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Old Europe (archaeology)

December 07, 2023

Old Europe is a term coined by the Lithuanian archaeologist Marija Gimbutas to describe what she perceived as a relatively homogeneous pre-Indo-European Neolithic and Copper Age culture or civilisation in Southeast Europe, centred in the Lower Danube Valley.[1][2][3] Old Europe is also referred to in some literature as the Danube civilisation.[4]

Old Europe
Geographical rangeSoutheast Europe and adjoining areas of Central Europe and Eastern Europe
PeriodNeolithic, Copper Age
Datesc. 6000—3500 BC
Preceded byMesolithic Europe
Followed byBronze Age Europe

The term 'Danubian culture' was earlier coined by the archaeologist Vere Gordon Childe to describe early farming cultures (e.g. the Linear Pottery culture) which spread westwards and northwards from the Danube Valley into Central and Eastern Europe.

Old Europe edit

 
Karanovo culture ceramic vessel, 6th millennium BC, Stara Zagora Neolithic Dwellings Museum

In 4500 bc, before the first cities were built in Mesopotamia and Egypt, Old Europe was among the most sophisticated and technologically advanced places in the world ... At its peak, about 5000–3500 bc, Old Europe was developing many of the political, technological, and ideological signs of "civilization". Some Old European villages grew to citylike sizes, larger than the earliest cities of Mesopotamia ... Old European metalsmiths were, in their day, among the most advanced metal artisans in the world, and certainly the most active. The metal artifacts recovered by archaeologists from Old Europe total about 4,700 kilograms (more than five tons) of copper, and over 6 kilograms (13.2 pounds) of gold, more metal by far than has been found in any other part of the ancient world dated before 3500 bc. The demand for copper, gold, Aegean shells, and other valuables created networks of negotiation that reached hundreds of kilometers. Pottery, figurines, and even houses were decorated with striking designs. Female "goddess" figurines, found in almost every settlement, have triggered intense debates about the ritual and political power of women. Signs inscribed on clay suggest a system of primitive notation, if not writing.

— Anthony (2010)[5]

Neolithic Europe refers to the time between the Mesolithic and Bronze Age periods in Europe, roughly from 7000 BCE (the approximate time of the first farming societies in Greece) to c. 2000 BCE (the beginning of the Bronze Age in Scandinavia).

 
Miniature cult scene, Karanovo culture, 5th millennium BC

Regardless of specific chronology, many European Neolithic groups share basic characteristics, such as living in small-scale communities, being more egalitarian[disputed – discuss] than the city-states and chiefdoms of the Bronze Age, subsisting on domestic plants and animals supplemented with the collection of wild plant foods and hunting, and producing hand-made pottery, without the aid of the potter's wheel. There are also many differences, with some Neolithic communities in southeastern Europe living in heavily fortified settlements of 3,000–4,000 people (e.g. Sesklo in Greece) whereas Neolithic groups in Britain were usually small (possibly 50–100 people).[6]

Marija Gimbutas studied the Neolithic period in order to understand cultural developments in settled village culture in the southern Balkans, which she characterized as peaceful, matristic, and possessing a goddess-centered religion.[7] In contrast, she characterizes the later Indo-European influences as warlike, nomadic, and patrilineal.[7] Using evidence from pottery and sculpture, and combining the tools of archaeology, comparative mythology, linguistics, and, most controversially, folkloristics, Gimbutas invented a new interdisciplinary field, archaeomythology.

 
Gold, copper, ceramic and stone artefacts, Varna culture, c. 4500 BC

In historical times, some ethnonyms are believed to correspond to Pre-Indo-European peoples, assumed to be the descendants of the earlier Old European cultures: the Pelasgians, Minoans, Leleges, Iberians, Nuragic people, Etruscans, Rhaetians, Camunni and Basques. Two of the three pre-Greek peoples of Sicily, the Sicans and the Elymians, may also have been pre-Indo-European.

How many Pre-Indo-European languages existed is not known. Nor is it known whether the ancient names of peoples descended from the pre-ancient population actually referred to speakers of distinct languages. Gimbutas (1989), observing a unity of symbols marked especially on pots, but also on other objects, concluded that there may have been a single language spoken in Old Europe. She thought that decipherment would have to wait for the discovery of bilingual texts.

