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Nur Ali Elahi

Nur Ali Elahi (or Ostad Elahi var. Nūr ‘Alī Ilāhī, Nour Ali Elahi, Persian: نورعلی الهی - استاد الهی) (September 11, 1895 – October 19, 1974) was an Iranian philosopher, judge and musician of Kurdish descent whose work investigated the metaphysical dimension of human beings.[1]

Nur Ali Elahi
Nur Ali Elahi in 1967
Born(1895-09-11)September 11, 1895
DiedOctober 19, 1974(1974-10-19) (aged 79)
Resting placeKoye Noor, Hashtgerd
NationalityIranian
Other namesOstad Elahi
OccupationChief Justice of the Supreme Court of Appeals for Mazandaran Province
Websiteostadelahi.com

Early life

Elahi was born in Jeyhunabad, a small Kurdish village near the eponymous capital of Kermanshah Province.[2][3] His father, Hajj Nematollah (1871–1920),[4] was a mystic and poet who was a leader of the Ahl-e Haqq and revered as a saint.[5] From early childhood, he led an ascetic, secluded life of rigorous discipline under his father's supervision with a special focus on mysticism, music, and ethics. In addition to religious and moral instruction, he received the classical education of the time. During study and contemplation in his youth, he established the basis of his philosophical and spiritual reflections.[6]

By the time his father died in 1919, Elahi had concluded that the time for classical spirituality had come to an end, and that the quest for spiritual development could no longer take place in the tranquility of ascetic seclusion. Instead, he believed that spirituality had to be practiced within the context of an active and productive life in the midst of society. Thus, at the age of twenty-four he left behind a contemplative life to test his ethical principles in society. Eventually settling in the capital city of Tehran, he cut his long hair and beard, replaced his traditional robes with a Western-style suit, and entered the civil service.[7]

Judicial career

 
As a Court of Appeals judge in 1949

A few years later, as the country was undergoing extensive governmental reforms that included the establishment of an entirely new judicial system, Elahi enrolled in the newly formed National School of Jurisprudence. He finished a three-year curriculum in six months, and graduated with distinction in 1934.[8][9]

Elahi then began a 23-year legal career, with his first assignment as Justice of the Peace in Larestan County, Fars Province, and culminating in his appointment as Chief Justice of the Court of Appeals and the High Court of Criminal Appeals of Mazandaran Province. He was highly regarded both for the precision with which he observed rights and duties, and for the importance he placed on the rule of law and women's rights.[10] Elahi retired in 1957 at the age of 62 and settled in Tehran.[11]

Throughout his legal career, Elahi devoted time to personal studies and research, especially in philosophy and theology. This period of metaphysical investigation helped him to formulate his later works.[12]

Philosophy

Elahi's philosophy addresses questions about the origin and nature of human beings, their role and responsibilities in the world, and their ultimate destination. His work highlights the idea of the duality of man as both a material and spiritual being, and reasserts the importance of their metaphysical dimension. He believed that self-realization requires more than mere reflection, and that spirituality, like any science, must necessarily be grounded in verifiable experiences. Elahi's written and oral teachings are thus the direct result of his personal experiences, rather than philosophical reflections.[13]

Writings

Elahi began to gradually reveal his system of thought after his retirement from the judiciary in 1957. During this time he wrote and published two scholarly works in the fields of religious science and authentic spirituality, as well as an extensive commentary on his father's writings. The practical aspect of his thought, on the other hand, was conveyed mostly in the form of oral teachings and instruction to close friends and acquaintances who sought his advice and guidance. Two volumes of his sayings have been published to date on the basis of notes transcribed by these individuals.[14] He also authored several manuscripts that remain unpublished, including Unveiling of the Truths (Kashf al-Haqa'iq), which describes the genesis of the universe and the role of human beings.[15]

In 1963 Elahi published his first book, "Demonstration of the Truth" (Burhān al-Ḥaqq), a theological work which presented for the first time an authoritative historical account of the Ahl-e Haqq, including its development, fundamental principles, and sacred rites, which until then had been kept secret. The book also addressed the esoteric aims shared in common by the Qur'an, Islam, and the Ahl-e Haqq.[16]

