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Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals

January 07, 2023

"Pahlavani" redirects here. For the village in Iran, see Pahlavani, Iran.

Pahlevani and zourkhaneh rituals is the name inscribed by UNESCO for varzesh-e pahlavāni (Persian: آیین پهلوانی و زورخانه‌ای, "heroic sport")[1] or varzesh-e bāstāni (ورزش باستانی; varzeš-e bāstānī, "ancient sport"), a traditional system of athletics and a form of martial arts[2] originally used to train warriors in Iran (Persia), and first appearing under this name and form in the Safavid era, with similarities to systems in adjacent lands under other names.[3][4] Outside Iran, zoorkhanehs can now also be found in Azerbaijan, and Afghanistan, and were introduced into Iraq in the mid-19th century by the Iranian immigrants, where they seem to have existed until the 1980s before disappearing. This is most likely attributed to the genocide and exile of ethnic Persians in Iraq under Saddam Hussein. Where ethnic Persians were largely forcibly exiled out of Iraq and into Iran.[5][6][7][8] It combines martial arts, calisthenics, strength training and music. It contains elements of pre-Islamic and post-Islamic culture of Iran (particularly Zoroastrianism, Mithraism and Gnosticism) with the spirituality of Persian Shia Islam and Sufism. Practiced in a domed structure called the zurkhāneh, training sessions consist mainly of ritual gymnastic movements and climax with the core of combat practice, a form of submission-grappling called koshti pahlavāni.

Koshti Pahlevani
The pahlevan Mustafa Tousi holding a pair of meels
Also known asKoshti Pahlavāni
FocusWrestling
Country of origin Iran (Persia)
Famous practitioners
Descendant arts
Olympic sportThrough lineage:
  • Pahlevani wrestling
    • Catch wrestling
      • Freestyle wrestling
Official websitehttp://www.izsf.net/en/
MeaningHeroic wrestling
Pahlevani and Zourkhaneh Rituals
Pahlevan Namjoo Zurkhaneh in Azadi Street
CountryIran
DomainsGame, wrestling
Reference378
RegionEurope and North America
Inscription history
Inscription2010 (4th session)
Pehlevanliq Culture: Traditional Zorkhana Games, Sports and Wrestling
CountryAzerbaijan
DomainsGame, wrestling
Reference1703
RegionEurope and North America
Inscription history
Inscription2022 (17th session)
Studio Portrait of Three Persian Wrestlers by Antoin Sevruguin, c. 1890

History

 
Training push-ups

Traditional Iranian wrestling (koshti) dates back to ancient Persia and was said to have been practiced by Rustam, mythological Iranian hero of the Shahnameh epic. While folk styles were practiced for sport by every ethnic group in various provinces, grappling for combat was considered the particular specialty of the zourkhāneh. The original purpose of these institutions was to train men as warriors and instill them with a sense of national pride in anticipation for the coming battles.[9] The Mithrāic design and rituals of these academies bear testament to its Parthian origin (132 BCE – 226 CE). The zourkhaneh system of training is what is now known as varzesh-e bastani, and its particular form of wrestling was called koshti pahlevani, after the Parthian word pahlevan meaning hero.[citation needed]

When the Arabs invaded Persia around 637 CE, the zourkhānehs served as secret meeting places where knights would train and keep alive a spirit of solidarity and patriotism. Invaders repeatedly targeted the houses of strength to discourage rebels, but new ones would always be organized in a different location. Following the spread of Shia Islam, and particularly after the development of Sufism in the eighth century, varzesh-e pahlavani absorbed philosophical and spiritual components from it. Religious hymns were incorporated into training, and the first Shi'ite imam Ali was adopted as the zourkhāneh patron.

