fbpx
Wikipedia

Pact of Forgetting

January 01, 1970

The Pact of Forgetting (Spanish: Pacto del Olvido) is the political decision by both leftist and rightist parties of Spain to avoid confronting directly the legacy of Francoism after the death of Francisco Franco in 1975.[1] The Pact of Forgetting was an attempt to move on from the Civil War and subsequent repression and to concentrate on the future of Spain.[2] In making a smooth transition from autocracy and totalitarianism to democracy, the Pact ensured that there were no prosecutions for persons responsible for human rights violations or similar crimes committed during the Francoist period. On the other hand, Francoist public memorials, such as the mausoleum of the Valley of the Fallen, fell into disuse for official occasions.[3] Also, the celebration of "Day of Victory" during the Franco era was changed to "Armed Forces Day" so respect was paid to both Nationalist and Republican parties of the Civil War.

The pact underpinned the transition to democracy of the 1970s[4] and ensured that difficult questions about the recent past were suppressed for fear of endangering 'national reconciliation' and the restoration of liberal-democratic freedoms. Responsibility for the Spanish Civil War, and for the repression that followed, was not to be placed upon any particular social or political group. "In practice, this presupposed suppressing painful memories derived from the post civil war division of the population into 'victors' and 'vanquished'".[5] While many historians accept that the pact served a purpose at the time of transition,[6] there is more controversy as to whether it should still be adhered to. Paul Preston takes the view that Franco had time to impose his own version of history, which still prevents contemporary Spain from "looking upon its recent violent past in an open and honest way".[7] In 2006, two-thirds of Spaniards favored a "fresh investigation into the war".[8]

Historical background edit

"It is estimated that 400,000 people spent time in prisons, camps, or forced labor battalions".[9] Some historians believe that the repression committed by the Francoist State was most severe and prevalent in the immediate years after the Spanish Civil War and through the 1940s. During this time of the repression, there was an escalation of torture, illegal detention, and execution. This style of repression remained frequent until the end of the Spanish State. Especially during 1936–1939, Nationalist Forces seized control of cities and towns in the Franco-led military coup and would hunt down any protesters or those who were labeled as a threat to the government and believed to sympathize with the Republican cause.[10] "Waves of these individuals were condemned on mere hearsay without trial, loaded onto trucks, taken to deserted areas outside city boundaries, summarily shot, and buried in mass, shallow graves that began dotting the Spanish countryside in the wake of the advancing Nationalist."[11]

Advances in DNA technology gave scope for the identification of the remains of Republicans executed by Franco supporters. The year 2000 saw the foundation of the Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory which grew out of the quest by a sociologist, Emilio Silva-Barrera, to locate and identify the remains of his grandfather, who was shot by Franco's forces in 1936. Such projects have been the subject of political debate in Spain, and are referenced for example in the 2021 film Parallel Mothers. There have been other notable references to the Civil War in the arts since the year 2000 (for example, Javier Cercas' 2001 novel Soldiers of Salamis). However, the subject of the Civil War had not been "off limits" in the arts in previous decades, and arguably the pact is mainly a political construct.

Legal basis edit

The clearest and most explicit expression of the Pact is the Spanish 1977 Amnesty Law.[12]

The Pact was challenged by the socialist government elected in 2004, which under prime minister Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero passed the Historical Memory Law. Among other measures, the Historical Memory Law rejected the legitimacy of laws passed and trials conducted by the Francoist regime. The Law repealed some Francoist laws and ordered the removal of remaining symbols of Francoism from public buildings.[8]

The Historical Memory Law has been criticised by some on the left (for not going far enough) and also by some on the right (for example, as a form of "vengeance").[13] After the Partido Popular took power in 2011 it did not repeal the Historical Memory Law, but it closed the government office dedicated to the exhumation of victims of Francoist repression.[14] Under Mariano Rajoy, the government was not willing to spend public money on exhumations in Spain,[15] although the Partido Popular supported the repatriation of the remains of Spanish soldiers who fought in the Blue Division for Hitler.