In 1966 he published his second work, "Commentary on the Book of the Kings of Truth" (Ḥaqq al-ḥaqāyiq yā Shāhnāmah-ʾi ḥaqīqat), a commentary on his father's epic poem that expounded upon the determination of places and dates, the historical accuracy of certain events cited therein, and the concept of "divine manifestation".[17]

His third and final published work, a philosophical treatise titled "Knowing the Spirit" (Maʻrifat al-rūḥ), was published in 1969 and describes his ideas on the existence and immortality of the soul, and on the soul's gradual process of maturation and perfection.[18]

Music

For Elahi, music was primarily a means of engaging in contemplation and prayer. He never performed in public and did not make any recordings of his music in a professional setting.[19]

Elahi's music is rooted in a tradition involving the rhythmic recital and invocation of sacred texts in devotional gatherings, accompanied by various instruments such as the tanbur (an ancient lute), the ney (reed flute) and the daf (frame drum).[20]

Elahi began playing the tanbur at the age of six and was recognized as a master of the tanbur by the age of nine.[21] He would eventually revive this ancient art, composing over 100 original pieces that he used as the basis for his improvisations.[22] His musical ornamentations and complex playing technique, which for the first time involved the use of all five fingers of both hands, as well as his physical modifications to the instrument itself - namely, the doubling of the higher string so as to dramatically increase its expressiveness - earned him a reputation as an innovator of this art form and a master of the tanbur.[23]

Since the commemoration of his centennial in 1995, eleven CDs of his music have been released.[24] The bulk of the original recordings were made on basic mono tape recording equipment during the 1960s and '70's in the context of informal gatherings with family and friends. These tapes have since been digitally remastered and restored.[25]

One of the characteristic aspects of Elahi's music was the use of improvisation, in which he would weave together pieces of diverse tempo and rhythm while maintaining a coherent whole.[26] One such piece, Improvisations in Baba Jalili in the fourth followed by the Suite Zang-e Shotori in the second, found on the CD Destinations (Le Chant du Monde, 2008) exemplifies this aspect. Here, Elahi shifts back and forth between several different melodies and mixes the rhythm of one melody into that of another.[27]

Elahi's tanbur playing was also known for its use of complex ornamentations and the density of the notes, with up to 12 notes being played per second at times.[28] These features are apparent in Suite Sahari from the CD The Celestial Music of Ostad Elahi (Le Chant du Monde, 2004), a melody which was played at dawn to awaken dervishes for prayer.[29]

Elahi personally taught the entirety of his repertoire for the tanbur to his youngest son, Dr. Chahrokh Elahi,[30][31] who has recorded all of it on video, demonstrating Elahi's style and technique.[32]

Legacy

 
Tomb of Nur Ali Elahi

During the latter part of his life, Elahi was surrounded by individuals with diverse backgrounds and interests: atheists who came for a debate, musicians who sought advice on some technical point, scholars who wished to broaden the scope of his research, villagers or seekers who sought spiritual guidance. He welcomed them all and took the time to address each of their concerns.[33]

Elahi was married and had three sons (Amin, Bahram, and Chahrokh), and three daughters (Fatemeh "Fati" Nemati, Farkhondeh, and Gita).

Elahi died on October 19, 1974 at the age of seventy-nine in Iran. A memorial was erected in his memory in Hashtgerd, a rural town located on the outskirts of Tehran.[34]

After his death in 1974, his philosophy and teachings were continued by his son, Prof. Bahram Elahi (born 1931), a former pediatric surgeon and medical school dean who has written several books analyzing and elaborating upon this line of thinking.[35]

History of the title "Ostad Elahi"

Born with the name "Fatollah", Nur Ali's childhood nickname was "Kuchek Ali".[36] At the age of eleven, he went through a spiritual transformation during an ascetic retreat with his father, who subsequently changed the child's name to "Sayyed Nur Ali".[37] In 1941, while working as an attorney general in Khorammabad, Nur Ali legally changed his family name to "Elahi".[38]

Following his death, his sister Malak Jân Nemati (Also known as Malak Jân, Sheikh Jâni and Jâni Jân)[39] assumed responsibility for continuing his legacy.[40] In accordance with the custom of referring to elders with deference, Malak Jân referred to her brother with the title "Hazrat Ostad" for the next twenty years as she continued explaining his teachings.

