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Broad-billed prion

August 23, 2023

The broad-billed prion (Pachyptila vittata) is a small pelagic seabird in the shearwater and petrel family, Procellariidae. It is the largest prion, with grey upperparts plumage, and white underparts. The sexes are alike. It ranges from the southeast Atlantic to New Zealand mainly near the Antarctic Convergence. In the south Atlantic it breeds on Tristan da Cunha and Gough Island; in the south Pacific it breeds on islands off the south coast of South Island, New Zealand and on the Chatham Islands. It has many other names that have been used such as blue-billed dove-petrel, broad-billed dove-petrel, long-billed prion, common prion, icebird, and whalebird.[2]

Broad-billed prion
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Procellariiformes
Family: Procellariidae
Genus: Pachyptila
Species:
P. vittata
Binomial name
Pachyptila vittata
(G. Forster, 1777)
Synonyms

Procellaria vittata (protonym)

Taxonomy

The broad-billed prion was described in 1777 by the German naturalist Georg Forster in his book A Voyage Round the World. He had accompanied James Cook on Cook's second voyage to the Pacific. He included a brief description: "the blue petrel, so called from its having a blueish-grey colour, and a band of blackish feathers across the whole wing." Forster placed the broad-billed prion in the genus Procellaria that had been erected for the petrels by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 and coined the binomial name Procellaria vittata.[3][4] The broad-billed prion is now placed in the genus Pachyptila that was introduced in 1811 by the German zoologist Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger.[5][6] The genus name combines the Ancient Greek pakhus meaning "dense" or "thick" with ptilon meaning "feather" or "plumage". The specific epithet vittata is from the Latin vittatus meaning "banded".[7] The word "prion" comes from the Ancient Greek priōn meaning "a saw", which is in reference to the serrated edges of the bill.[8]

Members of the genus Pachyptila, together with the blue petrel, make up the prions. They in turn are members of the family Procellariidae, and the order Procellariiformes. The prions are small and typically eat just zooplankton;[2] however as a member of the Procellariiformes, they share certain identifying features. First, they have nasal passages that attach to the upper bill called naricorns. Although the nostrils on the prion are on top of the upper bill. The bills of Procellariiformes are also unique in that they are split into between seven and nine horny plates. They produce a stomach oil made up of wax esters and triglycerides that is stored in the proventriculus. This can be sprayed out of their mouths as a defence against predators and as an energy rich food source for chicks and for the adults during their long flights.[9] Finally, they also have a salt gland that is situated above the nasal passage and helps desalinate their bodies, due to the high amount of ocean water that they imbibe. It excretes a high saline solution from their nose.[10]

Description

 
1888 illustration of the broad-billed prion's head and beak

The broad-billed prion has the usual prion colours: blue-grey upperparts, white underparts, and the ever present dark "M" across its back and wings. It has a grey crown, a dark eye stripe, and a black-tipped tail. Its heavy bill is iron-grey but can appear blackish from a distance.[11] The head pattern is more distinct and the tail band is less extensive than that of the similar fairy prion. Its bill has the best developed lamellae of all the prions, allowing it to feed on tiny animals.[12] This is a large prion measuring 25 to 30 cm (9.8 to 11.8 in) long, with a wingspan of 57 to 66 cm (22 to 26 in) and weighing on average 160 to 235 g (5.6 to 8.3 oz).[2]

Distribution and habitat

This species is found throughout oceans and coastal areas in the Southern Hemisphere. Its colonies is found on Gough Island, Tristan da Cunha, South Island, Chatham Islands, on the subantarctic Antipodes Islands, and other islands off the coast of New Zealand.[2][13]

Behaviour

They are social birds; however their courtship displays happen at night or in their burrows. When they need to defend their nests they are very aggressive with calling, posturing, and neck-biting.[2]

Feeding

They are gregarious, and eat crustaceans (copepods), squid, and fish. They utilize a technique called hydroplaning, where the bird flies with its bill in the water, skimming water in, and then filtering the food. They also surface-seize. This prion doesn't follow fishing boats regularly.[2]