In 2010 there was a judicial controversy pertaining to the 1977 Spanish Amnesty Law. Spanish judge Baltasar Garzón challenged the Pact of Forgetting by saying that those who committed crimes against humanity during the Spanish State are not subject to the amnesty law or statutes of limitation. Relatives of those who were executed or went missing during the Franco regime demanded justice for their loved ones. Some of those who were targeted and buried in mass graves during the Franco regime were teachers, farmers, shop owners, women who did not marry in church and those on the losing side of war.[16] However, the Spanish Supreme Court challenged the investigations by Garzón. They investigated the judge for alleged abuse of power, knowingly violating the amnesty law, following a complaint from Miguel Bernard, the secretary general of a far-right group in Spain called "Manos Limpias". Bernard had criticized Garzón by saying:[17]

[Garzón] cannot prosecute Francoism. It's already history, and only historians can judge that period. He uses justice for his own ego. He thought that, by prosecuting Francoism, he could become the head of the International Criminal Court and even win the Nobel Peace Prize.

Although Garzón was eventually cleared of abuse of power in this instance, the Spanish judiciary upheld the Amnesty Law, discontinuing his investigations into Francoist crimes.[7]

In 2022 the Democratic Memory Law enacted by the government of Pedro Sánchez further dealt with the legacy of Francoism and included measures such as to make the government responsible for exhuming and identifying the bodies of those killed by the fascist regime and buried in unmarked graves, to create an official register of victims and to remove a number of remaining Francoist symbols from the country.

International implications edit

The United Nations has repeatedly urged Spain to repeal the amnesty law, for example in 2012,[18] and most recently in 2013.[19] This is on the basis that under international law amnesties do not apply to crimes against humanity. According to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 7, "no one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment".[20] Furthermore, Judge Garzón had drawn attention to Article 15, which does not admit political exceptions to punishing individuals for criminal acts. However, this is not a uniform practice, there have been cases where the U.N. said that an amnesty is important in order to restore peace and help make the government stronger.[citation needed] It has also been argued that crimes during the Franco era, or at least those of the Civil War period, were not yet illegal. This is because international law regarding crimes of humanity developed in the aftermath of the Second World War and for crimes prior to that period the principle of nullum crimen sine lege, or "no crime without a law", could be said to apply.[20]

In 2013, an Argentinian judge was investigating Franco-era crimes under the international legal principle of universal justice.[19][21]