When the Organizing Committee for the commemoration of his centennial [41] planned the 1995 commemoration events in Paris, London, New York, Los Angeles, and Tehran, they had to translate the title "Hazrat-e Ostad" into Western languages. However, the literal translation of this title in English conflicted with Elahi's reputation for humility (for example, His Highness or Majesty Master Nur Ali Elahi). With the permission of his family, the Committee settled on the title "Ostad Elahi" to retain the respect intended by his sister, and to convey that he was a master musician. As a result, most books and articles written about him since 1995 have used the title "Ostad Elahi".[42][43]

Centennial commemoration

 
The Life and Work of Ostad Elahi Exhibition at the Chapelle de la Sorbonne in Paris

Elahi spent the greater part of his life and work in the pursuit of self-knowledge and mysticism. In 1995, to celebrate the centennial of his birth, symposia were convened at universities in Paris, London, Los Angeles, and New York, where authorities in science, jurisprudence, literature, and music gathered to reflect on the theme of "Spirituality: Plurality and Unity". Lectures and roundtables were presented on a variety of topics, including the unity of religions, ethics and jurisprudence, science and spirituality, and the relevance of contemporary mysticism.[44]

Under the patronage of UNESCO and the French Ministry of Culture, and in collaboration with the Academy of Paris, a two-month exhibition was concurrently organized on "The Life and Work of Ostad Elahi" at the Chapelle de la Sorbonne in Paris from September 6 to October 31, 1995.[45] The exhibition was divided into three sections that traced the chronology of his life: Dawn (1895–1920), Rising Sun (1920–1957), and Full Sun (1957–1974). Each of these periods was illustrated by a set of texts, photographs, autobiographical anecdotes, and personal objects which aimed to allow visitors to become acquainted with Elahi and the different periods of his life.[46]

The exhibition also featured a music chamber filled with the sounds of melodies composed and played by Elahi. This music, previously reserved for devotional settings, was played publicly for the first time on this occasion. A collection of traditional instruments belonging to Elahi and his father, including tanburs, setars, and dafs, were also on display in the chamber.[47]

Recent exhibitions

From August 5, 2014 through January 11, 2015, an exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, entitled The Sacred Lute: The Art of Ostad Elahi, presented under the patronage of UNESCO, explores the parallel between his playing of the tanbur and his approach to the quest for truth and self-knowledge.[48][49]

