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The Obotrites (Latin: Obotriti, Abodritorum, Abodritos…) or Obodrites, also spelled Abodrites (German: Abodriten), were a confederation of medieval West Slavic tribes within the territory of modern Mecklenburg and Holstein in northern Germany (see Polabian Slavs).[1] For decades, they were allies of Charlemagne in his wars against the Germanic Saxons and the Slavic Veleti. The Obotrites under Prince Thrasco defeated the Saxons in the Battle of Bornhöved (798). The still-Pagan Saxons were dispersed by the emperor, and the part of their former land in Holstein north of Elbe was awarded to the Obotrites in 804, as a reward for their victory. This however was soon reverted through an invasion of the Danes. The Obotrite regnal style was abolished in 1167, when Pribislav was restored to power by Duke Henry the Lion, as Prince of Mecklenburg, thereby founding the Germanized House of Mecklenburg.
Obotritic confederation
8th century–1167
A black bull's head, the alleged symbol of the Obotrites and their princes (chieftains)
Arms of the House of Nikloting, princes of the Obotritic confederation
The Bavarian Geographer, an anonymous medieval document compiled in Regensburg in 830, contains a list of the tribes in Central Eastern Europe to the east of the Elbe. The list includes the Nortabtrezi (Obotrites) - with 53 civitates. Adam of Bremen referred to them as the Reregi because of their lucrative trade emporium Reric. In common with other Slavic groups, they were often described by Germanic sources as Wends.
Map of the Billunger Mark (c. 1000) showing different tribes of the Obotritic confederation
The main tribes of the Obotritic confederation were:[2]
The Limes Saxoniae forming the border between the Saxons to the west and the Obotrites to the east
As allies of the Carolingian kings and the empire of their Ottonian successors, the Obotrites fought from 808 to 1200 against the kings of Denmark, who wished to rule the Baltic region independently of the empire. When opportunities arose, for instance upon the death of an emperor, they would seek to seize power; and in 983 Hamburg was destroyed by the Obotrites under their king, Mstivoj. At times they levied tribute from the Danes and Saxons. Under the leadership of Niklot, they resisted a Christian assault during the Wendish Crusade.
German missionaries such as Vicelinus converted the Obotrites to Christianity. In 1170 they acknowledged the suzerainty of the Holy Roman Empire, leading to Germanisation and assimilation over the following centuries. However, up to the late 15th century most villagers in the Obotritic area were still speaking Slavic dialects (Polabian language), although subsequently their language was displaced by German. The Polabian language survived until the beginning of the 19th century in Hanoverian Wendland, eastern Lower Saxony (bordering modern Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania).[3] The ruling clan of the Obotrites kept its power throughout the Germanisation and ruled their country (except during a short interruption in Thirty Years' War) as House of Mecklenburg until the end of monarchies in Germany in November Revolution 1918. Previously, the Obodrites were dominated by the Naconids; Eastern (Far) Pomerania was ruled by the Pomeranian House (Grifichi).
Ally of the Frankish Empire. In 816, he joined the rebellion of the Sorbs. Eventually captured and abandoned by his own people, being replaced by Ceadrag in 818.
Ceadrag
819–after 826
Ally of the Frankish Empire. He rebelled against the Franks with alliance with the Danes, but later was reconciled with Franks.
Nako and his brother Stoigniew were defeated at the Raxa river (955) by Otto I, after which Stoigniew was beheaded and Nako accepted Christianity, resulting in thirty years of peace.
^Compared to the original old Slavic religion, the pagan religion of Polabian Slavs was "reformed" (improved) by wooden temples and priesthood as a high social class with political influence. Almost every Polabian tribe had its own pagan cult of a deity of military function or some version of the supreme god, whose high priests had sometimes military retinue and were equal to the chiefs or politically stronger. This made a pagan cults more organized and the Polabian Slavs more resistant to Christianization than other Slavic peoples who had less organized paganism and was practiced as a folk religion. It also caused the creation of a local theocracies.
Referencesedit
^Jensen, Carsten Selch (2006). "Abodrites" (PDF). In Alan V. Murray (ed.). The Crusades: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 3. OCLC 70122512.
Herrmann, Joachim (1970). Die Slawen in Deutschland (in German). Berlin: Akademie-Verlag GmbH.