See also: Javānmardi

Varzesh-e bastani was particularly popular in the 19th century, during the reign of the Qajar king Nāser al-Din Shāh Qājār (1848–1896). Every 21 March on Nowruz (the Iranian new year), competitions would be held in the shah's court, and the shah himself would present the champion with an armlet (bazoo-band). The sport declined following the rise of the Pahlavi dynasty in the 1920s and the subsequent modernisation campaigns of Reza Shah, who saw the sport as a relic of Qajarite ritual. Reza Shah's son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi took a different approach, emphasizing Iran's ancient Persian roots as an alternative to the heavily Islam-based identity of less developed nations in the Middle East. He attempted to revive the tradition and practiced it himself, and during his reign, the last national competitions were held.[citation needed]

Following the Iranian Revolution of 1979 the tradition lost some of its popularity as the new regime discouraged anything tied to pre-Islamic paganism, which included the Gnostic and Mithraic chants and rituals of the zourkhāneh. This did not last, however, as the Islamic Republic eventually promoted varzesh-e bastani as a symbol of Iranian pride and culture. Today, varzesh-e pahlavāni is touted as the reason why Iranians are regular winners at international wrestling and weight-lifting events.

The matter of attracting younger members has been a major discourse for some time. Suggestions have included making practice more upbeat and distributing duties among the younger members instead of adhering strictly to seniority. The IZSF was established in response to this and it is currently the world governing body for all zourkhāneh. In recent years, the sport appears to be gaining popularity in the countries adjacent to Iran, including Iraq and Afghanistan.[10][need quotation to verify]

One of the Baku's Inner City's entertainment areas was the Zorkhana. Baku's Zorkhana located just a few steps from the Bukhari and Multani caravanserais, towards the Maiden's Tower dates back to at least the 15th century. There were contests accompanied by a trio of musicians who performed traditional Eastern instruments like the kamancha, zurna and naghara. Most of these melodies have long since been forgotten. However, one by the name of "Jangi" (War) is still performed prior to the opening of Azerbaijani national wrestling competitions (Gulash).[11]

The zurkhāneh

A Ramadan performance in Jamaran Zoorkhaneh of Tehran, 2013

The traditional gymnasium in which varzesh-e bastani is practiced is known as the zurkhaneh (Persian: زورخانه, also spelled zoorkhāneh and zourkhāneh), literally the "house of strength". These gyms have a very specific and unique architecture and are covered structures with a single opening in the ceiling, with a sunken 1m-deep octagonal or circular pit in the center (gaud).[12] Around the gaud is a section for the audience, one for the musicians, and one for the athletes. A portrait of Ali is hung on the wall of every zurkhāneh. An aspiring member may be a male from any social class or religion, but they must first spend at least a month watching from the audience before they can join. Traditionally, the zurkhānehs demanded no payment from their athletes, and depended instead on public donations. In return, the zurkhāneh provided community services and protection. One example is the "casting of flowers" ceremony in which athletes held koshti matches and other displays of strength to raise funds for the needy. There are today 500 zurkhaneh in Iran and each has strong ties to their local community. Zurkhanehs have commonly had strong political affiliations, either advocating or denouncing particular governments; Qassem Soulimani, the commander of the Quds Force, attended a zurkhāneh as a teenager.[13] This type of sports diplomacy is said to be a natural extension of the patriotic nature of zurkhāneh training dating back to the days when pahlevans served in the king's court.[citation needed]

Rituals and practice

Bastani rituals mimic the practices and traditions of Sufi orders, as evidenced by terminology like murshed or morshed ("master"), pishkesvat ("leader"), tāj ("crown") and faqr ("pride"). The ethics involved are also similar to Sufi ideals, emphasizing purity of heart. Every session begins with pious praise to the Prophet Muhammed and his family. The morshed dictates the pace by beating a goblet drum (zarb) while reciting Gnostic poems and stories from Persian mythology. As the most important member of the zourkhāneh, the morshed leads prayer sessions and spurs the athletes on with poems in praise of Shi'ite imams and excerpts from the Shahnameh. The singing itself once served as a form of oral education, passing down social knowledge, moral codes and religious teachings to the warriors in training.[citation needed]

The main portion of a varzesh-e bāstāni session is dedicated to weight training and calisthenics, notably using a pair of wooden clubs (mil), metal shields (sang), and bow-shaped iron weights (kabbādeh or kamān). This is followed by exercises like Sufi whirling and juggling, all of which are intended to build strength. The athletes move in unison to the drum beats of the morshed. Every session ends with bouts of koshti pahlavāni.[citation needed]

