During this period there arose in ancient Greek art ornamental motifs and an interest in animals and monsters that continued to be depicted for centuries, and that also spread to Roman and Etruscan art. Monumental and figurative sculpture in this style may be called Daedalic, after Daedalus, who was according to legend the founder of Greek sculpture. The period is characterized by a shift from the prevailing Geometric style to a style with Eastern-inspired motifs. This new style reflected a period of increased cultural interchange in the Aegean world, the intensity of which is sometimes compared to that of the Late Bronze Age.
The emergence of Orientalizing motifs in Greek pottery is clearly evident at the end of the Late Geometric Period, although two schools of thought exist regarding the question of whether or not Geometric art itself was indebted to eastern models.[3] In Attic pottery, the distinctive Orientalizing style known as "proto-Attic" was marked by floral and animal motifs; it was the first time discernibly Greek religious and mythological themes were represented in vase painting. The bodies of men and animals were depicted in silhouette, though their heads were drawn in outline; women were drawn completely in outline. At the other important center of this period, Corinth, the orientalizing influence started earlier, though the tendency there was to produce smaller, highly detailed vases in the "proto-Corinthian" style that prefigured the black-figure technique.[4]
From the mid-sixth century, the growth of Achaemenid power in the eastern end of the Aegean and in Asia Minor reduced the quantity of eastern goods found in Greek sites, as the Persians began to conquer Greek cities in Ionia, along the coast of Asia Minor.
Background
During this period, the Assyrians advanced along the Mediterranean coast, accompanied by Greek and Carian mercenaries, who were also active in the armies of Psamtik I in Egypt. The new groups started to compete with established Mediterranean merchants. In other parts of the Aegean world similar population moves occurred. Phoenicians settled in Cyprus and in western regions of Greece, while Greeks established trading colonies at Al Mina, Syria, and in Ischia (Pithecusae) off the Tyrrhenian coast of Campania in southern Italy. These interchanges led to a period of intensive borrowing in which the Greeks (especially) adapted cultural features from the East into their art.[5]
Massive imports of raw materials, including metals, and a new mobility among foreign craftsmen caused new craft skills to be introduced in Greece. Walter Burkert described the new movement in Greek art as a revolution: "With bronze reliefs, textiles, seals, and other products, a whole world of eastern images was opened up which the Greeks were only too eager to adopt and adapt in the course of an 'orientalizing revolution'".[14]
Among surviving artefacts, the main effects are seen in painted pottery and metalwork, as well as engraved gems. Monumental and figurative sculpture was less affected,[15] and there the new style is often called Daedalic. A new type of face is seen, especially on Crete, with "heavy, overlarge features in a U- or V-shaped face with horizontal brow"; these derive from the Near East.[16] The greatest number of examples are from pottery found at sites. There were three types of new motifs: animal, vegetable, and abstract.[17] Much of the vegetable repertoire tended to be highly stylised. Vegetable motifs such as the palmette, lotus and tendril volute were characteristic of Greek decoration, and through the Greek culture these were transmitted to most of Eurasia. Exotic animals and monsters, in particular the lion (no longer native to Greece by this period) and sphinxes were added to the griffin, as found at Knossos.[18]
In bronze and terracotta figurines, the introduction from the east of the mould led to a great increase in production of figures mainly made as votive offerings.[19]
Cultural predominance of the East, identified archaeologically by pottery, ivory and metalwork of eastern origin found in Hellenic sites, soon gave way to thorough Hellenization of imported features in the Archaic Period that followed.
Effect on myth and literature
Many Greek myths originated in attempts to interpret and integrate foreign icons in terms of Greek cult and practice.[20] Some Greek myths reflect Mesopotamian literary classics. Walter Burkert has argued that it was migrating seers and healers who transmitted their skills in divination and purification ritual along with elements of their mythological wisdom.[21]M. L. West also has documented massive overlaps in early Greek mythological themes and Near Eastern literature, and the influences extend to considerable lexical flows from Semitic languages into early Greek. This overlap also covers a notable range of topical and thematic parallels between Greek epic and the Tanakh.[22]
The intense encounter during the orientalizing period also accompanied the invention of the Greek alphabet and the Carian alphabet, based on the earlier phonetic but unpronounceable Levantine writing, which caused a spectacular leap in literacy and literary production, as the oral traditions of the epic began to be transcribed onto imported Egyptian papyrus (and occasionally leather).
