Omar Ali Saifuddin II (Jawi: عمر علي سيف الدين٢; Malay: Omar Ali Saifuddin II ibni Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam I; 3 February 1799 – 20 November 1852) was the 23rd Sultan of Brunei, then known as the Bruneian Empire. During his reign, Western powers such as Great Britain and the United States visited the country. His reign saw the British adventurer James Brooke becoming the White Rajah of Sarawak.
Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin Prince Muhammad Salleh I Prince Muhammad Alam Prince Abdul Momin Prince Hashim Queen Zubaidah Princess Siti Mariam Princess Saleha Princess Siti Munggu Princess Khadijah Princess Pasah
Names
Omar Ali Saifuddin II ibni Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam I
When his father, Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam I, died in 1804, he was still a minor followed by a physical deformity of an extra thumb on his right hand.[1] Therefore, his grandfather, Paduka Seri Bega'wan Muhammad Tajuddin ascended the throne for the second time. Due to the advanced age of Sultan Muhammad Tajuddin, his younger brother, Pengiran Di-Gadong Pengiran Muda Muhammad Kanzul Alam acted as regent. When Sultan Muhammad Tajuddin died in 1807, the regent became the 21st Sultan of Brunei and was known as Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam. Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam then appointed his own son, Pengiran Anak Muhammad Alam as heir to the throne of Brunei.[2]
In 1825, when Pengiran Muda Omar Ali Saifuddin had come of age, he asserted his claim to the throne. Pengiran Muda Omar Ali Saifuddin was supported by most nobles as he was the rightful heir according to Brunei’s royal traditions. The Kris Si Naga was in the possession of his mother, thus strengthened his claim. To end the succession crisis, Sultan Muhammad Alam stepped down from the throne and was sentenced to death. In 1828, Pengiran Muda Omar Ali Saifuddin ascended the throne as the 23rd Sultan of Brunei, taking the title Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II.[3]
Reign (1828-1852)
After his succession to the throne, he appointed his uncle Pengiran Muda Hashim as the Bendahara (Prime Minister) as a sign of compassion to heal their family relations after the Second Civil War. Hashim was also the late Sultan Muhammad Alam and Pengiran Noralam's brother.[4]
Control over Sarawak
During Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II’s reign, he tried to establish absolute control over Sarawak (present day Kuching). Before this, only the Pengirans who acted on behalf of the Sultan, were in charge in Kuching collecting taxes and revenues from the local people. Especially after the discovery of antimony ore in Sarawak, the Sultan became more ambitious in gaining control of the economy of Sarawak.[5] The Governor of Sarawak at that time, Pengiran Indera Mahkota Mohammad Salleh, also used forced labour to run the antimony mines. A disturbance occurred in Sarawak where an uprising against Brunei rule led by Datu Patinggi Ali, who was one of the ruling chiefs in Sarawak.[6] Due to the worsened situation in Sarawak, Pengiran Muda Hashim was ordered to restore order in the area.[7]
James Brooke
At the time of chaotic situation in Sarawak, a British explorer, James Brooke, came to Sarawak on his schoonerRoyalist looking for trade opportunities in 1839. Brooke came to Sarawak from Singapore as he had heard about Sarawak's economic potentials. Also, at this time, Brooke met Pengiran Muda Hashim, who was the uncle of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II, and the two became close friends. Pengiran Muda Hashim asked for Brooke's assistance to help him to suppress the disturbances in Sarawak, in return, Pengiran Muda Hashim ensured the appointment of Brooke as the new Governor of Sarawak, after the current Governor Raja Pengiran Indera Mahkota had been deposed.[8]
Muda Hashim later appointed James as the temporary governor in 1841 and in 1842, he sailed to Brunei to be given the title of Tuan Besar (Great Lord) and again appointed as the representative in charge of affairs in Old Sarawak by the Sultan.[8] After the disturbances in Sarawak successfully quelled, James Brooke met Pengiran Muda Hashim in Kuching to ensure his promises were kept. Pengiran Muda Hashim agreed to honour his promise. In 1842, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II confirmed the appointment of James Brooke as the Governor of Sarawak in a treaty. The treaty officially recognised James Brooke as the Raja of Sarawak and the Sultan had to cede Sarawak to James Brooke. The ceding of Kuching to Brooke marked the beginning of further cessation of territories to James Brooke and later, the British North Borneo Company.