Ancient Zoroastrians believed that the development of physical and mental strength could be used to enhance spirituality. Thus, aside from once preparing warriors for battle, this training is supposed to promote kindness and humility through the cultivation of outer strength. Under the supervision of a pishkesvat, students are instructed in traditional ethics and chivalry. Participants are expected to be pure, truthful, good-tempered and only then strong in body. Acquiring the rank of pahlevan (hero) requires mastery of the physical skills, observance of religious principles, and passing the moral stages of Gnosticism. The principles of unpretentiousness are exemplified by a verse recited at many meetings: "Learn modesty, if you desire knowledge. A highland would never be irrigated by a river." (Kanz ol-Haghayegh)

International Zurkhāneh Sport Federation

The International Zurkhāneh Sport Federation (IZSF) was established on October 10, 2004, to promote varzesh-e pahlavāni on a global level. The IZSF aims to regulate and standardize rules for koshti pahlevani and organize international festivals and competitions. In 2010 it started to regulate and organize para-zourkhāneh festivals for disabled athletes. Seventy Two countries are currently members of the IZSF.[14]

  • The 1st Koshti Pahlevani Championship (Tajikistan President Cup), 8–9 September 2005.
  • The 1st International Zurkhaneh Sports Festival of the Cities of the World. Mashhad, I.R Iran, 11–16 November 2005.
  • The 1st Zurkhaneh Sport Tournament of Asian Universities Students in Shomal University in Amol, I.R Iran, 15 November 2006.
  • The 1st Asian Zurkhaneh Sports Festival in Tehran, I.R Iran, 18–24 November 2006.
  • The 1st European Zurkhaneh Sports Festival in Saarbrücken, Germany. 26–31 March 2007.
  • The 2nd International Zurkhaneh Sports tournament in Kish Island, I.R Iran, 16–20 February 2008.
  • The 2nd Asian Zurkhaneh Sports Championship in Kathmandu, Nepal, 22–27 July 2008.
  • The 1st Zurkhaneh Sports World Championship, during the 4th Busan TAFISA Sport For All Games, South Korea, 26 Sep – 2 Oct 2008.
  • The 1st Zurkhaneh Sports World Cup, Baku, Azerbaijan, 13–17 March 2009.
  • The 1st International Zurkhaneh Sports Tournament (Ferdowsi Cup), Dushanbeh, Tajikistan, 12–16 May 2009.
  • The 2nd European Zurkhaneh Sports Championship, Frankfurt, Germany, 13–17 December 2009.
  • The 1st International Zurkhaneh Sports Tournament (Ferdowsi Cup), Dushanbeh, Tajikistan, 10–13 July 2010.
  • The 2nd Zurkhaneh Sports World Cup, Konya, Turkey, 20–25 October 2010.
  • The 1st Junior European Zurkhaneh Sports Championship, Minsk, Belarus, 25–29 November 2010.
  • The 1st Junior Asian Zurkhaneh Sports Championship (Ferdowsi Cup), Dushanbeh, Tajikistan, 4–7 December 2010.
  • The 1st Asian Para Zurkhaneh Sports Championship (Ferdowsi Cup), Dushanbeh, Tajikistan, 8 December 2010.
  • The 1st African Zurkhaneh Sports Championship, Mozambique
  • The 3rd Asian Zurkhaneh Sports Championship in Dhaka, Bangladesh, September 2012.
  • The 3rd European Zurkhaneh Sports Championship, during the TAFISA Sport For All Games, Palanga, Lithuania, July 2012.
  • The 4th Asian Zurkhaneh Sports Championship in Kathmandu, Nepal, September 2013.
  • The 5th Asian Zurkhaneh Sports Championship in Tabriz, I. R. Iran
  • The 2nd African Zurkhaneh Sports & Pahlavani Championship, Addis Ababa Ethiopia
  • The 2nd Zurkhaneh & Kosthi Pahlavani World Championship in The 6th TAFISA World Sports for All Games, Jakarta, Indonesia
  • The 4th Islamic Solidarity Games, Baku, Azerbaijan (details)