In Poland, which underwent a later democratic transition, the Spanish agreement not to prosecute politically-motivated wrongdoing juridically and not to use the past in daily politics was seen as the example to follow.[22] In the 1990s the progressive media hailed the Spanish model, which reportedly refrained from revanchism and from the vicious circle of "settling accounts".[23] The issue was highly related to the debate on "decommunization" in general and on "lustration" in particular; the latter was about measures intended against individuals involved in the pre-1989 regime. Liberal and left-wing media firmly opposed any such plan, and they referred the Spanish pattern as the civilized way of moving from one political system to another.[24] In a debate about transition from communism, held by two opinion leaders Vaclav Havel and Adam Michnik, the Spanish model was highly recommended.[25] Later, the policies of prime minister Zapatero were viewed as dangerous "playing with fire",[26] and pundits ridiculed him as the one who was "rattling with skeletons pulled from cupboards" and "winning the civil war lost years ago"; they compared him to Jarosław Kaczyński[27] and leaders of allegedly sectarian, fanatically anti-communist, nationalistic, Catholic groupings.[28] However, during the 2010s the left-wing media were gradually abandoning their early criticism of prime minister Zapatero;[29] they were rather agonizing about Rajoy and his strategy to park the "historical memory" politics in obscurity.[30] With the threat of "lustration" now gone, progressist authors have effectively made a U-turn; currently they are rather skeptical about the alleged "pact of forgetting"[31] and advocate the need to make further legislative steps advanced by the Sánchez government on the path towards "democratic memory".[32] The Polish right, which in the 1990s was rather muted about the solution adopted in Spain, since then remains consistently highly critical about the "historical memory" politics of both PSOE and PP governments.[33]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Encarnación, Omar G. (2014-01-22). "Forgetting, in Order to Move On". New York Times. Retrieved 2017-10-07.
  2. ^ Poggiloi, Sylvia (2010-08-04). "In Spain, A Crusading Judge Opens Old Wounds". NPR. Retrieved 2017-10-07.
  3. ^ Rigby, Andrew (2000). "Amnesty and Amnesia in Spain". Peace Review. 12 (1): 73–79. doi:10.1080/104026500113845. S2CID 143449787.
  4. ^ Tremlett, Giles (2008). Ghosts of Spain. Travels through Spain and its silent past. Bloomsbury. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-8027-1674-3.
  5. ^ Alberto Reig Tapia, Memoria de la guerra civil, Madrid 1999, quoted in The Splintering of Spain, p.9, Cambridge University Press, 2005
  6. ^ Labanyi, Jo. "Memory and Modernity in Democratic Spain: The Difficulty of Coming to Terms with the Spanish Civil War". Poetics Today. 28 (1).
  7. ^ a b Tremlett, Giles (March 2012). "The Spanish Holocaust by Paul Preston – review". The Guardian. www.guardian.co.uk. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
  8. ^ a b Stuart, Paul (2006). "Spain: "Law of historical memory" continues cover-up of Franco's crimes". World Socialist Web Site.
  9. ^ Davis, Madeline (2005). "Is Spain Recovering its Memory? Breaking the Pacto del Olvido". Human Rights Quarterly. 27 (3): 858–880. doi:10.1353/hrq.2005.0034. S2CID 143878908.
  10. ^ Guarino, Angela M. (January 2010). "Chasing Ghosts: Pursuing Retroactive Justice for Franco-Era Crimes Against Humanity". Boston College International and Comparative Law Review. 33 (1): 64.
  11. ^ Guarino, Angela M. (January 2010). "Chasing Ghosts: Pursuing Retroactive Justice for Franco-Era Crimes Against Humanity". Boston International and Comparative Law Review. 33 (1): 64–65.
  12. ^ Casanova, Julián; Gil Andrés, Carlos (2014). Twentieth-century Spain. A History. Translated by Douch, Martin. Cambridge University Press. p. 310. ISBN 978-1-107-60267-0. OCLC 870438787.
  13. ^ Abend, Lisa (17 October 2008). "At Last, Spain Faces Up to Franco's Guilt". Time. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  14. ^ . Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
  15. ^ "El gobierno elimina en 2013". Público. Europa Press. Retrieved September 29, 2012.
  16. ^ Poggioli, Sylvia. "In Spain, A Crusading Judge Opens Old Wounds". NPR.
  17. ^ Poggiloli, Sylvia. "In Spain, A Crusading Judge Opens Old Wounds". NPR.
  18. ^ "Spain must lift amnesty". AlertNet, Reuters. Archived from the original on April 16, 2013. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
  19. ^ a b "UN presses Spain". 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
  20. ^ a b Guarino, Angela M. (January 2010). "Chasing Ghosts: Pursuing Retroactive Justice under Franco-Era Crimes Against Humanity". Boston College International and Comparative Law Review. 33 (1): 71–72. ISSN 0277-5778. OCLC 643642745.
  21. ^ Judge confiscates passports of two Franco-era security officers wanted in Argentina El País (English edition).
  22. ^ Passent, Daniel (2010-08-12). "Zbrodnie Zapatero". Polityka.
  23. ^ Tryc-Ostrowska, Małgorzata (1995-11-21). "Bez rozdrapywania ran i porachunków". Rzeczpospolita.
  24. ^ Opioła, Wojciech (2016). "Współczesna hiszpańska polityka pamięci". Przegląd Narodowościowy. 5 (1): 214.
  25. ^ Michnik, Adam; Havel, Vaclav (1993). "Confronting the Past: Justice or Revenge?". Journal of Democracy. 4 (1): 20–27. doi:10.1353/jod.1993.0009. S2CID 154740873.
  26. ^ Stasiński, Piotr (2005-05-21). "Hiszpańska szafa pełna trupów". Gazeta Wyborcza.
  27. ^ Michnik, Adam (2002-02-03). "Polityka kłamstw historycznych". Gazeta Wyborcza.
  28. ^ Stasiński, Piotr (2010-07-05). "Socjaliści Zapatero myślą lekko, polscy nie powinni". Gazeta Wyborcza.
  29. ^ Stasiński, Maciej (2013-10-31). "Hiszpańska lewica chce przenieść dyktatora Francisco Franco do zwykłego grobu". Gazeta Wyborcza.
  30. ^ Okraszewski, Maciej (2018-11-07). "Ekshumacja gen. Franco. Lepiej późno niż wcale". Polityka.
  31. ^ Okraszewski, Maciej (2018-07-20). "Szczątki generała Franco precz, czyli socjaliści rządzą Hiszpanią po nowemu". Gazeta Wyborcza.
  32. ^ Stasiński, Maciej (2020-09-17). "Hiszpania chce ustawowo zabliźnić rany wojny i dyktatury Franco". Gazeta Wyborcza.
  33. ^ Miłkowski, Tadeusz (2020). "La transición española en el espejo deformante de la política polaca del siglo XXI". In Mazurek, Jerzy (ed.). Transición en retrospectiva (in Spanish). Varsovia. pp. 67–78. ISBN 978-83-7901-234-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

