Pacific Northwest languages

The Pacific Northwest languages are the indigenous languages of the Pacific Northwest of North America. This is a geographic term and does not imply any common heritage for these languages. In fact, the Pacific Northwest is an area of exceptional linguistic diversity and contains languages belonging to a large number of (apparently) unrelated families. However, the close proximity of multiple languages has created many opportunities for mutual interaction, with the result that the Pacific Northwest forms a linguistic area, with many areal features that are shared across language families. These include animacy hierarchies and case markers that cliticize to the end of the word before the noun phrase being marked for case.^[1]

Pre-contact distribution of North American language families north of Mexico

The linguistic area is centered on the Salishan, Wakashan and Chimakuan families. Some features are also shared with Tsimshianic, Chinookan and Sahaptian languages, as well as Kutenai, a language isolate.

These languages are well known for their complex phonetic systems, particularly their large number of dorsal obstruents. Tlingit, for example, among its total of 47 consonants, has about 24 different stops and fricatives in the velar, uvular, and glottal areas (as well as five different lateral obstruents). Also common are a number of other consonants that are unfamiliar to English speakers, such as glottalized sonorants, ejectives, and pharyngeal consonants. Lillooet, a Salishan language, has ten different glottalized sonorants, seven ejectives at six different places of articulation, including the extremely rare ejective affricates [q͡χʼ] and [q͡χʷʼ], and four pharyngeal approximants.

References

1. Mithun, Marianne, "Contact and North American Languages", The Handbook of Language Contact, Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 673–694, retrieved 2022-10-10

• Thomason, Sarah (2000). "Linguistic areas and language history" (PDF). In Gilbers, Dicky; Nerbonne, John; Schaeken, Jos (eds.). Languages in Contact. Amsterdam: Rodopi. pp. 311–327. ISBN 978-90-420-1322-3.