The idea of a Pre-Indo-European language in the region precedes Gimbutas. It went by other names, such as "Pelasgian", "Mediterranean", or "Aegean". Apart from marks on artifacts, the main evidence concerning Pre-Indo-European language is in names: toponyms, ethnonyms, etc., and in roots in other languages believed to be derived from one or more prior languages, possibly unrelated. Reconstruction from the evidence is an accepted, though somewhat speculative, field of study. Suggestions of possible Old European languages include Urbian by Sorin Paliga,[8] and the Vasconic substratum hypothesis of Theo Vennemann (also see Sigmund Feist's Germanic substrate hypothesis).

Indo-European origins edit

See also: Proto-Indo-European Urheimat hypotheses
 
Maidanetske, Ukraine, c. 3700 BC. Cucuteni-Trypillia culture.[9]

According to Gimbutas' version of the Kurgan hypothesis, Old Europe was invaded and destroyed by horse-riding pastoral nomads from the Pontic–Caspian steppe (the "Kurgan culture") who brought with them violence, patriarchy, and Indo-European languages.[10] More recent proponents of the Kurgan hypothesis agree that the cultures of Old Europe spoke pre-Indo-European languages but include a less dramatic transition, with a prolonged migration of Proto-Indo-European speakers after Old Europe's collapse due to other factors.[11][12]

Colin Renfrew's competing Anatolian hypothesis suggests that the Indo-European languages were spread across Europe by the first farmers from Anatolia. In the hypothesis' original formulation, the languages of Old Europe belonged to the Indo-European family but played no special role in its transmission.[13] According to Renfrew's most recent revision of the theory, however, Old Europe was a "secondary urheimat" (linguistic homeland) where the Greek, Armenian, and Balto-Slavic language families diverged around 5000 BCE.[14] Three genetic studies in 2015 gave partial support to the Steppe theory regarding the Indo-European Urheimat. According to those studies, haplogroups R1b and R1a, now the most common in Europe (R1a is also common in South Asia) would have expanded from the steppes north of the Pontic and Caspian seas, along with at least some of the Indo-European languages; they also detected an autosomal component present in modern Europeans which was not present in Neolithic Europeans, which would have been introduced with paternal lineages R1b and R1a, as well as Indo-European languages.[15][16][17]