Treaty of Labuan
In October 1843, Sultan offered the island of Labuan to Britain.[9] Notably on 6 April 1845, the relations between Brunei and the United States first began when the warship USS Constitution visited and anchored off Brunei Bay.[10] In July 1846, James Brooke and AdmiralSir Thomas Cochrane together began a naval attack on Brunei Town and depose the Sultan. The Sultan pledged loyalty towards Queen Victoria after he was reinstated.[9]
That same year on 18 December, the Sultan reluctantly had to cede Labuan to the British under the Treaty of Labuan after threats of attack made by the Royal Navy.[11][12] In 1847, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II signed the Treaty of Friendship and Commerce with Britain which provide them with full control over Brunei's trade,[13] and on 23 June 1850, he signed the Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Commerce and Navigation with the United States.[11]
Later life and death
In the 1850's, Saifuddin's health began rapidly deteriorating. The Sultan chose to distance himself from ruling the state but he never abdicated the Throne. At the moment, his son-in-law Abdul Momin was appointed a regent.[14] Omar Ali Saifuddin II died in 1852 and was succeeded by his son-in-law, Sultan Abdul Momin as the 24th Sultan of Brunei. He was buried at Kubah Makam Di Raja or the Bukit Penggal Royal Mausoleum, Bandar Seri Begawan.[15]
^Vienne, Marie-Sybille de (9 March 2015). Brunei: From the Age of Commerce to the 21st Century. NUS Press. p. 77. ISBN978-9971-69-818-8.
^Gin, Ooi Keat (14 December 2015). Brunei - History, Islam, Society and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. ISBN978-1-317-65997-6.
^Society, Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic (1885). Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. p. 80.
^Tengah, Brahim; Mail, Asbol (16 October 2019). Politics of the Brunei Sultanate (1804-1906): Enduring the Storm to the Blessed Shores. Bandar Seri Begawan: Brunei Historical Society (PESEBAR). p. 27. ISBN978-99917-961-7-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^"Sarawak Government Official Portal". www.ictu.tmp.sarawak.gov.my. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
^"A portrait of Datu Patinggi Ali | Brooke Heritage Trust". www.brooketrust.org. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
^Welman, Frans (9 March 2017). Borneo Trilogy Sarawak: Volume 2. Booksmango. p. 132. ISBN978-616-245-089-1.
^ abSingh, D. S. Ranjit (26 November 2019). The Indonesia-Malaysia Dispute Concerning Sovereignty over Sipadan and Ligitan Islands: Historical Antecedents and the International Court of Justice Judgment. ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute. p. 30. ISBN978-981-4843-64-5.
^ abBowman, John (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia University Press. p. 411. ISBN978-0-231-11004-4.
^"Timeline of the U.S.-Brunei Relationship". U.S. Embassy in Brunei Darussalam. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
^ ab"A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Brunei". Office of the Historian. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
^Gin, Ooi Keat; King, Victor T. (29 July 2022). Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Brunei. Taylor & Francis. ISBN978-1-000-56864-6.
^Kershaw, Roger (4 January 2002). Monarchy in South East Asia: The Faces of Tradition in Transition. Routledge. ISBN978-1-134-66707-9.
^Sidhu, Jatswan S. (22 December 2009). Historical Dictionary of Brunei Darussalam. Scarecrow Press. p. 8. ISBN978-0-8108-7078-9.
^Brunei (1948). Annual Report on the Social and Economic Progress of the People of Brunei. Printed at the Brunei Press. p. 90.
