Otoyol
The Otoyol (Plural: Otoyollar) is the national network of controlled-access highways in Turkey. The term Otoyol translates to motorway while the literal meaning is auto-route. The Otoyol was first opened in 1973.
| Otoyol | |
|---|---|
Route markers for three Turkish Motorways | |
Otoyol network in Turkey. Motorways in use, under construction and projected. | |
| System information | |
| Maintained by Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü | |
| Formed | 1968[1] |
| Highway names | |
| Otoyols: | Otoyol XX (O-XX) |
| System links | |
As of December 2023, there are 3,726 km of otoyol in service, the network passes through 28 provinces out of 81 in Turkey.[3]
The system previously consisted of three separate networks; the Edirne-Istanbul-Ankara corridor, the Aegean network centred on İzmir and the Southeastern network centred on Adana. With the completion of the O-5 in 2019 and the extension of the O-21 in 2020, these three networks have since been connected. The network is expected to expand to 8,325 kilometres (5,173 mi) by 2053.[4] The minimum speed limit on the Turkish otoyols is 40 km/h (25 mph) while the maximum speed is 140 km/h (87 mph).[5]
History edit
The construction of a national road system was prioritized in 1948, where the construction of new roads were greatly accelerated. This led to a rise in automobile usage in Turkey. By the 1960s, traffic problems were becoming prevalent in large cities and capacity on intercity roads needed to be upgraded. Plans to build new expressways were put into action in 1968, when construction of the Istanbul Inner Beltway was started.[6] The Beltway, known as the O-1, was opened together with the Bosporus Bridge in 1973 with great fanfare. This became the first motorway to be built in Turkey. The Istanbul Beltway was then to be a part of a large expressway spanning from Edirne, in East Thrace, to İskenderun, on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. Construction of this expressway first started in 1973 on a 14 km (8.7 mi) section between Pozantı and Akçatekir, on what would become the O-21. In 1975 construction of a 40 km (25 mi) section of the motorway from Gebze to Izmit was started. Due to financial problems during the following years, construction of the two otoyols were greatly slowed down. It wasn't until 1984 that these two motorways were opened to traffic.[1]
Turgut Özal became Prime Minister in 1983 and brought forth a policy of constructing new otoyols in Turkey. In 1985, construction of an intercontinental motorway spanning 772 km (480 mi) from Edirne to Ankara was started. This motorway project would serve as an outer beltway round Istanbul and also included the construction of a second bridge over the Bosporus, the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge. The first section of the motorway, the 20 km (12 mi) long Edirne Beltway, was opened in 1987, followed by the opening of the Outer Beltway in Istanbul, from Levent to Kozyatağı, together with the FSM Bridge on 3 July 1988. The motorway was opened in sections in the following years until being completed in 1994. 2 decades later O-7 or Third Beltway opened in 2017.
In 1988 the construction of three new motorways in Izmir were started. O-32 opened in 1992 and it became first motorway in Agean Region. O-30 was built a year after. And a year after O-31 was opened, running between İzmir and Aydın. Finally in 2008, O-30 was completed. First section of O-5 was opened between Kemalpaşa and Bornova, after that in 2019 the motorway opened by phases section between Balıkesir junctions opened in 2018 and Kemalpaşa and Akhisar section was opened in March 2019 and in August 2019 remaining sections opened between Akhisar and Balıkesir West, Balıkesir North and Bursa West junctions. In 2020 two new motorways opened to the traffic. O-33 was opened in February 2020, as a continuous part of O-30, and in November 2020 the first section of O-21 extension was opened and in December 2020 was fully opened to Niğde. In 2021 the 8th phase of O-7 opened, and on 18 March 2022 Otoyol-6 opened between Malkara and Lapseki. Including the 1915 Çanakkale Bridge.
Today, two motorway extensions under construction: In O-7 9th phase between Nakkaş-Başakşehir link road and O-31 extension to Denizli, opening in 2023.
