstvenoraziskovalni Center Sazu, Ljubljana, Slovenia. ISBN978-961-6182-29-4.
^D'Errico, Francesco; Villa, Paola; Llona, Ana C. Pinto; Idarraga, Rosa Ruiz (1998). "A Middle Palaeolithic origin of music? Using cave-bear bone accumulations to assess the Divje Babe I bone 'flute'" (Abstract). Antiquity. 72. (March) (275): 65–79. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00086282. S2CID 55161909.
^Diedrich, C. G. (1 April 2015). "'Neanderthal bone flutes': simply products of Ice Age spotted hyena scavenging activities on cave bear cubs in European cave bear dens". Royal Society Open Science. 2 (4): 140022. Bibcode:2015RSOS....240022D. doi:10.1098/rsos.140022. PMC4448875. PMID 26064624.
^Morley, Iain (2006). "Mousterian Musicianship? The Case of the Dijve Babe I Bone". Oxford Journal of Archaeology. 25 (4): 317–333. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0092.2006.00264.x.
External linksedit
35.000 Jahre alte Flöten gefunden (in German), swr.de, Retrieved on June 29, 2009 [1]
February 15, 2024
paleolithic, flute, bone, flute, redirects, here, science, fiction, short, story, bone, flute, during, regular, archaeological, excavations, several, flutes, that, date, european, upper, paleolithic, were, discovered, caves, swabian, region, germany, dated, te. Bone flute redirects here For the science fiction short story see The Bone Flute During regular archaeological excavations several flutes that date to the European Upper Paleolithic were discovered in caves in the Swabian Alb region of Germany Dated and tested independently by two laboratories in England and Germany the artifacts are authentic products of the Aurignacian archaeological culture The Aurignacian flutes were created between 43 000 and 35 000 years ago The flutes made of bone and ivory represent the earliest known musical instruments and provide unmistakable evidence of prehistoric music Aurignacian flute made from an animal bone 43 000 to 39 000 years old Geissenklosterle Swabia The flutes were found in caves with the oldest known examples of figurative art Music and sculpture as artistic expression have developed simultaneously among the first humans in Europe as the region is considered a key area in which various cultural innovations have developed In addition to recreational and religious purposes such ritual music might have helped to maintain larger social networks This may have provided a competitive advantage over the Neanderthals 1 2 Contents 1 Early flutes 2 See also 3 References 4 External linksEarly flutes edit nbsp Aurignacian flute 43 000 39 000 years old Landesmuseum Wurttemberg StuttgartIn 2006 the Hohle Fels flute was discovered in the Hohle Fels cave in Germany s Swabian Alb The flute is made from a vulture radius bone perforated with five finger holes and dates to approximately 35 000 years ago 2 Several years before two flutes made of mute swan bone and one made of woolly mammoth ivory were found in the nearby Geissenklosterle cave The team that made the Hohle Fels discovery wrote that these finds were at the time the earliest evidence of humans being engaged in musical culture They suggested music may have helped to maintain bonds between larger groups of humans and that this may have helped the species to expand both in numbers and in geographical range 3 In 2012 a fresh high resolution carbon dating examination revealed an age of 42 000 to 43 000 years for the Geissenklosterle cave flutes suggesting that they could be older than the one from the Hohle Fels cave 4 5 6 The artifact known as the Divje Babe flute which was discovered in Slovenia in 1995 has also been suggested as the oldest Paleolithic flute though this claim has been disputed The artifact is AMS 14C dated to 43100 700 year old cave bear femur pierced with spaced holes Later dating using the more powerful ESR method has shown that the layer containing the flute is outside the dating range of the AMS 14C method and that the original dating of samples from this layer was incorrect According to ESR dating the age of the flute is now estimated at 50 000 to 60 000 years BP Its discoverer suggested the holes were manmade and that there may have been four originally before the item was damaged 7 However other scientists have argued that the holes were chewed by an animal 8 9 10 nbsp The Divje Babe flute See also editArt of the Upper PaleolithicReferences edit Conard Nicholas J Malina Maria Munzel Susanne C 2009 New flutes document the earliest musical tradition in southwestern Germany Nature 460 7256 737 40 Bibcode 2009Natur 460 737C doi 10 1038 nature08169 ISSN 0028 0836 PMID 19553935 S2CID 4336590 a b Earliest musical instrument discovered The New York Times June 24 2009 Retrieved July 15 2017 Conard N J 2009 A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern Germany Nature 459 7244 248 252 Bibcode 2009Natur 459 248C doi 10 1038 nature07995 PMID 19444215 S2CID 205216692 Higham Thomas Laura Basell Roger Jacobic Rachel Wood Christopher Bronk Ramsey Nicholas J Conard May 8 2012 Testing models for the beginnings of the Aurignacian and the advent of figurative art and music The radiocarbon chronology of Geissenklosterle Journal of Human Evolution Elsevier 62 6 664 76 doi 10 1016 j jhevol 2012 03 003 PMID 22575323 Earliest music instruments found BBC News May 25 2012 Retrieved May 26 2012 Earliest musical instrument discovered International Business Times May 25 2012 Retrieved May 26 2012 Turk Ivan ed 1997 Mousterienska Koscena Piscal in druge najdbe iz Divjih Bab I v Sloveniji Mousterian Bone Flute and other finds from Divje Babe I Cave site in Slovenia Znanstvenoraziskovalni Center Sazu Ljubljana Slovenia ISBN 978 961 6182 29 4 D Errico Francesco Villa Paola Llona Ana C Pinto Idarraga Rosa Ruiz 1998 A Middle Palaeolithic origin of music Using cave bear bone accumulations to assess the Divje Babe I bone flute Abstract Antiquity 72 March 275 65 79 doi 10 1017 S0003598X00086282 S2CID 55161909 Diedrich C G 1 April 2015 Neanderthal bone flutes simply products of Ice Age spotted hyena scavenging activities on cave bear cubs in European cave bear dens Royal Society Open Science 2 4 140022 Bibcode 2015RSOS 240022D doi 10 1098 rsos 140022 PMC 4448875 PMID 26064624 Morley Iain 2006 Mousterian Musicianship The Case of the Dijve Babe I Bone Oxford Journal of Archaeology 25 4 317 333 doi 10 1111 j 1468 0092 2006 00264 x External links edit35 000 Jahre alte Floten gefunden in German swr de Retrieved on June 29 2009 1 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Paleolithic flute amp oldid 1205102468, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