omar, saifuddin, jawi, عمر, علي, سيف, الدين٢, malay, ibni, sultan, muhammad, jamalul, alam, february, 1799, november, 1852, 23rd, sultan, brunei, then, known, bruneian, empire, during, reign, western, powers, such, great, britain, united, states, visited, coun. Omar Ali Saifuddin II Jawi عمر علي سيف الدين٢ Malay Omar Ali Saifuddin II ibni Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam I 3 February 1799 20 November 1852 was the 23rd Sultan of Brunei then known as the Bruneian Empire During his reign Western powers such as Great Britain and the United States visited the country His reign saw the British adventurer James Brooke becoming the White Rajah of Sarawak Omar Ali Saifuddin II23rd Sultan of BruneiReign1828 1852Coronation1830PredecessorMuhammad AlamSuccessorAbdul MominBornOmar Ali Saifuddin II 1799 02 03 3 February 1799Brunei Town BruneiDied20 November 1852 1852 11 20 aged 53 Brunei Town BruneiBurialKubah Makam Di Raja Brunei Town BruneiSpouseTuan Zaidah Pengiran SandalamIssueSultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin Prince Muhammad Salleh I Prince Muhammad Alam Prince Abdul Momin Prince Hashim Queen Zubaidah Princess Siti Mariam Princess Saleha Princess Siti Munggu Princess Khadijah Princess PasahNamesOmar Ali Saifuddin II ibni Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam IFatherMuhammad Jamalul Alam IMotherNor AlamReligionSunni Islam Contents 1 Early life 2 Reign 1828 1852 2 1 Control over Sarawak 2 2 James Brooke 2 3 Treaty of Labuan 3 Later life and death 4 Ancestry 5 ReferencesEarly life EditWhen his father Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam I died in 1804 he was still a minor followed by a physical deformity of an extra thumb on his right hand 1 Therefore his grandfather Paduka Seri Bega wan Muhammad Tajuddin ascended the throne for the second time Due to the advanced age of Sultan Muhammad Tajuddin his younger brother Pengiran Di Gadong Pengiran Muda Muhammad Kanzul Alam acted as regent When Sultan Muhammad Tajuddin died in 1807 the regent became the 21st Sultan of Brunei and was known as Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam then appointed his own son Pengiran Anak Muhammad Alam as heir to the throne of Brunei 2 In 1825 when Pengiran Muda Omar Ali Saifuddin had come of age he asserted his claim to the throne Pengiran Muda Omar Ali Saifuddin was supported by most nobles as he was the rightful heir according to Brunei s royal traditions The Kris Si Naga was in the possession of his mother thus strengthened his claim To end the succession crisis Sultan Muhammad Alam stepped down from the throne and was sentenced to death In 1828 Pengiran Muda Omar Ali Saifuddin ascended the throne as the 23rd Sultan of Brunei taking the title Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II 3 Reign 1828 1852 EditAfter his succession to the throne he appointed his uncle Pengiran Muda Hashim as the Bendahara Prime Minister as a sign of compassion to heal their family relations after the Second Civil War Hashim was also the late Sultan Muhammad Alam and Pengiran Noralam s brother 4 Control over Sarawak Edit During Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II s reign he tried to establish absolute control over Sarawak present day Kuching Before this only the Pengirans who acted on behalf of the Sultan were in charge in Kuching collecting taxes and revenues from the local people Especially after the discovery of antimony ore in Sarawak the Sultan became more ambitious in gaining control of the economy of Sarawak 5 The Governor of Sarawak at that time Pengiran Indera Mahkota Mohammad Salleh also used forced labour to run the antimony mines A disturbance occurred in Sarawak where an uprising against Brunei rule led by Datu Patinggi Ali who was one of the ruling chiefs in Sarawak 6 Due to the worsened situation in Sarawak Pengiran Muda Hashim was ordered to restore order in the area 7 James Brooke Edit At the time of chaotic situation in Sarawak a British explorer James Brooke came to Sarawak on his schooner Royalist looking for trade opportunities in 1839 Brooke came to Sarawak from Singapore as he had heard about Sarawak s economic potentials Also at this time Brooke met Pengiran Muda Hashim who was the uncle of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II and the two became close friends Pengiran Muda Hashim asked for Brooke s assistance to help him to suppress the disturbances in Sarawak in return Pengiran Muda Hashim ensured the appointment of Brooke as the new Governor of Sarawak after the current Governor Raja Pengiran Indera Mahkota had been deposed 8 Muda Hashim later appointed James as the temporary governor in 1841 and in 1842 he sailed to Brunei to be given the title of Tuan Besar Great Lord and again appointed as the representative in charge of affairs in Old Sarawak by the Sultan 8 After the disturbances in Sarawak successfully quelled James Brooke met Pengiran Muda Hashim in Kuching to ensure his promises were kept Pengiran Muda Hashim agreed to honour his promise In 1842 Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II confirmed the appointment of James Brooke as the Governor of Sarawak in a treaty The treaty officially recognised James Brooke as the Raja of Sarawak and the Sultan had to cede Sarawak to James Brooke The ceding of Kuching to Brooke marked the beginning of further cessation of territories to James Brooke and later the British North Borneo Company Treaty of Labuan Edit In October 1843 Sultan offered the island of Labuan to Britain 9 Notably on 6 April 1845 the relations between Brunei and the United States first began when the warship USS Constitution visited and anchored off Brunei Bay 10 In July 1846 James Brooke and Admiral Sir Thomas Cochrane together began a naval attack on Brunei Town and depose the Sultan The Sultan pledged loyalty towards Queen Victoria after he was reinstated 9 That same year on 18 December the Sultan reluctantly had to cede Labuan to the British under the Treaty of Labuan after threats of attack made by the Royal Navy 11 12 In 1847 Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II signed the Treaty of Friendship and Commerce with Britain which provide them with full control over Brunei s trade 13 and on 23 June 1850 he signed the Treaty of Peace Friendship Commerce and Navigation with the United States 11 Later life and death EditIn the 1850 s Saifuddin s health began rapidly deteriorating The Sultan chose to distance himself from ruling the state but he never abdicated the Throne At the moment his son in law Abdul Momin was appointed a regent 14 Omar Ali Saifuddin II died in 1852 and was succeeded by his son in law Sultan Abdul Momin as the 24th Sultan of Brunei He was buried at Kubah Makam Di Raja or the Bukit Penggal Royal Mausoleum Bandar Seri Begawan 15 Ancestry EditAncestors of Omar Ali Saifuddin II16 Muhammad Alauddin8 Omar Ali Saifuddin I17 Pengiran Anak Sharbanun4 Muhammad Tajuddin18 Hussin Kamaluddin9 Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Noralam19 Pengiran Isteri2 Muhammad Jamalul Alam I20 Hussin Kamaluddin 18 10 Pengiran Di Gadong Pengiran Anak Abdul21 Pengiran Isteri 19 5 Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Bulan1 Omar Ali Saifuddin II24 Muhammad Alauddin 16 12 Omar Ali Saifuddin I 8 25 Pengiran Anak Sharbanun 17 6 Muhammad Kanzul Alam26 Hussin Kamaluddin 18 13 Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Putri27 Pengiran Isteri 19 3 Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Noralam28 Muhammad Alauddin 16 14 Pengiran Pemancha Pengiran Anak Kassim7 Pengiran Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha30 Hussin Kamaluddin 18 15 Pengiran Isteri Pengiran Anak Bungsu31 Pengiran Isteri 19 References Edit Vienne Marie Sybille de 9 March 2015 Brunei From the Age of Commerce to the 21st Century NUS Press p 77 ISBN 978 9971 69 818 8 Gin Ooi Keat 14 December 2015 Brunei History Islam Society and Contemporary Issues Routledge ISBN 978 1 317 65997 6 Society Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic 1885 Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society p 80 Tengah Brahim Mail Asbol 16 October 2019 Politics of the Brunei Sultanate 1804 1906 Enduring the Storm to the Blessed Shores Bandar Seri Begawan Brunei Historical Society PESEBAR p 27 ISBN 978 99917 961 7 8 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint date and year link Sarawak Government Official Portal www ictu tmp sarawak gov my Retrieved 16 October 2022 A portrait of Datu Patinggi Ali Brooke Heritage Trust www brooketrust org Retrieved 16 October 2022 Welman Frans 9 March 2017 Borneo Trilogy Sarawak Volume 2 Booksmango p 132 ISBN 978 616 245 089 1 a b Singh D S Ranjit 26 November 2019 The Indonesia Malaysia Dispute Concerning Sovereignty over Sipadan and Ligitan Islands Historical Antecedents and the International Court of Justice Judgment ISEAS Yusof Ishak Institute p 30 ISBN 978 981 4843 64 5 a b Bowman John 2000 Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture Columbia University Press p 411 ISBN 978 0 231 11004 4 Timeline of the U S Brunei Relationship U S Embassy in Brunei Darussalam Retrieved 16 October 2022 a b A Guide to the United States History of Recognition Diplomatic and Consular Relations by Country since 1776 Brunei Office of the Historian Retrieved 23 April 2022 Gin Ooi Keat King Victor T 29 July 2022 Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Brunei Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 1 000 56864 6 Kershaw Roger 4 January 2002 Monarchy in South East Asia The Faces of Tradition in Transition Routledge ISBN 978 1 134 66707 9 Sidhu Jatswan S 22 December 2009 Historical Dictionary of Brunei Darussalam Scarecrow Press p 8 ISBN 978 0 8108 7078 9 Brunei 1948 Annual Report on the Social and Economic Progress of the People of Brunei Printed at the Brunei Press p 90 Regnal titlesPreceded byMuhammad Alam Sultan of Brunei1829 1852 Succeeded byAbdul Momin Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Omar Ali Saifuddin II amp oldid 1126608775, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