Network map edit
List of Otoyol routes edit
| Number | Length (km) | Length (mi) | Northern or western terminus | Southern or eastern terminus | Opened | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| O-1 | 20.5 | 12.7 | in Eyüp, Istanbul | Bağdat Ave. in Kadıköy, Istanbul | 1970 - 1973 | Istanbul Inner Beltway including the Bosphorus Bridge |
| O-2 | 36.9 | 22.9 | O-3 in Mahmutbey, Istanbul | in Kozyatağı, Istanbul | 1986 -1988 | Istanbul Outer Beltway including the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge |
| O-3 | 246.9 | 153.4 | near Edirne | in Eyüp, Istanbul | 1987 | İstanbul-Edirne (Bulgaria-Greece-Turkey border) Motorway |
| O-4 | 372 | 231.2 | O-2/O1-O2 connector in Ataşehir, Istanbul | O-20 near Sincan, Ankara | 1984 - 2007 | İstanbul-Ankara Motorway, including the Mount Bolu Tunnel |
| O-5 | 409.4 | 254.4 | O-4 near Gebze, Kocaeli | O-30 in Bornova, Izmir | 2016 - 2019 | İstanbul-Bursa-İzmir Motorway, including the Osmangazi Bridge and the Orhangazi Tunnel |
| O-6 | 101 | 62.8 | near Malkara, Tekirdağ | near Lapseki, Çanakkale | 2022 | The section containing the Çanakkale 1915 Bridge was opened in March 2022 |
| O-7 | 275.2 | 171.1 | O-3 near Kınalı, Istanbul | O-4 near Akyazı, Sakarya | 2016 - 2020 | Northern Marmara Motorway, Contains the northernmost beltway of İstanbul, including the Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge |
| O-20 | 110 | 68.4 | Road forms complete ring around Ankara | Road forms complete ring around Ankara | 1987 | Ankara Beltway |
| O-21 | 399.5 | 248.3 | O-20 near Gölbaşı, Ankara | near Tarsus, Mersin | 1984 - 2020 | Ankara-Çukurova Motorway |
| O-21A | 32 | 19.9 | near Çakmak Bucağı, Konya | O-21 near Eminlik, Niğde | 1992 | |
| O-22 | 34.1 | 21.2 | O-5 near Çağlıyan, Bursa | near Turanköy, Bursa | 2006 | |
| O-30 | 60.4 | 37.5 | O-32 in Balçova, Izmir | O-33 in Çiğli, Izmir | 1993 - 2006 | İzmir Beltway |
| O-31 | 127.8 | 79.4 | O-30 in Buca, Izmir | in Aydın | 1996 - 2004 | İzmir-Aydın Motorway |
| O-32 | 77.7 | 48.3 | 1065 Sk. in Çeşme | Mustafa Kemal Sahil Blv. in Balçova, Izmir | 1992 - 1996 | İzmir-Çeşme Motorway |
| O-33 | 55.2 | 34.3 | Çandarlı Connector near Çandarlı | O-30 in Çiğli, İzmir | 2019 | Northern Aegean Motorway |
| O-51 | 99.2 | 61.6 | in Çeşmeli, Mersin | O-52 in Adana | 1992 | Adana-Mersin Motorway |
| O-52 | 365 | 226.8 | O-51 in Adana | near Şanlıurfa | 1992 | Adana-Gaziantep-Şanlıurfa Motorway |
| O-53 | 150 | 93.2 | O-52 near Ceyhan | in İskenderun | 1993 | |
| O-54 | 35 | 21.7 | in Gaziantep | O-52 in Gaziantep | 2013 | Gaziantep Beltway |
Future Projects edit
The motorway network is expected to reach 8,325 kilometres (5,172 mi) by 2053.[7] Future projects can be seen in the chart below:
Under Construction edit
| Number | Length (km) | Length (mi) | Northern or western terminus | Southern or eastern terminus | Opens | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| O-31 | 165 | 102.5 | O-31in Aydın | in Pınarkent, Denizli | 2023 | |
| O-7 | 45 | 28 | O-7 near Nakkaş, Istanbul | O-7 near Başakşehir, Istanbul | 2023 |
Tender Phase edit
| Number | Length (km) | Length (mi) | Northern or western terminus | Southern or eastern terminus | Tender Date | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| O-51 | 98 | 60.9 | in Taşucu | O-51 near Çeşmeli, Mersin | 23.09.2021 | |