Notes

  1. ^ During (2003) pp. 41-43; Morris (2007) p. 2
  2. ^ Morris (2007) p. 2
  3. ^ Life of Ostad Elahi: Chronology
  4. ^ Morris (2007) p. 2; During (2003) p. 47; The Official Website of Hadj Nemat
  5. ^ Morris (2007) p. 2; During (2003) pp. 23-26
  6. ^ Morris (2007) p. 3; Elahi, Asar-ol Haqq
  7. ^ During (2003) p. 37; Morris (2007) p. 5
  8. ^ During (2003) p. 39
  9. ^ Life of Ostad Elahi: Judiciary
  10. ^ Sandra Day O'Connor & Kim Azzarelli (2011). "Sustainable Development, Rule of Law, and the Impact of Women Judges". Cornell International Law Journal. 44 (1): 5.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  11. ^ For a complete list of all his judicial appointments, see Life of Ostad Elahi: Chronology
  12. ^ Elahi, Asar-ol Haqq; Orientations: Islamic Thought in a World Civilisation, James Winston Morris (2004)
  13. ^ Morris (2002); Morris (1996)
  14. ^ Morris (2007) p. 9
  15. ^ Morris (2007) p. 10; Ostad Elahi: Works: Manuscripts
  16. ^ Morris (2007) p. 10; Ostad Elahi: Works: Publications: Demonstration of the Truth
  17. ^ Ostad Elahi: Works: Publications: Commentary on The Book of the Kings of Truth
  18. ^ Morris (2007) pp. 10-11; Unicity p. XVI; Ostad Elahi: Works: Publications: Knowing the Spirit
  19. ^ During (2003) p. 153
  20. ^ During (1989)
  21. ^ During (2003) pp. 28-29; Morris (2007) p. 4
  22. ^ During (2003) pp. 28, 52
  23. ^ During (2003) pp. 54-61
  24. ^ See Discography section below
  25. ^ During (2003) pp. 153-154
  26. ^ During (2003) pp. 71-72
  27. ^ See liner notes from Destinations
  28. ^ During (2003) pp. 73-75.
  29. ^ See liner notes from The Celestial Music of Ostad Elahi
  30. ^ During (2003) p. 144
  31. ^ The Art of Tanbur
  32. ^ See for example The Art of Tanbur: Exploring the Music of Ostad Elahi (1895-1974) on YouTube
  33. ^ During (2003) pp. 42-43; B. Elahi (1995)
  34. ^ During (2003) p. 46; B. Elahi (1995)
  35. ^ These books include: The Path of Perfection (Paraview Inc, 2005), Medicine of the Soul: Foundations of Natural Spirituality (Cornwall Books, 2001), Spirituality is a Science: Foundations of Natural Spirituality (Cornwall Books, 1999), Foundations of Natural Spirituality: A Scientific Approach to the Nature of the Spiritual Self (Element Books, 1998) and The Way of Light (Element, 1993).
  36. ^ Elahi, Asar ol-Haqq (vol 1.), 1854.
  37. ^ Elahi, Asar ol-Haqq (vol. 1) p. 1856
  38. ^ This name change was approved on October 21, 1941 and announced in the December 9, 1941 edition of "Etelaat" newspaper.
  39. ^ malakjan.com
  40. ^ Malek Jân Ne'mati by Leili Anvar (Diane de Selliers, 2007) ISBN 978-2-903656-41-6
  41. ^ See "Symposium on Spirituality Celebrates the Centennial of Ostad Elahi" and "Unicity" A Collection of Photographs of Ostad Elahi 1895-1974
  42. ^ See 100 Maxims of Guidance, "Unicity" A Collection of Photographs of Ostad Elahi 1895-1974, Words of Faith: Prayers of Ostad Elahi, Le Spirituel: pluralité et unité, actes du symposium
  43. ^ Morris (2007) p. 2
  44. ^ Le Spirituel: pluralité et unité, actes du symposium
  45. ^ "Symposium on Spirituality Celebrates the Centennial of Ostad Elahi". In UNESCO News, Vol. 2, No. 6, (November 10, 1995)
  46. ^ Words of Faith: Prayers of Ostad Elahi; B. Elahi, 1995
  47. ^ Sarraut
  48. ^ The Sacred Lute: The Art of Ostad Elahi
  49. ^ Schweitzer, Vivien (August 29, 2014). "Ostad Elahi, a Tanbur Master, Is Celebrated at Met Museum". The New York Times. New York City. Retrieved August 31, 2014.

Bibliography

Select works by Elahi

English

  • Words of Faith: Prayers of Ostad Elahi (Paris: Robert Laffont, 1995) ISBN 978-2-911331-02-2
  • 100 Maxims of Guidance. Introduction by Bahram Elahi. (Paris: Robert Laffont, 1995) ISBN 978-2-911331-00-8
  • Knowing the Spirit. Translated and with an introduction by James Winston Morris. (Albany: SUNY Press, 2007) ISBN 978-0-7914-6858-6

French

  • Confidences Prières d'Ostad Elahi [Words of Faith: Prayers of Ostad Elahi]. (Robert Laffont, 1995) ISBN 978-2-221-08205-8
  • 100 maximes de guidance [100 Maxims of Guidance]. (Robert Laffont, 1995) ISBN 978-2221082065
  • Connaissance de l'âme [Knowing the Spirit]. Translated by Clara Deville. (L'Harmattan, 2001) ISBN 2-7475-0452-2
  • Paroles de Vérité [Words of Truth]. Translated by Leili Anvar. (Paris: Albin Michel, 2014) ISBN 978-2-226-253910
  • Maximes de guidance: Principes de sagesse universelle [Maxims of Guidance: Principles of Universal Wisdom]. (Pocket Agora, 2015) ISBN 978-2266227773