January 01, 1970
pact, forgetting, spanish, pacto, olvido, political, decision, both, leftist, rightist, parties, spain, avoid, confronting, directly, legacy, francoism, after, death, francisco, franco, 1975, attempt, move, from, civil, subsequent, repression, concentrate, fut. The Pact of Forgetting Spanish Pacto del Olvido is the political decision by both leftist and rightist parties of Spain to avoid confronting directly the legacy of Francoism after the death of Francisco Franco in 1975 1 The Pact of Forgetting was an attempt to move on from the Civil War and subsequent repression and to concentrate on the future of Spain 2 In making a smooth transition from autocracy and totalitarianism to democracy the Pact ensured that there were no prosecutions for persons responsible for human rights violations or similar crimes committed during the Francoist period On the other hand Francoist public memorials such as the mausoleum of the Valley of the Fallen fell into disuse for official occasions 3 Also the celebration of Day of Victory during the Franco era was changed to Armed Forces Day so respect was paid to both Nationalist and Republican parties of the Civil War The pact underpinned the transition to democracy of the 1970s 4 and ensured that difficult questions about the recent past were suppressed for fear of endangering national reconciliation and the restoration of liberal democratic freedoms Responsibility for the Spanish Civil War and for the repression that followed was not to be placed upon any particular social or political group In practice this presupposed suppressing painful memories derived from the post civil war division of the population into victors and vanquished 5 While many historians accept that the pact served a purpose at the time of transition 6 there is more controversy as to whether it should still be adhered to Paul Preston takes the view that Franco had time to impose his own version of history which still prevents contemporary Spain from looking upon its recent violent past in an open and honest way 7 In 2006 two thirds of Spaniards favored a fresh investigation into the war 8 Contents 1 Historical background 2 Legal basis 3 International implications 4 See also 5 ReferencesHistorical background edit It is estimated that 400 000 people spent time in prisons camps or forced labor battalions 9 Some historians believe that the repression committed by the Francoist State was most severe and prevalent in the immediate years after the Spanish Civil War and through the 1940s During this time of the repression there was an escalation of torture illegal detention and execution This style of repression remained frequent until the end of the Spanish State Especially during 1936 1939 Nationalist Forces seized control of cities and towns in the Franco led military coup and would hunt down any protesters or those who were labeled as a threat to the government and believed to sympathize with the Republican cause 10 Waves of these individuals were condemned on mere hearsay without trial loaded onto trucks taken to deserted areas outside city boundaries summarily shot and buried in mass shallow graves that began dotting the Spanish countryside in the wake of the advancing Nationalist 11 Advances in DNA technology gave scope for the identification of the remains of Republicans executed by Franco supporters The year 2000 saw the foundation of the Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory which grew out of the quest by a sociologist Emilio Silva Barrera to locate and identify the remains of his grandfather who was shot by Franco s forces in 1936 Such projects have been the subject of political debate in Spain and are referenced for example in the 2021 film Parallel Mothers There have been other notable references to the Civil War in the arts since the year 2000 for example Javier Cercas 2001 novel Soldiers of Salamis However the subject of the Civil War had not been off limits in the arts in previous decades and arguably the pact is mainly a political construct Legal basis editThe clearest and most explicit expression of the Pact is the Spanish 1977 Amnesty Law 12 The Pact was challenged by the socialist government elected in 2004 which under prime minister Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero passed the Historical Memory Law Among other measures the Historical Memory Law rejected the legitimacy of laws passed and trials conducted by the Francoist regime The Law repealed some Francoist laws and ordered the removal of remaining symbols of Francoism from public buildings 8 The Historical Memory Law has been criticised by some on the left for not going far enough and also by some on the right for example as a form of vengeance 13 After the Partido Popular took power in 2011 