Müller-Wille, Michael (2002). "Zwischen Kieler Förde und Wismarbucht: Archäologie der Obodriten vom späten 7. bis zur Mitte des 12. Jahrhunderts." In: Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission, vol. 83, pp. 243–264.
Turasiewicz A., Dzieje polityczne Obodrzyców od IX wieku do utraty niepodległości w latach 1160–1164, Warszawa, 2004, ISBN83-88508-65-2(in Polish)
External linksedit
Works related to Geographus Bavarus at Wikisource
Emperor Charles the Great in 804 gave Saxon land to Obodrites, dispersed Saxons
April 09, 2024
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You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German March 2014 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the German article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 9 091 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at de Abodriten see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated de Abodriten to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation The Obotrites Latin Obotriti Abodritorum Abodritos or Obodrites also spelled Abodrites German Abodriten were a confederation of medieval West Slavic tribes within the territory of modern Mecklenburg and Holstein in northern Germany see Polabian Slavs 1 For decades they were allies of Charlemagne in his wars against the Germanic Saxons and the Slavic Veleti The Obotrites under Prince Thrasco defeated the Saxons in the Battle of Bornhoved 798 The still Pagan Saxons were dispersed by the emperor and the part of their former land in Holstein north of Elbe was awarded to the Obotrites in 804 as a reward for their victory This however was soon reverted through an invasion of the Danes The Obotrite regnal style was abolished in 1167 when Pribislav was restored to power by Duke Henry the Lion as Prince of Mecklenburg thereby founding the Germanized House of Mecklenburg Obotritic confederation8th century 1167A black bull s head the alleged symbol ofthe Obotrites and theirprinces chieftains Arms of the Houseof Nikloting princes ofthe Obotritic confederationMain territory of the Obotritic confederationExpansion of the Obotritic confederation under Prince Thrasco 809 after victory over the Nordalbingian SaxonsStatusIndependent confederation of Polabian Slavic tribesCapitalVeligard or Veligrad German Michelenburg Common languagesPolabian Old SaxonReligionPolabian a Slavic paganism the known major cults Prove in Stargard Wagria Podaga in Plon Wagria Zhiva according to Helmold Svarozhich Radegast according to Helmold folk polytheism of minor cults Chernobog according to HelmoldSaxon paganism Nordalbingian Saxons Chalcedonian Christianity missionaries some nobles GovernmentHereditary monarchy Principality Prince ca 795 first Witzlaus 1160 1167 last PribislavHistory Formed8th century Accepted Saxon suzerainty1167Preceded by Succeeded byPolabian SlavsNordalbingia Duchy of Saxony Billung March Duchy of Saxony Holy Roman Empire Principality of Mecklenburg Duchy of SaxonyKingdom of DenmarkToday part ofGermany Contents 1 Obotritic confederation 2 History 3 List of Obotrite leaders 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Literature 8 External linksObotritic confederation editThe Bavarian Geographer an anonymous medieval document compiled in Regensburg in 830 contains a list of the tribes in Central Eastern Europe to the east of the Elbe The list includes the Nortabtrezi Obotrites with 53 civitates Adam of Bremen referred to them as the Reregi because of their lucrative trade emporium Reric In common with other Slavic groups they were often described by Germanic sources as Wends nbsp Map of the Billunger Mark c 1000 showing different tribes of the Obotritic confederationThe main tribes of the Obotritic confederation were 2 the Obotrites proper Wismar Bay to Lake Schwerin the Wagrians the eastern Holstein as part of Saxony the Warnower the upper Warnow and Mildenitz the Polabians proper between the Trave and the Elbe Other tribes associated with the confederation include 2 the Linonen near Lenzen the Travnjane near the Trave the Drevani in the Hanoverian Wendland the Ukrani in Prenzlau History edit nbsp The Limes Saxoniae forming the border between the Saxons to the west and the Obotrites to the eastAs allies of the Carolingian kings and the empire of their Ottonian successors the Obotrites fought from 808 to 1200 against the kings of Denmark who