Gallery edit

Artifacts edit

Settlements edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Jacques Leslie, The Goddess Theory: Controversial UCLA Archeologist Marija Gimbutas Argues That the World Was at Peace When God Was a Woman, Los Angeles Times, June 11, 1989.
  2. ^ Sharpe, Katherine (May 2013). . Archaeology Magazine. 66 (3): 13. ISSN 0003-8113. Archived from the original on 13 June 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  3. ^ Theresa Thompson, The Lost World of Old Europe: the Danube Valley, 5000-3500BC, The Ashmolean Museum, The Oxford Times, June 8, 2010.
  4. ^ Haarmann, Harald (2020). The Mystery of the Danube Civilisation. Marix Verlag. ISBN 9783843806466.
  5. ^ Anthony, David (2010). Anthony, David; Chi, Jennifer (eds.). The Lost World of Old Europe: The Danube Valley, 5000-3500 BC. New York University, Institute for the Study of the Ancient World. p. 29. ISBN 9780691143880.
  6. ^ Reissued as Gimbutas, Marija (September 1, 2007). The Goddesses and Gods of Old Europe: Myths and Cult Images (2 New Upd ed.). Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-52025398-8. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
  7. ^ a b Hayden, Brian (1987). "Old Europe: Sacred Matriarchy or Complementary Opposition?". In Bonanno, Anthony (ed.). Archaeology and Fertility Cult in the Ancient Mediterranean: Papers Presented at the First International Conference on Archaeology of the Ancient Mediterranean, the University of Malta, 2-5 September 1985. Amsterdam: B. R. Grüner. pp. 17–30. ISBN 9789060322888.
  8. ^ Paliga 1989
  9. ^ Rassmann, Knut (2014). "High precision Tripolye settlement plans, demographic estimations and settlement organization". Journal of Neolithic Archaeology. 16: 96–134. doi:10.12766/jna.2014.3.
  10. ^ Anthony 1995
  11. ^ Mallory 1991
  12. ^ Anthony 2007
  13. ^ Renfrew 1987
  14. ^ Renfrew 2003
  15. ^ Haak, W; et al. (11 June 2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–11. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. doi:10.1038/nature14317. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166. We generated genome-wide data from 69 Europeans who lived between 8,000–3,000 years ago by enriching ancient DNA libraries for a target set of almost 400,000 polymorphisms.... This steppe ancestry persisted in all sampled central Europeans until at least 3,000 years ago, and is ubiquitous in present-day Europeans. These results provide support for a steppe origin of at least some of the Indo-European languages of Europe.
  16. ^ Allentoft; et al. (2015). "Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia". Nature. 522 (7555): 167–172. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..167A. doi:10.1038/nature14507. PMID 26062507. S2CID 4399103.
  17. ^ Mathieson, Iain; et al. (14 March 2015). . bioRxiv: 016477. doi:10.1101/016477. S2CID 7866359. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  18. ^ "Ritual and Memory: Neolithic Era and Copper Age". Institute for the Study of the Ancient World. 2022.
  19. ^ Gaydarska, Bisserka (February 2020). "Trypillia Megasites in Context: Independent Urban Development in Chalcolithic Eastern Europe". Cambridge Archaeological Journal. 30 (1): 97–121. doi:10.1017/S0959774319000301. S2CID 208245898.
  20. ^ Penske, Sandra; Rohrlach, Adam B.; Childebayeva, Ainash; Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido; Schmid, Clemens; Spyrou, Maria A.; Neumann, Gunnar U.; Atanassova, Nadezhda; Beutler, Katrin; Boyadzhiev, Kamen; Boyadzhiev, Yavor; Bruyako, Igor; Chohadzhiev, Alexander; Govedarica, Blagoje; Karaucak, Mehmet; Krauss, Raiko; Leppek, Maleen; Manzura, Igor; Privat, Karen; Ross, Shawn; Slavchev, Vladimir; Sobotkova, Adéla; Toderaş, Meda; Valchev, Todor; Ringbauer, Harald; Stockhammer, Philipp W.; Hansen, Svend; Krause, Johannes; Haak, Wolfgang (2023). "Early contact between late farming and pastoralist societies in southeastern Europe". Nature. 620 (7973): 358–365. Bibcode:2023Natur.620..358P. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06334-8. PMID 37468624. S2CID 259996090. Tell Yunatsite in Bulgaria, associated with the Karanovo culture
  21. ^ "Archaeological Park Topolnitsa". EXARC.net.

Further reading edit

  • Gimbutas, Marija (1991). The Civilization of the Goddess: The World of Old Europe. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0062508041.
  • Anthony, David W (2007). The horse, the wheel, and language: how Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14818-2.
  • Bailey, Douglass W. (2000). Balkan Prehistory: Exclusion, Incorporation and Identity. Routledge. ISBN 0415215986.
  • Tsirtsoni, Zoï (2020). Let's stop speaking "cultures"!: Alternative means to assess historical developments in the prehistoric Balkans.
  • Anthony, David (1995). "Nazi and eco-feminist prehistories: ideology and empiricism in Indo-European archaeology". Nationalism, politics, and the practice of archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-55839-6.
  • Mallory, JP (1991). In search of the Indo-Europeans: language, archaeology and myth. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-27616-1.
  • Paliga, Sorin (1989). "Proto-Indo-European, Pre-Indo-European, Old European: Archaeological Evidence and Linguistic Investigation". Journal of Indo-European Studies. 17 (3&4): 309–334. ISSN 0092-2323.
  • Renfrew, Colin (1987). Archaeology and language: the puzzle of Indo-European origins. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0-521-38675-6.
  • Renfrew, Colin (2003). "Time Depth, Convergence Theory, and Innovation in Proto-Indo-European". Languages in Prehistoric Europe. Winter. ISBN 3-8253-1449-9.
  • Bellwood, Peter (2001). "Early Agriculturalist Population Diasporas? Farming, Languages, and Genes". Annual Review of Anthropology. 30: 181–207. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.30.1.181.
  • Bellwood, Peter. (2004). First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies. Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-20566-7
  • Childe, V. Gordon (1926). The Aryans: A Study of Indo-European Origins. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner.
  • Gimbutas, Marija (1982). The Goddesses and Gods of Old Europe: 6500–3500 B.C.: Myths, and Cult Images Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-04655-2
  • Gimbutas, Marija (1989). The Language of the Goddess. Harper & Row, Publishers. ISBN 0-06-250356-1.
  • Gimbutas, Marija (1991). The Civilization of the Goddess. San Francisco: Harper. ISBN 0-06-250337-5.