Breeding

Breeding begins on the coastal slopes, lava fields, or cliffs of the breeding islands in July or August, as they lay their single egg in a burrow type nest. The clutch is a single white egg which is approximately 50.0 mm × 36.8 mm (1.97 in × 1.45 in).[11] Both parents incubate the egg for 50 days, and then spend another 50 days raising the chick.[2] The main predators are skuas, although on some islands, cats and rats have reduced this prion's numbers drastically. Colonies disperse from December onwards, although some adults remain in the vicinity of the breeding islands and may visit their burrows in winter.[11]

Conservation

This prion has an occurrence range of 10,500,000 km2 (4,100,000 sq mi) and an estimated population of 15 million. It is categorised as least concern by the IUCN.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2018). "Pachyptila vittata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22698106A132625918. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22698106A132625918.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Maynard, B. J. (2003)
  3. ^ Forster, Georg (1777). A Voyage Round the World, in His Britannic Majesty's Sloop, Resolution, Commanded by Capt. James Cook, During the Years 1772, 3, 4, and 5. Vol. 1. London: B. White, P. Elmsly, G. Robinson. pp. 91, 98.
  4. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 131.
  5. ^ Illiger, Johann Karl Wilhelm (1811). Prodromus systematis mammalium et avium (in Latin). Berolini [Berlin]: Sumptibus C. Salfeld. p. 274.
  6. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Petrels, albatrosses". IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  7. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 288, 404. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  8. ^ Gotch, A. T. (1995)
  9. ^ Double, M. C. (2003)
  10. ^ Ehrlich, Paul R. (1988)
  11. ^ a b c Marchant, S.; Higgins, P.G., eds. (1990). "Pachyptila vittata Broad-billed Prion" (PDF). Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds. Vol. 1: Ratites to ducks, Part A, Ratites to petrels. Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. pp. 515–521. ISBN 978-0-19-553068-1.
  12. ^ Masello, J. F.; Ryan, P. G.; Shepherd, L. D.; Quillfeldt, P.; Cherel, Y.; Tennyson, A. J.; Alderman, R.; Calderón, L.; Cole, T. L.; Cuthbert, R. J.; Dilley, B. J.; Massaro, M.; Miskelly, C. M.; Navarro, J.; Phillips, R. A.; Weimerskirch, H.; Moodley, Y. (2021). "Independent evolution of intermediate bill widths in a seabird clade". Molecular Genetics and Genomics. 297 (1): 183–198. doi:10.1007/s00438-021-01845-3. PMC 8803701. PMID 34921614.
  13. ^ Clements, James (2007)

Sources

  • Harrison, P. (1991) [1983]. Seabirds: an identification guide (2nd ed.). Beckenham, U.K.: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7136-3510-X.
  • Clements, James (2007). The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World (6th ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4501-9.
  • Double, M. C. (2003). "Procellariiformes (Tubenosed Seabirds)". In Hutchins, Michael; Jackson, Jerome A.; Bock, Walter J.; Olendorf, Donna (eds.). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins. Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 107–111. ISBN 0-7876-5784-0.
  • Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David, S.; Wheye, Darryl (1988). The Birders Handbook (First ed.). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. pp. 29–31. ISBN 0-671-65989-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Gotch, A. F. (1995) [1979]. "Albatrosses, Fulmars, Shearwaters, and Petrels". Latin Names Explained A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals. New York, NY: Facts on File. p. 192. ISBN 0-8160-3377-3.
  • Maynard, B. J. (2003). "Shearwaters, petrels, and fulmars (Procellariidae)". In Hutchins, Michael; Jackson, Jerome A.; Bock, Walter J.; Olendorf, Donna (eds.). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins. Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 123–133. ISBN 0-7876-5784-0.