^Robert Manuel Cook, Greek Painted Pottery, Routledge, 3rd edition (1997), p. 41: "The technique of these works is generally incompetent, their style often a stale and varying medley of the traditional Hittite, Assyrian and Egyptian elements that were currently available in North Syria."
^Glenn Markoe, 'The Emergence of Orientalizing in Greek Art: Some Observations on the Interchange between Greeks and Phoenicians in the Eighth and Seventh Centuries B.C.' Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 301 (Feb., 1996), pp. 47–67.
^Fred S. Kleiner, ed. Gardner's Art Through the Ages: The Western Perspective 2010:14.
^Elena Di Filippo Balestrazzi, L'orientalizzante adriatico, L'Erma" di Bretschneider, Roma 2004 (Italian)
^Francesca Fulminante, Le sepolture principesche nel Latium vetus. Tra la fine della prima età del ferro e l'inizio dell'età orientalizzante, Roma, L'Erma di Bretschneider, 2003, ISBN978-88-8265-253-1 (Italian)
^Massimo Botto, Considerazioni sul periodo orientalizzante nella penisola Italica: la documentazione del Latium Vetus, in Javier Jiménez Avila, Sebastián Celestino Pérez (a cura di), El periodo orientalizante: Actas del III Simposio Internacional de Arqueología de Mérida, Protohistoria del Mediterráneo Occidental, Vol. 1, 2005, pp. 47–74,ISBN84-00-08346-6 (Italian)
^Giulia Fogolari, La componente orientalizzante nell'arte delle situle, pp. 10–11, in A.a.V.v. Arte delle situle dal Po al Danubio, mostra di Padova, Sansoni 1961. (Italian)
^Paolo Bernardini, L'Orientalizzante in Sardegna: modelli, cifrari, ideologie, in Javier Jiménez Avila, Sebastián Celestino Pérez (a cura di), El periodo orientalizante: Actas del III Simposio Internacional de Arqueología de Mérida, Protohistoria del Mediterráneo Occidental, Vol. 1, 2005, pp. 75–96, ISBN84-00-08346-6 (Italian)
^P. Bocci, Orientalizzante, padana, civiltà atestina, in « Enciclopedia dell'Arte Antica», V volume, Treccani, Roma 1963, pp. 758–759 (Italian)
^Diana Neri, Bologna nell'epoca orientalizzante p. 16 in (a cura di) Luana Kruta Poppi, Diana Neri, Donne dell'Etruria padana dall'VIII al VII secolo a.C., All’Insegna del Giglio, Firenze 2015, ISBN978-8878146266 (Italian)
Von Bothmer, Dietrich (1987). Greek vase painting. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN0870990845.
Sideris A., "Orientalizing Rhodian Jewellery", Cultural Portal of the Aegean Archipelago, Athens 2007.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Greek Orientalizing pottery.