Italian

Persian

  • Borhan-ol Haqq (Persian: برهان الحق) [Demonstration of Truth] 1st ed. (Amir Kabir, 1963)
  • Haqq-ol Haqaiq (Persian: حق الحقايق) [Commentary on Shahnameh Haqiqat (The Book of the Kings of Truth)] (Husseini, 1967)
  • Ma'refat-ol Ruh (Persian: معرفت الروح) [Knowing the Spirit] 1st edition (Tahuri, 1969)
  • Asar-ol Haqq (Persian: آثارالحق) [Traces of Truth] ed. B. Elahi. Volume I (Jeyhun, 1978)
  • Asar-ol Haqq (Persian: آثارالحق) [Traces of Truth] ed. B. Elahi. Volume II (Jeyhun, 1992)
  • Bargozideh (Persian: برگزیده) [Words of Truth] ed. Bahram Elahi. (Nashr-e Panj, 2009)

Select works on Elahi's life and philosophy

English

  • Malak Jan Nemati: Life Isn't Short, but Time Is Limited. Leili Anvar. (New York: Arpeggio Press, 2012). ISBN 978-0-9834320-2-9
  • Self-knowledge and the practice of ethics: Ostad Elahi's concept of the “imperious self”. Elie During. (2011). Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1234: 149–157. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06203.x
  • Shifting Perspectives: Changing Your Outlook for Positive Results. Olivier Brizevac and Emmanuel Comte, translated by Benjamin Ivry. (New York: Paraview, 2007) ISBN 978-0-9764986-5-0
  • Ostad Elahi on Spirituality in Everyday Life. James W. Morris. (Public Lecture presented at University of California at Santa Barbara, Department of Religion, May 2, 2007)
  • Overcoming Jealousy. Beatrice Guernier and Agnes Rousseau, translated by Benjamin Ivry. (New York: Paraview, 2006) ISBN 978-0-9764986-4-3
  • The Path of Perfection. Bahram Elahi. (New York: Paraview, 2005) ISBN 978-0-9764986-0-5
  • Orientations: Islamic Thought in a World Civilization. James Winston Morris. (London: Archetype, 2004) ISBN 978-1-901383-10-2
  • The Spirit of Sounds: The Unique Art of Ostad Elahi. Jean During. (New York: Cornwall Books, 2003) ISBN 978-0-8453-4884-0
  • Medicine of the Soul: Foundations of Natural Spirituality. Bahram Elahi. (New York: Cornwall Books, 2001) ISBN 978-0-8453-4875-8
  • Spirituality is a Science: Foundations of Natural Spirituality. Bahram Elahi. (New York: Cornwall Books, 1999) ISBN 978-0-8453-4868-0
  • Foundations of Natural Spirituality: A Scientific Approach to the Nature of the Spiritual Self. Bahram Elahi (Dorset: Element Books, 1998) ISBN 978-1-86204-238-4
  • "Symposium on Spirituality Celebrates the Centennial of Ostad Elahi". In UNESCO News, Vol. 2, No. 6, (November 10, 1995)
  • The Life and Work of Ostad Elahi. Directed by Marion Sarraut. (A video published on the occasion of his centenary in 1995)
  • "Unicity" A Collection of Photographs of Ostad Elahi 1895-1974. [Centennial Commemoration Volume] (Paris: Robert Laffont, 1995) ISBN 978-2-911331-01-5
  • The Way of Light. Bahram Elahi. (Dorset: Element Books, 1993) ISBN 978-1-85230-381-5