August 23, 2023
broad, billed, prion, broad, billed, prion, pachyptila, vittata, small, pelagic, seabird, shearwater, petrel, family, procellariidae, largest, prion, with, grey, upperparts, plumage, white, underparts, sexes, alike, ranges, from, southeast, atlantic, zealand, . The broad billed prion Pachyptila vittata is a small pelagic seabird in the shearwater and petrel family Procellariidae It is the largest prion with grey upperparts plumage and white underparts The sexes are alike It ranges from the southeast Atlantic to New Zealand mainly near the Antarctic Convergence In the south Atlantic it breeds on Tristan da Cunha and Gough Island in the south Pacific it breeds on islands off the south coast of South Island New Zealand and on the Chatham Islands It has many other names that have been used such as blue billed dove petrel broad billed dove petrel long billed prion common prion icebird and whalebird 2 Broad billed prionConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder ProcellariiformesFamily ProcellariidaeGenus PachyptilaSpecies P vittataBinomial namePachyptila vittata G Forster 1777 SynonymsProcellaria vittata protonym Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behaviour 4 1 Feeding 4 2 Breeding 5 Conservation 6 References 7 SourcesTaxonomy EditThe broad billed prion was described in 1777 by the German naturalist Georg Forster in his book A Voyage Round the World He had accompanied James Cook on Cook s second voyage to the Pacific He included a brief description the blue petrel so called from its having a blueish grey colour and a band of blackish feathers across the whole wing Forster placed the broad billed prion in the genus Procellaria that had been erected for the petrels by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 and coined the binomial name Procellaria vittata 3 4 The broad billed prion is now placed in the genus Pachyptila that was introduced in 1811 by the German zoologist Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger 5 6 The genus name combines the Ancient Greek pakhus meaning dense or thick with ptilon meaning feather or plumage The specific epithet vittata is from the Latin vittatus meaning banded 7 The word prion comes from the Ancient Greek priōn meaning a saw which is in reference to the serrated edges of the bill 8 Members of the genus Pachyptila together with the blue petrel make up the prions They in turn are members of the family Procellariidae and the order Procellariiformes The prions are small and typically eat just zooplankton 2 however as a member of the Procellariiformes they share certain identifying features First they have nasal passages that attach to the upper bill called naricorns Although the nostrils on the prion are on top of the upper bill The bills of Procellariiformes are also unique in that they are split into between seven and nine horny plates They produce a stomach oil made up of wax esters and triglycerides that is stored in the proventriculus This can be sprayed out of their mouths as a defence against predators and as an energy rich food source for chicks and for the adults during their long flights 9 Finally they also have a salt gland that is situated above the nasal passage and helps desalinate their bodies due to the high amount of ocean water that they imbibe It excretes a high saline solution from their nose 10 Description Edit 1888 illustration of the broad billed prion s head and beakThe broad billed prion has the usual prion colours blue grey upperparts white underparts and the ever present dark M across its back and wings It has a grey crown a dark eye stripe and a black tipped tail Its heavy bill is iron grey but can appear blackish from a distance 11 The head pattern is more distinct and the tail band is less extensive than that of the similar fairy prion Its bill has the best developed lamellae of all the prions allowing it to feed on tiny animals 12 This is a large prion measuring 25 to 30 cm 9 8 to 11 8 in long with a wingspan of 57 to 66 cm 22 to 26 in and weighing on average 160 to 235 g 5 6 to 8 3 oz 2 Distribution and habitat EditThis species is found throughout oceans and coastal areas in the Southern Hemisphere Its colonies is found on Gough Island Tristan da Cunha South Island Chatham Islands on the subantarctic Antipodes Islands and other islands off the coast of New Zealand 2 13 Behaviour EditThey are social birds however their courtship displays happen at night or in their burrows When they need to defend their nests they are