See also

References

  1. ^ official IZSF
  2. ^ "Martial art | Definition, History, Types, & Facts".
  3. ^ Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals at Encyclopædia Iranica
  4. ^ "Pahlevani and Zoorkhanei rituals".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  5. ^ Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals at Encyclopædia Iranica
  6. ^ Shay, Anthony; Sellers-Young, Barbara (2005). Belly Dance: Orientalism, Transnationalism, and Harem Fantasy. Mazda Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56859-183-4. the zurkhaneh exercises of Iran, Afghanistan, and Azerbaijan
  7. ^ Afghanistan, Foreign Policy & Government Guide. International Business Publications, USA. 2000. ISBN 978-0-7397-3700-2. UNIVERSAL SPORTS PLAYED IN AFGHANISTAN Wrestling (Palwani)
  8. ^ Elias, Josie; Ali, Sharifah Enayat (2013-08-01). Afghanistan: Third Edition. Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC. ISBN 978-1-60870-872-7. Wrestling, or Pahlwani (pahl-wah-NEE), is popular with men all over the country.
  9. ^ Nekoogar, Farzad (1996). Traditional Iranian Martial Arts (Varzesh-e Pahlavani). pahlvani.com: Menlo Park. Accessed: 2007-02-08
  10. ^ CHN News (November 25, 2005). Iran's Neighbours to Revive Iran's Varzesh-e Pahlevani 2012-04-24 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed: 2007-02-08
  11. ^ Baku's Old City. Memories of How it Used to Be by Farid Alakbarli // Azerbaijan International. Autumn 2002 (10.3). Pages 38–43.
  12. ^ Bashiri, Iraj (2003). Zurkhaneh. Accessed: 2007-02-08
  13. ^ Merat, Arron. "What America needs to understand about Qasim Soleimani". Retrieved 2020-01-23.
  14. ^ IZSF official website.

Further information

  • Abassi, Mehdi (1984). Tarikh-e Koshtigari dar Iran (The History of Wrestling in Iran). Tehran
  • Beizai, Hossein Parto (1967). Tarikh-e Varzesh-e Bastani (Zoorkhaneh). Tehran
  • Documentary Video of Zurkhaneh Training
  • Google Video on "Zurkhaneh"
  • Luijendijk, D.H., 2006, , Boulder, US
  • PDF reports on Zurkhaneh.com [1]

External links

 
Look up paladin in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Varzesh-e Bastani.
  • International Zoorkhneh Federation
External video
  The Pahlevani and Zoorkhanei Rituals (UNESCO official channel) on YouTube