External links edit

  Media related to Old Europe (archaeology) at Wikimedia Commons

  • The Lost World of Old Europe: The Danube Valley, 5000-3500 BC, Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, exhibition video (2010)
  • The Lost World of Old Europe: The Danube Valley, 5000-3500 BC, Museum of Cycladic Art, Athens, exhibition video, 2010
  • Institute for the Study of the Ancient World : Neolithic and Copper Age
  • culture.gouv.fr: Life along the Danube 6500 years ago
  • Kathleen Jenks, "Old Europe": further links

December 07, 2023
europe, archaeology, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corresponding, inline, citat. This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations April 2009 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed January 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message Old Europe is a term coined by the Lithuanian archaeologist Marija Gimbutas to describe what she perceived as a relatively homogeneous pre Indo European Neolithic and Copper Age culture or civilisation in Southeast Europe centred in the Lower Danube Valley 1 2 3 Old Europe is also referred to in some literature as the Danube civilisation 4 Old EuropeGeographical rangeSoutheast Europe and adjoining areas of Central Europe and Eastern EuropePeriodNeolithic Copper AgeDatesc 6000 3500 BCPreceded byMesolithic EuropeFollowed byBronze Age EuropeThe term Danubian culture was earlier coined by the archaeologist Vere Gordon Childe to describe early farming cultures e g the Linear Pottery culture which spread westwards and northwards from the Danube Valley into Central and Eastern Europe Contents 1 Old Europe 2 Indo European origins 3 Gallery 3 1 Artifacts 3 2 Settlements 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksOld Europe edit nbsp Karanovo culture ceramic vessel 6th millennium BC Stara Zagora Neolithic Dwellings MuseumIn 4500 bc before the first cities were built in Mesopotamia and Egypt Old Europe was among the most sophisticated and technologically advanced places in the world At its peak about 5000 3500 bc Old Europe was developing many of the political technological and ideological signs of civilization Some Old European villages grew to citylike sizes larger than the earliest cities of Mesopotamia Old European metalsmiths were in their day among the most advanced metal artisans in the world and certainly the most active The metal artifacts recovered by archaeologists from Old Europe total about 4 700 kilograms more than five tons of copper and over 6 kilograms 13 2 pounds of gold more metal by far than has been found in any other part of the ancient world dated before 3500 bc The demand for copper gold Aegean shells and other valuables created networks of negotiation that reached hundreds of kilometers Pottery figurines and even houses were decorated with striking designs Female goddess figurines found in almost every settlement have triggered intense debates about the ritual and political power of women Signs inscribed on clay suggest a system of primitive notation if not writing Anthony 2010 5 Neolithic Europe refers to the time between the Mesolithic and Bronze Age periods in Europe roughly from 7000 BCE the approximate time of the first farming societies in Greece to c 2000 BCE the beginning of the Bronze Age in Scandinavia nbsp Miniature cult scene Karanovo culture 5th millennium BCRegardless of specific chronology many European Neolithic groups share basic characteristics such as living in small scale communities being more egalitarian disputed discuss than the city states and chiefdoms of the Bronze Age subsisting on domestic plants and animals supplemented with the collection of wild plant foods and hunting and producing hand made pottery without the aid of the potter s wheel There are also many differences with some Neolithic communities in southeastern Europe living in heavily fortified settlements of 3 000 4 000 people e g Sesklo in Greece whereas Neolithic groups in Britain were usually small possibly 50 100 