wished to rule the Baltic region independently of the empire When opportunities arose for instance upon the death of an emperor they would seek to seize power and in 983 Hamburg was destroyed by the Obotrites under their king Mstivoj At times they levied tribute from the Danes and Saxons Under the leadership of Niklot they resisted a Christian assault during the Wendish Crusade German missionaries such as Vicelinus converted the Obotrites to Christianity In 1170 they acknowledged the suzerainty of the Holy Roman Empire leading to Germanisation and assimilation over the following centuries However up to the late 15th century most villagers in the Obotritic area were still speaking Slavic dialects Polabian language although subsequently their language was displaced by German The Polabian language survived until the beginning of the 19th century in Hanoverian Wendland eastern Lower Saxony bordering modern Mecklenburg Western Pomerania 3 The ruling clan of the Obotrites kept its power throughout the Germanisation and ruled their country except during a short interruption in Thirty Years War as House of Mecklenburg until the end of monarchies in Germany in November Revolution 1918 Previously the Obodrites were dominated by the Naconids Eastern Far Pomerania was ruled by the Pomeranian House Grifichi List of Obotrite leaders edit nbsp Niklot 1090 1160 prince of the Obotritic confederation and founder of the Mecklenburg House Schwerin CastleRuler Reign NotesWitzlaus ca 795Thrasco ca 795 810Slavomir 810 819 Ally of the Frankish Empire In 816 he joined the rebellion of the Sorbs Eventually captured and abandoned by his own people being replaced by Ceadrag in 818 Ceadrag 819 after 826 Ally of the Frankish Empire He rebelled against the Franks with alliance with the Danes but later was reconciled with Franks SeliburNako 954 966 Nako and his brother Stoigniew were defeated at the Raxa river 955 by Otto I after which Stoigniew was beheaded and Nako accepted Christianity resulting in thirty years of peace Mstivoj and Mstidrag 966 995 Sons of Nako They abandoned Christianity and revolted against the Germans Great Slav Rising Mieceslas III 919 999 in 995 defeated by Otto III Holy Roman Emperor Mstislav 996 1018Udo or Przybigniew 1018 1028Ratibor 1028 1043Gottschalk 1043 to 1066Budivoj 1066 and 1069Kruto 1066 1069 and 1069 1093Henry 1093 1127Canute amp Sviatopolk 1127 1128Sviatopolk 1128 1129Zwinike 1129 1129Canute 1129 1131 Great great great great grandson of MstivojNiklot 1131 1160 Born around 1090 Also ruled the subdued Polabian Slav tribes of Kessinians and Circipanians Pribislav 1160 1167 Last Obotrite prince Accepted Saxon suzerainty in 1167 The rulers of Obotrite lands were later the dukes and grand dukes of Mecklenburg See also editList of Medieval Slavic tribes PraedenecentiNotes edit Compared to the original old Slavic religion the pagan religion of Polabian Slavs was reformed improved by wooden temples and priesthood as a high social class with political influence Almost every Polabian tribe had its own pagan cult of a deity of military function or some version of the supreme god whose high priests had sometimes military retinue and were equal to the chiefs or politically stronger This made a pagan cults more organized and the Polabian Slavs more resistant to Christianization than other Slavic peoples who had less organized paganism and was practiced as a folk religion It also caused the creation of a local theocracies References edit Jensen Carsten Selch 2006 Abodrites PDF In Alan V Murray ed The Crusades An Encyclopedia Vol 1 Santa Barbara ABC CLIO p 3 OCLC 70122512 a b Herrmann 1970 pp 7 8 Polabian languageLiterature editHerrmann Joachim 1970 Die Slawen in Deutschland in German Berlin Akademie Verlag GmbH Muller Wille Michael 2002 Zwischen Kieler Forde und Wismarbucht Archaologie der Obodriten vom spaten 7 bis zur Mitte des 12 Jahrhunderts In Bericht der Romisch Germanischen Kommission vol 83 pp 243 264 Turasiewicz A Dzieje polityczne Obodrzycow od IX wieku do utraty niepodleglosci w latach 1160 1164 Warszawa 2004 ISBN 83 88508 65 2 in Polish External links edit nbsp Works related to Geographus Bavarus at Wikisource Emperor Charles the Great in 804 gave Saxon land to Obodrites dispersed Saxons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Obotrites amp oldid 1213750881, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