February 07, 2023
orientalizing, period, daedalic, redirects, here, video, game, publisher, daedalic, entertainment, western, imitation, depiction, eastern, culture, especially, 1700s, 1900s, orientalism, archaic, phase, ancient, greek, orientalizing, revolution, also, spelled,. Daedalic redirects here For the video game publisher see Daedalic Entertainment For Western imitation or depiction of Eastern culture especially in 1700s 1900s see Orientalism In the Archaic phase of ancient Greek art the Orientalizing period or Orientalizing revolution also spelled Orientalising is the cultural and art historical period that began during the later part of the 8th century BC when there was a heavy influence from the more advanced art of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Ancient Near East The main sources were Syria and Assyria as well as Phoenicia and Egypt 1 2 With the spread of Phoenician civilization by Carthage and Greek colonisation into the Western Mediterranean these artistic trends also influenced the Etruscans and early Ancient Romans in the Italian peninsula New motifs on an East Greek vase the palmette and volute Corinthian orientalising jug c 620 BC Antikensammlungen Munich Neck of a Proto Attic loutrophoros by the Analatos Painter Etruscan ivory pyxis and lid with sphinx shaped handle 650 625 BC Contents 1 Style and influences 2 Background 3 Orientalizing 4 Effect on myth and literature 5 See also 6 References 6 1 Citations 6 2 Sources 7 Further readingStyle and influences EditDuring this period there arose in ancient Greek art ornamental motifs and an interest in animals and monsters that continued to be depicted for centuries and that also spread to Roman and Etruscan art Monumental and figurative sculpture in this style may be called Daedalic after Daedalus who was according to legend the founder of Greek sculpture The period is characterized by a shift from the prevailing Geometric style to a style with Eastern inspired motifs This new style reflected a period of increased cultural interchange in the Aegean world the intensity of which is sometimes compared to that of the Late Bronze Age The emergence of Orientalizing motifs in Greek pottery is clearly evident at the end of the Late Geometric Period although two schools of thought exist regarding the question of whether or not Geometric art itself was indebted to eastern models 3 In Attic pottery the distinctive Orientalizing style known as proto Attic was marked by floral and animal motifs it was the first time discernibly Greek religious and mythological themes were represented in vase painting The bodies of men and animals were depicted in silhouette though their heads were drawn in outline women were drawn completely in outline At the other important center of this period Corinth the orientalizing influence started earlier though the tendency there was to produce smaller highly detailed vases in the proto Corinthian style that prefigured the black figure technique 4 From the mid sixth century the growth of Achaemenid power in the eastern end of the Aegean and in Asia Minor reduced the quantity of eastern goods found in Greek sites as the Persians began to conquer Greek cities in Ionia along the coast of Asia Minor Background EditDuring this period the Assyrians advanced along the Mediterranean coast accompanied by Greek and Carian mercenaries who were also active in the armies of Psamtik I in Egypt The new groups started to compete with established Mediterranean merchants In other parts of the Aegean world similar population moves occurred Phoenicians settled in Cyprus and in western regions of Greece while Greeks established trading colonies at Al Mina Syria and in Ischia Pithecusae off the Tyrrhenian coast of Campania in southern Italy These interchanges led to a period of intensive borrowing in which the Greeks especially adapted cultural features from the East into their art 5 The period from roughly 750 to 580 BC also saw a comparable Orientalizing phase of Etruscan art as a rising economy encouraged Etruscan families to acquire foreign luxury products incorporating Eastern derived motifs 6 Similarly areas of Italy such as Magna Grecia Sicily the Picenum 7 Latium vetus 8 9 Ager Faliscus the Venetic region 10 and the Nuragic civilization in Sardinia 11 12 also experienced an Orientalizing phase at this time There is also an Orientalizing period in the Iberian peninsula in particular in the city state of Tartessos 13 Orientalizing EditMassive imports of raw materials including metals and a new mobility among foreign craftsmen caused new craft skills to be introduced in Greece Walter Burkert described the new movement in Greek art as a revolution With bronze reliefs textiles seals and other products a whole world of eastern images was opened up which the Greeks were only too eager to adopt and adapt in the course of an orientalizing revolution 14 Among surviving artefacts the main effects are seen in painted pottery and metalwork as well as engraved gems Monumental and figurative sculpture was less affected 15 and there the new style is often called Daedalic A new type of face is seen especially on Crete with heavy overlarge features in a U or V shaped face with horizontal brow these derive from the Near East 16 The greatest number of examples are from pottery found at sites There were three types of new motifs animal vegetable