January 07, 2023
pahlevani, zoorkhaneh, rituals, pahlavani, redirects, here, village, iran, pahlavani, iran, pahlevani, zourkhaneh, rituals, name, inscribed, unesco, varzesh, pahlavāni, persian, آیین, پهلوانی, زورخانه, ای, heroic, sport, varzesh, bāstāni, ورزش, باستانی, varzeš. Pahlavani redirects here For the village in Iran see Pahlavani Iran Pahlevani and zourkhaneh rituals is the name inscribed by UNESCO for varzesh e pahlavani Persian آیین پهلوانی و زورخانه ای heroic sport 1 or varzesh e bastani ورزش باستانی varzes e bastani ancient sport a traditional system of athletics and a form of martial arts 2 originally used to train warriors in Iran Persia and first appearing under this name and form in the Safavid era with similarities to systems in adjacent lands under other names 3 4 Outside Iran zoorkhanehs can now also be found in Azerbaijan and Afghanistan and were introduced into Iraq in the mid 19th century by the Iranian immigrants where they seem to have existed until the 1980s before disappearing This is most likely attributed to the genocide and exile of ethnic Persians in Iraq under Saddam Hussein Where ethnic Persians were largely forcibly exiled out of Iraq and into Iran 5 6 7 8 It combines martial arts calisthenics strength training and music It contains elements of pre Islamic and post Islamic culture of Iran particularly Zoroastrianism Mithraism and Gnosticism with the spirituality of Persian Shia Islam and Sufism Practiced in a domed structure called the zurkhaneh training sessions consist mainly of ritual gymnastic movements and climax with the core of combat practice a form of submission grappling called koshti pahlavani Koshti PahlevaniThe pahlevan Mustafa Tousi holding a pair of meelsAlso known asKoshti PahlavaniFocusWrestlingCountry of origin Iran Persia Famous practitionersAlireza SoleimaniAbbas ZandiDescendant artsCatch wrestlingShoot wrestlingOlympic sportThrough lineage Pahlevani wrestling Catch wrestling Freestyle wrestlingOfficial websitehttp www izsf net en MeaningHeroic wrestlingPahlevani and Zourkhaneh RitualsUNESCO Intangible Cultural HeritagePahlevan Namjoo Zurkhaneh in Azadi StreetCountryIranDomainsGame wrestlingReference378RegionEurope and North AmericaInscription historyInscription2010 4th session Pehlevanliq Culture Traditional Zorkhana Games Sports and WrestlingUNESCO Intangible Cultural HeritageCountryAzerbaijanDomainsGame wrestlingReference1703RegionEurope and North AmericaInscription historyInscription2022 17th session Studio Portrait of Three Persian Wrestlers by Antoin Sevruguin c 1890 Contents 1 History 2 The zurkhaneh 3 Rituals and practice 4 International Zurkhaneh Sport Federation 5 See also 6 References 7 Further information 8 External linksHistory Edit Training push ups Traditional Iranian wrestling koshti dates back to ancient Persia and was said to have been practiced by Rustam mythological Iranian hero of the Shahnameh epic While folk styles were practiced for sport by every ethnic group in various provinces grappling for combat was considered the particular specialty of the zourkhaneh The original purpose of these institutions was to train men as warriors and instill them with a sense of national pride in anticipation for the coming battles 9 The Mithraic design and rituals of these academies bear testament to its Parthian origin 132 BCE 226 CE The zourkhaneh system of training is what is now known as varzesh e bastani and its particular form of wrestling was called koshti pahlevani after the Parthian word pahlevan meaning hero citation needed When the Arabs invaded Persia around 637 CE the zourkhanehs served as secret meeting places where knights would train and keep alive a spirit of solidarity and patriotism Invaders repeatedly targeted the houses of strength to discourage rebels but new ones would always be organized in a different location Following the spread of Shia Islam and particularly after the development of Sufism in the eighth century varzesh e pahlavani absorbed philosophical and spiritual components from it Religious hymns were incorporated into training and the first Shi ite imam Ali was adopted as the zourkhaneh patron See also Javanmardi Varzesh e bastani was particularly popular in the 19th century during the reign of the Qajar king Naser al Din Shah Qajar 1848 1896 Every 21 March on Nowruz the Iranian new year competitions would be held in the shah s court and the shah himself would present the champion with an armlet bazoo band The sport declined following the rise of the Pahlavi dynasty in the 1920s and the subsequent modernisation campaigns of Reza Shah who saw the sport as a relic of Qajarite ritual Reza Shah s son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi took a different approach emphasizing Iran s ancient Persian roots as an alternative to the heavily Islam based identity of less developed nations in the Middle East He attempted to revive the tradition and practiced it himself and during his reign the last national competitions were held citation needed Following the Iranian