people 6 Marija Gimbutas studied the Neolithic period in order to understand cultural developments in settled village culture in the southern Balkans which she characterized as peaceful matristic and possessing a goddess centered religion 7 In contrast she characterizes the later Indo European influences as warlike nomadic and patrilineal 7 Using evidence from pottery and sculpture and combining the tools of archaeology comparative mythology linguistics and most controversially folkloristics Gimbutas invented a new interdisciplinary field archaeomythology nbsp Gold copper ceramic and stone artefacts Varna culture c 4500 BCIn historical times some ethnonyms are believed to correspond to Pre Indo European peoples assumed to be the descendants of the earlier Old European cultures the Pelasgians Minoans Leleges Iberians Nuragic people Etruscans Rhaetians Camunni and Basques Two of the three pre Greek peoples of Sicily the Sicans and the Elymians may also have been pre Indo European How many Pre Indo European languages existed is not known Nor is it known whether the ancient names of peoples descended from the pre ancient population actually referred to speakers of distinct languages Gimbutas 1989 observing a unity of symbols marked especially on pots but also on other objects concluded that there may have been a single language spoken in Old Europe She thought that decipherment would have to wait for the discovery of bilingual texts The idea of a Pre Indo European language in the region precedes Gimbutas It went by other names such as Pelasgian Mediterranean or Aegean Apart from marks on artifacts the main evidence concerning Pre Indo European language is in names toponyms ethnonyms etc and in roots in other languages believed to be derived from one or more prior languages possibly unrelated Reconstruction from the evidence is an accepted though somewhat speculative field of study Suggestions of possible Old European languages include Urbian by Sorin Paliga 8 and the Vasconic substratum hypothesis of Theo Vennemann also see Sigmund Feist s Germanic substrate hypothesis Indo European origins editSee also Proto Indo European Urheimat hypotheses nbsp Maidanetske Ukraine c 3700 BC Cucuteni Trypillia culture 9 According to Gimbutas version of the Kurgan hypothesis Old Europe was invaded and destroyed by horse riding pastoral nomads from the Pontic Caspian steppe the Kurgan culture who brought with them violence patriarchy and Indo European languages 10 More recent proponents of the Kurgan hypothesis agree that the cultures of Old Europe spoke pre Indo European languages but include a less dramatic transition with a prolonged migration of Proto Indo European speakers after Old Europe s collapse due to other factors 11 12 Colin Renfrew s competing Anatolian hypothesis suggests that the Indo European languages were spread across Europe by the first farmers from Anatolia In the hypothesis original formulation the languages of Old Europe belonged to the Indo European family but played no special role in its transmission 13 According to Renfrew s most recent revision of the theory however Old Europe was a secondary urheimat linguistic homeland where the Greek Armenian and Balto Slavic language families diverged around 5000 BCE 14 Three genetic studies in 2015 gave partial support to the Steppe theory regarding the Indo European Urheimat According to those studies haplogroups R1b and R1a now the most common in Europe R1a is also common in South Asia would have expanded from the steppes north of the Pontic and Caspian seas along with at least some of the Indo European languages they also detected an autosomal component present in modern Europeans which was not present in Neolithic Europeans which would have been introduced with paternal lineages R1b and R1a as well as Indo European languages 15 16 17 Gallery editArtifacts edit nbsp Sesklo culture figurine nbsp Sesklo and Dimini culture ceramics nbsp Dimini culture ceramic vessel nbsp Vinca culture figurine nbsp Vinca culture figurine