and abstract 17 Much of the vegetable repertoire tended to be highly stylised Vegetable motifs such as the palmette lotus and tendril volute were characteristic of Greek decoration and through the Greek culture these were transmitted to most of Eurasia Exotic animals and monsters in particular the lion no longer native to Greece by this period and sphinxes were added to the griffin as found at Knossos 18 In bronze and terracotta figurines the introduction from the east of the mould led to a great increase in production of figures mainly made as votive offerings 19 Cultural predominance of the East identified archaeologically by pottery ivory and metalwork of eastern origin found in Hellenic sites soon gave way to thorough Hellenization of imported features in the Archaic Period that followed Effect on myth and literature EditMany Greek myths originated in attempts to interpret and integrate foreign icons in terms of Greek cult and practice 20 Some Greek myths reflect Mesopotamian literary classics Walter Burkert has argued that it was migrating seers and healers who transmitted their skills in divination and purification ritual along with elements of their mythological wisdom 21 M L West also has documented massive overlaps in early Greek mythological themes and Near Eastern literature and the influences extend to considerable lexical flows from Semitic languages into early Greek This overlap also covers a notable range of topical and thematic parallels between Greek epic and the Tanakh 22 The intense encounter during the orientalizing period also accompanied the invention of the Greek alphabet and the Carian alphabet based on the earlier phonetic but unpronounceable Levantine writing which caused a spectacular leap in literacy and literary production as the oral traditions of the epic began to be transcribed onto imported Egyptian papyrus and occasionally leather See also EditDaidala Kore sculpture KourosReferences EditCitations Edit Robert Manuel Cook Pierre Dupont East Greek Pottery Routledge 1998 pp 29ff Robert Manuel Cook Greek Painted Pottery Routledge 3rd edition 1997 p 41 The technique of these works is generally incompetent their style often a stale and varying medley of the traditional Hittite Assyrian and Egyptian elements that were currently available in North Syria Glenn Markoe The Emergence of Orientalizing in Greek Art Some Observations on the Interchange between Greeks and Phoenicians in the Eighth and Seventh Centuries B C Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research No 301 Feb 1996 pp 47 67 Cook 39 51 Burkert 128 et passim Fred S Kleiner ed Gardner s Art Through the Ages The Western Perspective 2010 14 Elena Di Filippo Balestrazzi L orientalizzante adriatico L Erma di Bretschneider Roma 2004 Italian Francesca Fulminante Le sepolture principesche nel Latium vetus Tra la fine della prima eta del ferro e l inizio dell eta orientalizzante Roma L Erma di Bretschneider 2003 ISBN 978 88 8265 253 1 Italian Massimo Botto Considerazioni sul periodo orientalizzante nella penisola Italica la documentazione del Latium Vetus in Javier Jimenez Avila Sebastian Celestino Perez a cura di El periodo orientalizante Actas del III Simposio Internacional de Arqueologia de Merida Protohistoria del Mediterraneo Occidental Vol 1 2005 pp 47 74 ISBN 84 00 08346 6 Italian Giulia Fogolari La componente orientalizzante nell arte delle situle pp 10 11 in A a V v Arte delle situle dal Po al Danubio mostra di Padova Sansoni 1961 Italian Paolo Bernardini L Orientalizzante in Sardegna modelli cifrari ideologie in Javier Jimenez Avila Sebastian Celestino Perez a cura di El periodo orientalizante Actas del III Simposio Internacional de Arqueologia de Merida Protohistoria del Mediterraneo Occidental Vol 1 2005 pp 75 96 ISBN 84 00 08346 6 Italian P Bocci Orientalizzante padana civilta atestina in Enciclopedia dell Arte Antica V volume Treccani Roma 1963 pp 758 759 Italian Diana Neri Bologna nell epoca orientalizzante p 16 in a cura di Luana Kruta Poppi Diana Neri Donne dell Etruria padana dall VIII al VII secolo a C All Insegna del Giglio Firenze 2015 ISBN 978 8878146266 Italian Burkert 128 Cook 5 6 Boardman 1993 16 quoted 17 29 33 Cook 39 Boardman 1993 15 16 Boardman 1993 15 The evolution of Greek vase painting Ure Museum of Greek Archaeology 2012 Retrieved 25 May 2012 Burkert 41 88 M L West The East Face of Helicon West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth Clarendon Press 1997 Sources Edit Bettancourt Philip The Age of Homer An Exhibition of Geometric and Orientalizing Greek Art pdf review Penn Museum 1969 Boardman John ed 1993 The Oxford History of Classical Art 1993 OUP ISBN 0198143869 Boardman J 1998 Early Greek Vase Painting 11th 6th centuries BC 1998 Burkert W The Orientalizing Revolution Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age 1992 Cook R M Greek Art Penguin 1986 reprint of 1972 ISBN 0140218661 Payne H Protocorinthian Vase Painting 1933Further reading EditVon Bothmer Dietrich 1987 Greek vase painting New York The Metropolitan Museum of Art ISBN 0870990845 Sideris A Orientalizing Rhodian Jewellery Cultural Portal of the Aegean Archipelago Athens 2007 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Greek Orientalizing pottery Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Orientalizing period amp oldid 1117395965, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