Revolution of 1979 the tradition lost some of its popularity as the new regime discouraged anything tied to pre Islamic paganism which included the Gnostic and Mithraic chants and rituals of the zourkhaneh This did not last however as the Islamic Republic eventually promoted varzesh e bastani as a symbol of Iranian pride and culture Today varzesh e pahlavani is touted as the reason why Iranians are regular winners at international wrestling and weight lifting events The matter of attracting younger members has been a major discourse for some time Suggestions have included making practice more upbeat and distributing duties among the younger members instead of adhering strictly to seniority The IZSF was established in response to this and it is currently the world governing body for all zourkhaneh In recent years the sport appears to be gaining popularity in the countries adjacent to Iran including Iraq and Afghanistan 10 need quotation to verify One of the Baku s Inner City s entertainment areas was the Zorkhana Baku s Zorkhana located just a few steps from the Bukhari and Multani caravanserais towards the Maiden s Tower dates back to at least the 15th century There were contests accompanied by a trio of musicians who performed traditional Eastern instruments like the kamancha zurna and naghara Most of these melodies have long since been forgotten However one by the name of Jangi War is still performed prior to the opening of Azerbaijani national wrestling competitions Gulash 11 The zurkhaneh Edit source source source source source source source source source source A Ramadan performance in Jamaran Zoorkhaneh of Tehran 2013 The traditional gymnasium in which varzesh e bastani is practiced is known as the zurkhaneh Persian زورخانه also spelled zoorkhaneh and zourkhaneh literally the house of strength These gyms have a very specific and unique architecture and are covered structures with a single opening in the ceiling with a sunken 1m deep octagonal or circular pit in the center gaud 12 Around the gaud is a section for the audience one for the musicians and one for the athletes A portrait of Ali is hung on the wall of every zurkhaneh An aspiring member may be a male from any social class or religion but they must first spend at least a month watching from the audience before they can join Traditionally the zurkhanehs demanded no payment from their athletes and depended instead on public donations In return the zurkhaneh provided community services and protection One example is the casting of flowers ceremony in which athletes held koshti matches and other displays of strength to raise funds for the needy There are today 500 zurkhaneh in Iran and each has strong ties to their local community Zurkhanehs have commonly had strong political affiliations either advocating or denouncing particular governments Qassem Soulimani the commander of the Quds Force attended a zurkhaneh as a teenager 13 This type of sports diplomacy is said to be a natural extension of the patriotic nature of zurkhaneh training dating back to the days when pahlevans served in the king s court citation needed Rituals and practice EditBastani rituals mimic the practices and traditions of Sufi orders as evidenced by terminology like murshed or morshed master pishkesvat leader taj crown and faqr pride The ethics involved are also similar to Sufi ideals emphasizing purity of heart Every session begins with pious praise to the Prophet Muhammed and his family The morshed dictates the pace by beating a goblet drum zarb while reciting Gnostic poems and stories from Persian mythology As the most important member of the zourkhaneh the morshed leads prayer sessions and spurs the athletes on with poems in praise of Shi ite imams and excerpts from the Shahnameh The singing itself once served as a form of oral education passing down social knowledge moral codes and religious teachings to the warriors in training citation needed The main portion of a varzesh e bastani session is dedicated to weight training and calisthenics notably using a pair of wooden clubs mil metal shields sang and bow shaped iron weights kabbadeh or kaman This is followed by exercises like Sufi whirling and juggling all of which are intended to build strength The athletes move in unison to the drum beats of the morshed Every session ends with bouts of koshti pahlavani citation needed Ancient Zoroastrians believed that the development of physical and mental strength could be used to enhance spirituality Thus aside from once preparing warriors for battle this training is supposed to promote kindness and humility through the cultivation of outer strength Under the supervision of a pishkesvat students are instructed in traditional ethics and chivalry Participants are expected to be pure truthful good tempered and only then strong in body Acquiring the rank of pahlevan hero requires mastery of the physical skills observance of religious principles and passing the moral stages of Gnosticism The principles of unpretentiousness are exemplified by a