it did not repeal the Historical Memory Law but it closed the government office dedicated to the exhumation of victims of Francoist repression 14 Under Mariano Rajoy the government was not willing to spend public money on exhumations in Spain 15 although the Partido Popular supported the repatriation of the remains of Spanish soldiers who fought in the Blue Division for Hitler In 2010 there was a judicial controversy pertaining to the 1977 Spanish Amnesty Law Spanish judge Baltasar Garzon challenged the Pact of Forgetting by saying that those who committed crimes against humanity during the Spanish State are not subject to the amnesty law or statutes of limitation Relatives of those who were executed or went missing during the Franco regime demanded justice for their loved ones Some of those who were targeted and buried in mass graves during the Franco regime were teachers farmers shop owners women who did not marry in church and those on the losing side of war 16 However the Spanish Supreme Court challenged the investigations by Garzon They investigated the judge for alleged abuse of power knowingly violating the amnesty law following a complaint from Miguel Bernard the secretary general of a far right group in Spain called Manos Limpias Bernard had criticized Garzon by saying 17 Garzon cannot prosecute Francoism It s already history and only historians can judge that period He uses justice for his own ego He thought that by prosecuting Francoism he could become the head of the International Criminal Court and even win the Nobel Peace Prize Although Garzon was eventually cleared of abuse of power in this instance the Spanish judiciary upheld the Amnesty Law discontinuing his investigations into Francoist crimes 7 In 2022 the Democratic Memory Law enacted by the government of Pedro Sanchez further dealt with the legacy of Francoism and included measures such as to make the government responsible for exhuming and identifying the bodies of those killed by the fascist regime and buried in unmarked graves to create an official register of victims and to remove a number of remaining Francoist symbols from the country International implications editThe United Nations has repeatedly urged Spain to repeal the amnesty law for example in 2012 18 and most recently in 2013 19 This is on the basis that under international law amnesties do not apply to crimes against humanity According to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 7 no one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment 20 Furthermore Judge Garzon had drawn attention to Article 15 which does not admit political exceptions to punishing individuals for criminal acts However this is not a uniform practice there have been cases where the U N said that an amnesty is important in order to restore peace and help make the government stronger citation needed It has also been argued that crimes during the Franco era or at least those of the Civil War period were not yet illegal This is because international law regarding crimes of humanity developed in the aftermath of the Second World War and for crimes prior to that period the principle of nullum crimen sine lege or no crime without a law could be said to apply 20 In 2013 an Argentinian judge was investigating Franco era crimes under the international legal principle of universal justice 19 21 In Poland which underwent a later democratic transition the Spanish agreement not to prosecute politically motivated wrongdoing juridically and not to use the past in daily politics was seen as the example to follow 22 In the 1990s the progressive media hailed the Spanish model which reportedly refrained from revanchism and from the vicious circle of settling accounts 23 The issue was highly related to the debate on decommunization in general and on lustration in particular the latter was about measures intended against individuals involved in the pre 1989 regime Liberal and left wing media firmly opposed any such plan and they referred the Spanish pattern as the civilized way of moving from one political system to another 24 In a debate about transition from communism held by two opinion leaders Vaclav Havel and Adam Michnik the Spanish model was highly recommended 25 Later the policies of prime minister Zapatero were viewed as dangerous playing with fire 26 and pundits ridiculed him as the one who was rattling with skeletons pulled from cupboards and winning the civil war lost years ago they compared him to Jaroslaw Kaczynski 27 and leaders of allegedly sectarian fanatically anti communist nationalistic Catholic groupings 28 However during the 2010s the left wing media were gradually abandoning their early criticism of prime minister Zapatero 29 they were rather agonizing about Rajoy and his strategy to