| O-6 | 114 | 70.8 | near Malkara, Tekirdağ | O-3 near Kınalı, Istanbul | N/A | Part of Kınalı-Balıkesir Motorway. |
| 119 | 73.9 | O-20 in Mamak, Ankara | in Delice | N/A | Part of Ankara-Samsun Motorway. Delice-Samsun section still in planning phase. | |
| 130 | 80.8 | O-22 in Sivrihisar | O-20 in Tulumtaş, Ankara | N/A | Part of Izmir–Ankara Motorway. İzmir-Sivrihisar section still in planning phase. | |
| 137 | 85.2 | O-4 in Gerede | in Ilgaz | N/A | Part of Gerede-Gürbulak Motorway. Ilgaz-Merzifon-Koyulhisar-Pülümür-Horasan-Gürbulak sections still in planning phase. | |
| O-51 | 155 | 96.3 | in Antalya | in Alanya | N/A | Part of Afyon-Antalya-Alanya Motorway. Afyonkarahisar-Burdur-Antalya section still in planning phase. |
| 31.3 | 19.5 | O-53 near Dörtyol, Hatay | near Hassa, Hatay | N/A | Dörtyol-Hassa Motorway |
Planning Phase edit
| Number | Length (km) | Length (mi) | Northern or western terminus | Southern or eastern terminus | Tender Date | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12 | 7.46 | O-30 near Sasalı, İzmir | O-30 near İnciraltı, İzmir | N/A | İZKARAY - Gulf of İzmir Passage Project between Çiğli (Sasalı) and Balçova (İnciraltı); including one undersea tunnel and one bridge | |
| 41 | 25.5 | O-33 near Menemen, İzmir | O-30 near Buca, İzmir | N/A | İzmir 2. peripheral motorway | |
| O-31 | 155 | 96.3 | O-31 in Denizli | near Bucak, Burdur | N/A | Denizli-Burdur section of Aydın-Denizli-Burdur Motorway |
| O-6 | 137 | 85.1 | near Lapseki, Çanakkale | O-5 near Balıkesir | N/A | Lapseki-Balıkesir section of Kınalı-Balıkesir Motorway |
| 350 | 217.5 | } near Afyonkarahisar | near Antalya | N/A | Afyonkarahisar-Burdur-Antalya Motorway | |
| 408 | 253.5 | O-5 near Turgutlu, Manisa | O-22 near Sivrihisar | N/A | Sivrihisar-İzmir section of Ankara-İzmir Motorway | |
| O-22 | 231 | 143.5 | O-5 near Kestel, Bursa | O-22 near Sivrihisar, Eskişehir | N/A | Sivrihisar-Bursa Motorway |
| O-52 | 454 | 282.1 | O-52 near Şanlıurfa | near Habur, Silopi, Şırnak | N/A | Şanlıurfa-Mardin-Habur Motorway (including link to Diyarbakır) (border crossing) |
| 303 | 188.3 | near Samsun | near Delice | N/A | Delice-Samsun section of Ankara-Samsun Motorway | |
| 144 | 89.5 | near Bafra, Samsun | near Ünye, Ordu | N/A | Bafra-Samsun-Ünye Motorway | |
| 183 | 113.7 | near Ilgaz, Çankırı | near Merzifon, Amasya | N/A | Ilgaz-Merzifon Motorway | |
| 919 | 571 | near Merzifon, Amasya | near Gürbulak, Doğubayazıt, Ağrı | N/A | Merzifon-Gürbulak Motorway (border crossing) | |
| 91 | 56.6 | O-5 near Yalova | O-4 near İzmit, Kocaeli | N/A | Yalova-İzmit Motorway | |
| 440 | 273.4 | near Afyonkarahisar | near Ulukışla, Niğde | N/A | Afyonkarahisar-Konya-Ereğli-Niğde (Ulukışla) Motorway | |
| 105 | 65.3 | near Bozüyük, Bilecik | near Afyonkarahisar | N/A | Bozüyük-Afyonkarahisar Motorway | |
| O-51 | 200 | 124.3 | near Alanya, Antalya | near Silifke, Mersin | N/A | Alanya-Silifke Motorway |
| 105 | 65.3 | O-4 near Düzce | near Zonguldak | N/A | Düzce-Zonguldak Motorway | |
| 500 | 310.7 | near Delice | near Refahiye, Erzincan | N/A | Delice-Sivas-Refahiye Motorway | |