verse recited at many meetings Learn modesty if you desire knowledge A highland would never be irrigated by a river Kanz ol Haghayegh International Zurkhaneh Sport Federation EditThe International Zurkhaneh Sport Federation IZSF was established on October 10 2004 to promote varzesh e pahlavani on a global level The IZSF aims to regulate and standardize rules for koshti pahlevani and organize international festivals and competitions In 2010 it started to regulate and organize para zourkhaneh festivals for disabled athletes Seventy Two countries are currently members of the IZSF 14 The 1st Koshti Pahlevani Championship Tajikistan President Cup 8 9 September 2005 The 1st International Zurkhaneh Sports Festival of the Cities of the World Mashhad I R Iran 11 16 November 2005 The 1st Zurkhaneh Sport Tournament of Asian Universities Students in Shomal University in Amol I R Iran 15 November 2006 The 1st Asian Zurkhaneh Sports Festival in Tehran I R Iran 18 24 November 2006 The 1st European Zurkhaneh Sports Festival in Saarbrucken Germany 26 31 March 2007 The 2nd International Zurkhaneh Sports tournament in Kish Island I R Iran 16 20 February 2008 The 2nd Asian Zurkhaneh Sports Championship in Kathmandu Nepal 22 27 July 2008 The 1st Zurkhaneh Sports World Championship during the 4th Busan TAFISA Sport For All Games South Korea 26 Sep 2 Oct 2008 The 1st Zurkhaneh Sports World Cup Baku Azerbaijan 13 17 March 2009 The 1st International Zurkhaneh Sports Tournament Ferdowsi Cup Dushanbeh Tajikistan 12 16 May 2009 The 2nd European Zurkhaneh Sports Championship Frankfurt Germany 13 17 December 2009 The 1st International Zurkhaneh Sports Tournament Ferdowsi Cup Dushanbeh Tajikistan 10 13 July 2010 The 2nd Zurkhaneh Sports World Cup Konya Turkey 20 25 October 2010 The 1st Junior European Zurkhaneh Sports Championship Minsk Belarus 25 29 November 2010 The 1st Junior Asian Zurkhaneh Sports Championship Ferdowsi Cup Dushanbeh Tajikistan 4 7 December 2010 The 1st Asian Para Zurkhaneh Sports Championship Ferdowsi Cup Dushanbeh Tajikistan 8 December 2010 The 1st African Zurkhaneh Sports Championship Mozambique The 3rd Asian Zurkhaneh Sports Championship in Dhaka Bangladesh September 2012 The 3rd European Zurkhaneh Sports Championship during the TAFISA Sport For All Games Palanga Lithuania July 2012 The 4th Asian Zurkhaneh Sports Championship in Kathmandu Nepal September 2013 The 5th Asian Zurkhaneh Sports Championship in Tabriz I R Iran The 2nd African Zurkhaneh Sports amp Pahlavani Championship Addis Ababa Ethiopia The 2nd Zurkhaneh amp Kosthi Pahlavani World Championship in The 6th TAFISA World Sports for All Games Jakarta Indonesia The 4th Islamic Solidarity Games Baku Azerbaijan details See also Edit Sports portal Iran portalIndian club Rostam Kurash Koras Pankration Pehlwani Sambo Yagli gures Ssireum History of physical training and fitnessReferences Edit official IZSF Martial art Definition History Types amp Facts Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals at Encyclopaedia Iranica Pahlevani and Zoorkhanei rituals a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals at Encyclopaedia Iranica Shay Anthony Sellers Young Barbara 2005 Belly Dance Orientalism Transnationalism and Harem Fantasy Mazda Publishers ISBN 978 1 56859 183 4 the zurkhaneh exercises of Iran Afghanistan and Azerbaijan Afghanistan Foreign Policy amp Government Guide International Business Publications USA 2000 ISBN 978 0 7397 3700 2 UNIVERSAL SPORTS PLAYED IN AFGHANISTAN Wrestling Palwani Elias Josie Ali Sharifah Enayat 2013 08 01 Afghanistan Third Edition Cavendish Square Publishing LLC ISBN 978 1 60870 872 7 Wrestling or Pahlwani pahl wah NEE is popular with men all over the country Nekoogar Farzad 1996 Traditional Iranian Martial Arts Varzesh e Pahlavani pahlvani com Menlo Park Accessed 2007 02 08 CHN News November 25 2005 Iran s Neighbours to Revive Iran s Varzesh e Pahlevani Archived 2012 04 24 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2007 02 08 Baku s Old City Memories of How it Used to Be by Farid Alakbarli Azerbaijan International Autumn 2002 10 3 Pages 38 43 Bashiri Iraj 2003 Zurkhaneh Accessed 2007 02 08 Merat Arron What America needs to understand about Qasim Soleimani Retrieved 2020 01 23 IZSF official website Further information EditAbassi Mehdi 1984 Tarikh e Koshtigari dar Iran The History of Wrestling in Iran Tehran Beizai Hossein Parto 1967 Tarikh e Varzesh e Bastani Zoorkhaneh Tehran Documentary Video of Zurkhaneh Training Google Video on Zurkhaneh Luijendijk D H 2006 Zoor Khane Ancient Martial Art of Iran Boulder US PDF reports on Zurkhaneh com 1 External links Edit Look up paladin in Wiktionary the free dictionary Wikimedia Commons has media related to Varzesh e Bastani International Zoorkhneh FederationExternal video The Pahlevani and Zoorkhanei Rituals UNESCO official channel on YouTube Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals amp oldid 1125302793, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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