nbsp Vinca culture ceramics nbsp Vinca culture Tartaria tablet nbsp Karanovo culture ceramic vessel nbsp Vadastra culture ceramic bowl nbsp Tisza culture ceramic 18 nbsp Gumelnița culture ceramic vessel nbsp Gumelnița culture copper axe nbsp Hamangia culture figurine nbsp Hamangia culture pottery nbsp Hamangia culture ceramic sculpture nbsp Bodrogkeresztur culture gold idol nbsp Boian culture ceramic nbsp Butmir culture ceramic vessel nbsp Danilo culture ceramic vessel nbsp Varna culture gold pendants nbsp Varna culture burial reconstruction nbsp Cucuteni Trypillia figurine nbsp Cucuteni Trypillia ceramic and copper artefacts nbsp Cucuteni Trypillia ceramicsSettlements edit nbsp Sesklo Sesklo culture nbsp Dimini Dimini culture nbsp Dimini walled acropolis nbsp Okoliste Butmir culture nbsp Durankulak Varna Hamangia culture nbsp Durankulak stone foundations nbsp Solnitsata Varna culture nbsp Talianki Cucuteni Trypillia culture nbsp Village model Cucuteni Trypillia culture nbsp Houses Cucuteni Trypillia culture nbsp Nebelivka temple Cucuteni Trypillia culture 19 nbsp Tell Yunatsite Bulgaria Karanovo culture 20 nbsp Longhouse model Linear Pottery culture nbsp Longhouse model Linear Pottery culture nbsp Linear Pottery culture settlement nbsp Neolithic house reconstructions Topolnica Bulgaria c 5000 BC 21 See also editPrehistoric Europe Early European Farmers Prehistory of Southeastern Europe Old European script Petrești culture Tell Yunatsite Proto Indo European language Proto Indo Europeans Indo Iranians Pre Greek substrate Germanic substrate hypothesis Goidelic substrate hypothesis Anatolian hypothesisReferences edit Jacques Leslie The Goddess Theory Controversial UCLA Archeologist Marija Gimbutas Argues That the World Was at Peace When God Was a Woman Los Angeles Times June 11 1989 Sharpe Katherine May 2013 Europe s First Farmers Archaeology Magazine 66 3 13 ISSN 0003 8113 Archived from the original on 13 June 2022 Retrieved 4 October 2022 Theresa Thompson The Lost World of Old Europe the Danube Valley 5000 3500BC The Ashmolean Museum The Oxford Times June 8 2010 Haarmann Harald 2020 The Mystery of the Danube Civilisation Marix Verlag ISBN 9783843806466 Anthony David 2010 Anthony David Chi Jennifer eds The Lost World of Old Europe The Danube Valley 5000 3500 BC New York University Institute for the Study of the Ancient World p 29 ISBN 9780691143880 Reissued as Gimbutas Marija September 1 2007 The Goddesses and Gods of Old Europe Myths and Cult Images 2 New Upd ed Berkeley amp Los Angeles University of California Press ISBN 978 0 52025398 8 Retrieved 9 January 2015 a b Hayden Brian 1987 Old Europe Sacred Matriarchy or Complementary Opposition In Bonanno Anthony ed Archaeology and Fertility Cult in the Ancient Mediterranean Papers Presented at the First International Conference on Archaeology of the Ancient Mediterranean the University of Malta 2 5 September 1985 Amsterdam B R Gruner pp 17 30 ISBN 9789060322888 Paliga 1989 Rassmann Knut 2014 High precision Tripolye settlement plans demographic estimations and settlement organization Journal of Neolithic Archaeology 16 96 134 doi 10 12766 jna 2014 3 Anthony 1995 Mallory 1991 Anthony 2007 Renfrew 1987 Renfrew 2003 Haak W et al 11 June 2015 Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo European languages in Europe Nature 522 7555 207 11 arXiv 1502 02783 Bibcode 2015Natur 522 207H doi 10 1038 nature14317 PMC 5048219 PMID 25731166 We generated genome wide data from 69 Europeans who lived between 8 000 3 000 years ago by enriching ancient DNA libraries for a target set of almost 400 000 polymorphisms This steppe ancestry persisted in all sampled central Europeans until at least 3 000 years ago and is ubiquitous in present day Europeans These results provide support for a steppe origin of at least some of the Indo European languages of Europe Allentoft et al 2015 Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia Nature 522 7555 167 172 Bibcode 2015Natur 522 167A doi 10 1038 nature14507 PMID 26062507 S2CID 4399103 Mathieson