park the historical memory politics in obscurity 30 With the threat of lustration now gone progressist authors have effectively made a U turn currently they are rather skeptical about the alleged pact of forgetting 31 and advocate the need to make further legislative steps advanced by the Sanchez government on the path towards democratic memory 32 The Polish right which in the 1990s was rather muted about the solution adopted in Spain since then remains consistently highly critical about the historical memory politics of both PSOE and PP governments 33 See also edit2022 Democratic Memory Law regarding Francoism s legacy 2007 Historical Memory Law regarding Francoism s legacy Sociological Francoism aspects of Francoism that continue in Spain today Vergangenheitsbewaltigung about Germany s public debate on its recent history Truth and reconciliation commissionReferences edit Encarnacion Omar G 2014 01 22 Forgetting in Order to Move On New York Times Retrieved 2017 10 07 Poggiloi Sylvia 2010 08 04 In Spain A Crusading Judge Opens Old Wounds NPR Retrieved 2017 10 07 Rigby Andrew 2000 Amnesty and Amnesia in Spain Peace Review 12 1 73 79 doi 10 1080 104026500113845 S2CID 143449787 Tremlett Giles 2008 Ghosts of Spain Travels through Spain and its silent past Bloomsbury p 79 ISBN 978 0 8027 1674 3 Alberto Reig Tapia Memoria de la guerra civil Madrid 1999 quoted in The Splintering of Spain p 9 Cambridge University Press 2005 Labanyi Jo Memory and Modernity in Democratic Spain The Difficulty of Coming to Terms with the Spanish Civil War Poetics Today 28 1 a b Tremlett Giles March 2012 The Spanish Holocaust by Paul Preston review The Guardian www guardian co uk Retrieved November 17 2013 a b Stuart Paul 2006 Spain Law of historical memory continues cover up of Franco s crimes World Socialist Web Site Davis Madeline 2005 Is Spain Recovering its Memory Breaking the Pacto del Olvido Human Rights Quarterly 27 3 858 880 doi 10 1353 hrq 2005 0034 S2CID 143878908 Guarino Angela M January 2010 Chasing Ghosts Pursuing Retroactive Justice for Franco Era Crimes Against Humanity Boston College International and Comparative Law Review 33 1 64 Guarino Angela M January 2010 Chasing Ghosts Pursuing Retroactive Justice for Franco Era Crimes Against Humanity Boston International and Comparative Law Review 33 1 64 65 Casanova Julian Gil Andres Carlos 2014 Twentieth century Spain A History Translated by Douch Martin Cambridge University Press p 310 ISBN 978 1 107 60267 0 OCLC 870438787 Abend Lisa 17 October 2008 At Last Spain Faces Up to Franco s Guilt Time Retrieved 22 September 2020 Rajoy cierra la Oficina de Victimas Archived from the original on March 4 2012 Retrieved August 29 2012 El gobierno elimina en 2013 Publico Europa Press Retrieved September 29 2012 Poggioli Sylvia In Spain A Crusading Judge Opens Old Wounds NPR Poggiloli Sylvia In Spain A Crusading Judge Opens Old Wounds NPR Spain must lift amnesty AlertNet Reuters Archived from the original on April 16 2013 Retrieved August 17 2012 a b UN presses Spain 2013 Retrieved 17 November 2013 a b Guarino Angela M January 2010 Chasing Ghosts Pursuing Retroactive Justice under Franco Era Crimes Against Humanity Boston College International and Comparative Law Review 33 1 71 72 ISSN 0277 5778 OCLC 643642745 Judge confiscates passports of two Franco era security officers wanted in Argentina El Pais English edition Passent Daniel 2010 08 12 Zbrodnie Zapatero Polityka Tryc Ostrowska Malgorzata 1995 11 21 Bez rozdrapywania ran i porachunkow Rzeczpospolita Opiola Wojciech 2016 Wspolczesna hiszpanska polityka pamieci Przeglad Narodowosciowy 5 1 214 Michnik Adam Havel Vaclav 1993 Confronting the Past Justice or Revenge Journal of Democracy 4 1 20 27 doi 10 1353 jod 1993 0009 S2CID 154740873 Stasinski Piotr 2005 05 21 Hiszpanska szafa pelna trupow Gazeta Wyborcza Michnik Adam 2002 02 03 Polityka klamstw historycznych Gazeta Wyborcza Stasinski Piotr 2010 07 05 Socjalisci Zapatero mysla lekko polscy nie powinni Gazeta Wyborcza Stasinski Maciej 2013 10 31 Hiszpanska lewica chce przeniesc dyktatora Francisco Franco do zwyklego grobu Gazeta Wyborcza Okraszewski Maciej 2018 11 07 Ekshumacja gen Franco Lepiej pozno niz wcale Polityka Okraszewski Maciej 2018 07 20 Szczatki generala Franco precz czyli socjalisci rzadza Hiszpania po nowemu Gazeta Wyborcza Stasinski Maciej 2020 09 17 Hiszpania chce ustawowo zabliznic rany wojny i dyktatury Franco Gazeta Wyborcza Milkowski Tadeusz 2020 La transicion espanola en el espejo deformante de la politica polaca del siglo XXI In Mazurek Jerzy ed Transicion en retrospectiva in Spanish Varsovia pp 67 78 ISBN 978 83 7901 234 3 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pact of Forgetting amp oldid 1222506698, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.