| 600 | 372.8 | O-21 near Nevşehir | near Diyarbakır | N/A | Nevşehir-Kayseri-Malatya-Diyarbakır Motorway | |
| 220 | 136.7 | near Sivas | near Malatya | N/A | Sivas-Malatya Motorway | |
| 50 | 31.1 | O-52 near Şanlıurfa | near Akçakale, Şanlıurfa | N/A | Şanlıurfa-Akçakale Motorway (border crossing) | |
| 475 | 295.2 | near Diyarbakır | near Gürbulak, Doğubayazıt, Ağrı | N/A | Diyarbakır-Gürbulak Motorway (border crossing) | |
| 540 | 335.6 | near Trabzon | near Kahramanmaraş | N/A | Trabzon-Refahiye-Malatya-Kahramanmaraş Motorway | |
| 250 | 155.4 | near Pasinler, Erzurum | near Türkgözü, Posof, Ardahan | N/A | Pasinler-Türkgözü Motorway (border crossing) | |
| 460 | 285.8 | near Rize | near Diyarbakır | N/A | Rize-Erzurum-Diyarbakır Motorway | |
| O-53 | 78 | 48.5 | O-53 near İskenderun, Hatay | near Cilvegözü, Reyhanlı, Hatay | N/A | İskenderun-Cilvegözü Motorway (border crossing) |
| O-33 | 80 | 49.7 | O-33 near Çandarlı, Dikili, İzmir | O-5 near Savaştepe, Balıkesir | N/A | Çandarlı-Bergama-Savaştepe Motorway |
| 90 | 55.9 | O-31 near Aydın | near Muğla | N/A | Aydın-Muğla Motorway | |
| 75 | 46.6 | near İpsala, Edirne | near Malkara, Tekirdağ | N/A | Malkara-İpsala Motorway (border crossing) | |
| 130 | 80.8 | O-3 near Havsa, Edirne | near Kavakköy, Gelibolu, Çanakkale | N/A | Havsa-Gelibolu Motorway | |
| 180 | 111.9 | near Lapseki, Çanakkale | O-5 near Karacabey, Bursa | N/A | Lapseki-Karacabey Motorway |
Toll edit
Most motorways are toll roads. The toll is based on the distance traveled. On most sections, the toll can be paid only with RFID-based HGS. Cash, OGS (active RFID) and KGS (card) methods have mostly been abolished in recent years. Only the newly opened Otoyol 5, and Otoyol 7 have sections where it is possible to pay by cash or with credit card. Apart from motorways, the other state roads in Turkey are free of charge.
The revenue from tolls in 2001 were still about $203 million, rising by 2012 to approximately $542 million. In 2012, the Bosphorus bridges saw 150 million vehicles pass and the other toll roads saw over 210 million vehicles.[8] In 2015, both bridges were used by 141 million vehicles while the other toll motorways were used by 271 million vehicles, generating a total revenue of $391 million (both bridges and motorways combined).[9]
Standards edit
Mainly because the country already has a wide network of double carriageways, the standards for motorways in comparison are very high. Most sections of otoyols have 3 lanes in each direction, aside from the O-4 around Izmit, a small stretch of the O-3 between Silivri and Esenyurt, and the section of O-32 between Alaçatı and Çeşme, which only have two lanes in each direction. Also the O-2, the O-7 and the O-20 all have four lanes in each direction along the entire route. The lanes are each 3.75 meters wide. Most exits have a connection road, which helps avoiding wrong-way driving and illegal access to the road (bikes, tractors and horses are not allowed on otoyols).
The minimum speed is 40 km/h (25 mph) and the maximum allowed speed is 120 km/h (75 mph), although speeding is not punished under 132 km/h (82 mph). However, on sections of the O-1 through central Istanbul the speed limit is 70 km/h (43 mph). In most tunnels the speed limit is 90 km/h (56 mph).