very aggressive with calling posturing and neck biting 2 Feeding Edit They are gregarious and eat crustaceans copepods squid and fish They utilize a technique called hydroplaning where the bird flies with its bill in the water skimming water in and then filtering the food They also surface seize This prion doesn t follow fishing boats regularly 2 Breeding Edit Breeding begins on the coastal slopes lava fields or cliffs of the breeding islands in July or August as they lay their single egg in a burrow type nest The clutch is a single white egg which is approximately 50 0 mm 36 8 mm 1 97 in 1 45 in 11 Both parents incubate the egg for 50 days and then spend another 50 days raising the chick 2 The main predators are skuas although on some islands cats and rats have reduced this prion s numbers drastically Colonies disperse from December onwards although some adults remain in the vicinity of the breeding islands and may visit their burrows in winter 11 Conservation EditThis prion has an occurrence range of 10 500 000 km2 4 100 000 sq mi and an estimated population of 15 million It is categorised as least concern by the IUCN 1 References Edit a b BirdLife International 2018 Pachyptila vittata IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018 e T22698106A132625918 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2018 2 RLTS T22698106A132625918 en Retrieved 12 November 2021 a b c d e f g Maynard B J 2003 Forster Georg 1777 A Voyage Round the World in His Britannic Majesty s Sloop Resolution Commanded by Capt James Cook During the Years 1772 3 4 and 5 Vol 1 London B White P Elmsly G Robinson pp 91 98 Linnaeus Carl 1758 Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes ordines genera species cum characteribus differentiis synonymis locis in Latin Vol 1 10th ed Holmiae Stockholm Laurentii Salvii p 131 Illiger Johann Karl Wilhelm 1811 Prodromus systematis mammalium et avium in Latin Berolini Berlin Sumptibus C Salfeld p 274 Gill Frank Donsker David Rasmussen Pamela eds July 2021 Petrels albatrosses IOC World Bird List Version 12 1 International Ornithologists Union Retrieved 2 February 2022 Jobling James A 2010 The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names London Christopher Helm pp 288 404 ISBN 978 1 4081 2501 4 Gotch A T 1995 Double M C 2003 Ehrlich Paul R 1988 a b c Marchant S Higgins P G eds 1990 Pachyptila vittata Broad billed Prion PDF Handbook of Australian New Zealand amp Antarctic Birds Vol 1 Ratites to ducks Part A Ratites to petrels Melbourne Victoria Oxford University Press pp 515 521 ISBN 978 0 19 553068 1 Masello J F Ryan P G Shepherd L D Quillfeldt P Cherel Y Tennyson A J Alderman R Calderon L Cole T L Cuthbert R J Dilley B J Massaro M Miskelly C M Navarro J Phillips R A Weimerskirch H Moodley Y 2021 Independent evolution of intermediate bill widths in a seabird clade Molecular Genetics and Genomics 297 1 183 198 doi 10 1007 s00438 021 01845 3 PMC 8803701 PMID 34921614 Clements James 2007 Sources EditHarrison P 1991 1983 Seabirds an identification guide 2nd ed Beckenham U K Christopher Helm ISBN 0 7136 3510 X Clements James 2007 The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World 6th ed Ithaca NY Cornell University Press ISBN 978 0 8014 4501 9 Double M C 2003 Procellariiformes Tubenosed Seabirds In Hutchins Michael Jackson Jerome A Bock Walter J Olendorf Donna eds Grzimek s Animal Life Encyclopedia Vol 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins Joseph E Trumpey Chief Scientific Illustrator 2nd ed Farmington Hills MI Gale Group pp 107 111 ISBN 0 7876 5784 0 Ehrlich Paul R Dobkin David S Wheye Darryl 1988 The Birders Handbook First ed New York NY Simon amp Schuster pp 29 31 ISBN 0 671 65989 8 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Gotch A F 1995 1979 Albatrosses Fulmars Shearwaters and Petrels Latin Names Explained A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles Birds amp Mammals New York NY Facts on File p 192 ISBN 0 8160 3377 3 Maynard B J 2003 Shearwaters petrels and fulmars Procellariidae In Hutchins Michael Jackson Jerome A Bock Walter J Olendorf Donna eds Grzimek s Animal Life Encyclopedia Vol 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins Joseph E Trumpey Chief Scientific Illustrator 2nd ed Farmington Hills MI Gale Group pp 123 133 ISBN 0 7876 5784 0 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Broad billed prion amp oldid 1168982847, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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