Iain et al 14 March 2015 Eight thousand years of natural selection in Europe bioRxiv 016477 doi 10 1101 016477 S2CID 7866359 Archived from the original on 15 July 2022 Retrieved 4 October 2022 Ritual and Memory Neolithic Era and Copper Age Institute for the Study of the Ancient World 2022 Gaydarska Bisserka February 2020 Trypillia Megasites in Context Independent Urban Development in Chalcolithic Eastern Europe Cambridge Archaeological Journal 30 1 97 121 doi 10 1017 S0959774319000301 S2CID 208245898 Penske Sandra Rohrlach Adam B Childebayeva Ainash Gnecchi Ruscone Guido Schmid Clemens Spyrou Maria A Neumann Gunnar U Atanassova Nadezhda Beutler Katrin Boyadzhiev Kamen Boyadzhiev Yavor Bruyako Igor Chohadzhiev Alexander Govedarica Blagoje Karaucak Mehmet Krauss Raiko Leppek Maleen Manzura Igor Privat Karen Ross Shawn Slavchev Vladimir Sobotkova Adela Toderas Meda Valchev Todor Ringbauer Harald Stockhammer Philipp W Hansen Svend Krause Johannes Haak Wolfgang 2023 Early contact between late farming and pastoralist societies in southeastern Europe Nature 620 7973 358 365 Bibcode 2023Natur 620 358P doi 10 1038 s41586 023 06334 8 PMID 37468624 S2CID 259996090 Tell Yunatsite in Bulgaria associated with the Karanovo culture Archaeological Park Topolnitsa EXARC net Further reading editGimbutas Marija 1991 The Civilization of the Goddess The World of Old Europe HarperCollins ISBN 978 0062508041 Anthony David W 2007 The horse the wheel and language how Bronze Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world Princeton NJ Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 14818 2 Bailey Douglass W 2000 Balkan Prehistory Exclusion Incorporation and Identity Routledge ISBN 0415215986 Tsirtsoni Zoi 2020 Let s stop speaking cultures Alternative means to assess historical developments in the prehistoric Balkans Anthony David 1995 Nazi and eco feminist prehistories ideology and empiricism in Indo European archaeology Nationalism politics and the practice of archaeology Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 55839 6 Mallory JP 1991 In search of the Indo Europeans language archaeology and myth London Thames and Hudson ISBN 0 500 27616 1 Paliga Sorin 1989 Proto Indo European Pre Indo European Old European Archaeological Evidence and Linguistic Investigation Journal of Indo European Studies 17 3 amp 4 309 334 ISSN 0092 2323 Renfrew Colin 1987 Archaeology and language the puzzle of Indo European origins London Jonathan Cape ISBN 0 521 38675 6 Renfrew Colin 2003 Time Depth Convergence Theory and Innovation in Proto Indo European Languages in Prehistoric Europe Winter ISBN 3 8253 1449 9 Bellwood Peter 2001 Early Agriculturalist Population Diasporas Farming Languages and Genes Annual Review of Anthropology 30 181 207 doi 10 1146 annurev anthro 30 1 181 Bellwood Peter 2004 First Farmers The Origins of Agricultural Societies Blackwell Publishers ISBN 0 631 20566 7 Childe V Gordon 1926 The Aryans A Study of Indo European Origins London Kegan Paul Trench Trubner Gimbutas Marija 1982 The Goddesses and Gods of Old Europe 6500 3500 B C Myths and Cult Images Berkeley University of California Press ISBN 0 520 04655 2 Gimbutas Marija 1989 The Language of the Goddess Harper amp Row Publishers ISBN 0 06 250356 1 Gimbutas Marija 1991 The Civilization of the Goddess San Francisco Harper ISBN 0 06 250337 5 External links edit nbsp Media related to Old Europe archaeology at Wikimedia Commons The Lost World of Old Europe The Danube Valley 5000 3500 BC Institute for the Study of the Ancient World exhibition video 2010 The Lost World of Old Europe The Danube Valley 5000 3500 BC Museum of Cycladic Art Athens exhibition video 2010 Institute for the Study of the Ancient World Neolithic and Copper Age culture gouv fr Life along the Danube 6500 years ago Kathleen Jenks Old Europe further links Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Old Europe archaeology amp oldid 1188641429, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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