Alongside otoyols, there are resting areas, which are standardized as A, B, C and D type service areas. The D type is mainly a parking area. The C type has a fuel station added. The B type has a fuel station and a vehicle service station added. The A type additionally has a motel (in urban ones, this motel is traded for a large shopping mall).
Dangerous stretches such as tunnels or bridges where there is often fog, exits, interchanges and service areas are illuminated.
Since gradients are expected to be very low and turning radii are expected to be very high, otoyols have many bridges and tunnels which makes them very expensive to construct.
Otoyol signs in Turkey are green and uses the Highway Gothic typeface.
Statistics edit
Length edit
- Longest otoyol: 432 km (268 mi), O-21 between Ankara and Tarsus.
- Shortest otoyol: 20.5 km (12.7 mi), O-1 in Istanbul[10]
- Longest bridge: 1915 Çanakkale Bridge, carries the O-6 over the Dardanelles.
- Longest tunnel: Tunnel 4 between Gebze and İzmit, on the O-7.
- Highest pass: Cankurtaran Pass with 1.580 metres on the O-4 at Ankara-Bolu border.
Provinces edit
- Provinces with an otoyol route(s): 28 provinces (Adana, Aksaray, Ankara, Aydın, Balıkesir, Bolu, Bursa, Çanakkale, Denizli, Düzce, Edirne, Gaziantep, Hatay, Istanbul, Izmir, Kahramanmaraş, Kırklareli, Kırşehir, Kocaeli, Manisa, Mersin, Nevşehir, Niğde, Osmaniye, Sakarya, Şanlıurfa, Tekirdağ, Yalova) [11]
- Most otoyols in a province:
- Most provinces served by an otoyol:
- 7 provinces served by the O-21: Ankara, Aksaray, Kırşehir, Nevşehir, Niğde, Adana, Mersin
- 6 provinces served by the O-4: Istanbul, Kocaeli, Sakarya, Düzce, Bolu, Ankara
- 6 provinces served by the O-5: Kocaeli, Yalova, Bursa, Balıkesir, Manisa, İzmir
- 5 provinces served by the O-52: Adana, Osmaniye, Kahramanmaraş, Gaziantep, Şanlıurfa
Gallery edit
- Junction of the O-2 and O-3 in Istanbul
- O-1 and the Haliç Bridge, with the Metrobus line in between the two carriageways
- The O-4 near Ankara
- O-2 near the FSM Bridge
- O-31 in Izmir
- Junction of O-30 and O-31 near Buca, Izmir
- Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge on the O-7
- Osmangazi Bridge on the O-5
- Otoyol entrance sign
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b Muhteşem Kaynak - Türkiye'de Otoyollar
- ^ Length of Motorways
- ^ "YILLAR İTİBARIYLA YAPIMI TAMAMLANMIŞ OTOYOLLAR [Motorway completed by years] (2023)" (PDF). kgm.gov.tr. Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü (KGM). Retrieved 2024-01-05.
- ^ (in Turkish). aa.com.tr. 2022-12-06. Archived from the original on 2022-12-09. Retrieved 2023-02-06.
- ^ (in Turkish). KGM. Archived from the original on 2023-01-27. Retrieved 2023-02-06.
- ^ Birol Cetin, Serap Baris, Serap Saroglu - Türkiye’de Karayollarının Gelişimine Tarihsel Bir Bakış, p.173
- ^ "Türkiye'nin 2053 için 'yol' haritası belli oldu". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
- ^ (PDF) (in Turkish). KGM. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- ^ http://www.kgm.gov.tr/SiteCollectionDocuments/KGMdocuments/Istatistikler/OtoyolMaliBilgileri/OtoyolVeKopruGelirleri%282001-2015%29.pdf 2016-10-19 at the Wayback Machine Otoyol statistics
- ^ Dairesi, Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü Bilgi İşlem. "otoyolharitalari". www.kgm.gov.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2018-01-31.
- ^ https://www.kgm.gov.tr/SiteCollectionDocuments/KGMdocuments/Istatistikler/OtoyolEnvanterBilgisi/YillaraİtibariyleYapimiTamamlanmisOtoyollar.pdf