French

  • Fondamentaux du perfectionnement spirituel ; le guide pratique. Bahram Elahi. (Paris: Dervy, 2019) ISBN 979-10-242-0412-3
  • La Voie de la Perfection: Introduction á la pensée d’Ostad Elahi. Bahram Elahi (Paris: Albin Michel, 2018) ISBN 978-2-226-40050-5
  • Ostad Elahi et la tradition: Droit, philosophie et mystique en Iran - Vol I. S. Marin (Bruxelles: éditions Safran, 2011) ISBN 978-2-87457-037-7
  • Ostad Elahi et la modernité. Droit, philosophie et magistrature en Iran - Vol II. S. Marin (Bruxelles: éditions Safran, 2011) ISBN 978-2-87457-038-4
  • Vérité et jugement: Ostad Elahi, juge et philosophe iranien (1895–1974). S. Marin. Thèse de l'Université de Paris-X, Nanterre (2006)
  • Ostad Elahi et les droits de l'homme: Ethique et modernité, in Le Code civil et les droits de l'homme, textes réunis et publiés par Jean-Luc Chabot, Philippe Didier, Jérôme Ferrand, (Paris: L'Harmattan, 2005) pp. 418–434. ISBN 2-7475-8893-9
  • Une philosophie du droit en Islam? Un exemple iranien, Journées de la recherche en théorie et philosophie juridiques et politiques, p. 23
  • La Voie de la Perfection. Bahram Elahi. (Paris: Albin Michel, 2002) ISBN 978-2-226-13260-4
  • L'éveil de l'intelligence spirituelle et les dimensions du processus éthique selon Ostad Elahi. James Winston Morris. In Dieu a-t-il sa place dans la ethique?, ed. E. During, 86–99. (Paris: L'Harmattan, 2002) ISBN 2-7475-2168-0
  • L'âme des sons. Jean During. (Gordes: Editions du Relié, 2001) ISBN 978-2-909698-71-7
  • Le rôle de la traduction et de l'interprétation du droit en Iran dans la première moitié du XXème siècle: l'exemple d'Ostad Elahi (1895–1974), S. Marin and F. Ameli. Droit et Cultures, Revue trimestrielle d'anthropologie et d'histoire, publiée avec le concours du CNRS, 44/2001, pp. 183–201.
  • Médecine de l'âme. Bahram Elahi. (Paris: Editions Dervy, 2000) ISBN 978-2-84454-023-2
  • La spiritualité est une science. Bahram Elahi. (Paris: Editions Dervy, 1997) ISBN 978-2-85076-927-6
  • Fondements de la Spiritualité Naturelle. Bahram Elahi. (Paris: Editions Dervy, 1996) ISBN 978-2-85076-860-6
  • Le Spirituel: Pluralité et Unité [The Acta of the Symposium, "Spirituality: Plurality and Unity"] (Presses de l'Université de Paris-Sorbonne, 1996)
  • La Pensée d'Ostad Elahi. James Winston Morris. In Le Spirituel: pluralité et unité, actes du symposium (Cahiers d'Anthropologie Religieuse, ed. M. Meslin, volume 5), 137-147 (Presses de l'Université, 1996)
  • De l'unité des religions. Andrei Chouraqui. Cahiers d'Anthropologie Religieuse, n° 5, under the direction of Professor Michel Meslin, University of Paris-Sorbonne Press, 1996, pp. 25–33, 187-88
  • Ethique et droit. F. Terre, Symposium in French Supreme Court (Sept. 1995), in Cahiers d'Anthropologie Religieuse, n° 5, under the direction of Professor Michel Meslin, University of Paris-Sorbonne Press, 1996, pp. 179–186.
  • Musique et Mystique Dans Les Traditions de L'Iran. Jean During. (Paris: Institut français de recherche en Iran, 1989) ISBN 978-90-6831-191-4
  • Le Chemin de la Lumière. Bahram Elahi. (Paris: Albin Michel, 1985) ISBN 978-2-226-02467-1

German

Italian

Polish

  • Droga do doskonałości. Bahram Elahi. (Warszawa: Nowe Wydawnictwo Polskie, 1991) ISBN 978-83-85135-07-4

Greek

  • Ή ὁδὸς τῆς τελειότητας. Bahram Elahi. (Εκάτη, 1994)

Discography

  • The Celestial Music of Ostad Elahi (1996), CMT 774 1026 Le Chant du Monde (Originally released in 1995 as The Celestial Music of Ostad Elahi Vol. I)
  • Dialogue with the Beloved (1997), CMT 774 1100 Le Chant du Monde (Originally released in 1995 as The Celestial Music of Ostad Elahi Vol. II)
  • Paths of Divine Love (1997), CMT 774 1083 Le Chant du Monde
  • A Spiritual Epic (1998), CMT 774 1432 Le Chant du Monde
  • Celestial Harmonies (1999), CMT 774 1122 Le Chant du Monde
  • Mystical Orison (2000), CMT 774 1137 Le Chant du Monde
  • Cascade (2002), CMT 774 1150 Le Chant du Monde
  • Celestial Danses (2005), CMT 774 1327 Le Chant du Monde
  • Destinations (Double CD) (2008), CMT 774 1626 Le Chant du Monde
  • Presence (2014), CMT 774 2300 Le Chant du Monde
  • The Sacred Lute: The Art of Ostad Elahi (Double CD) (2014), CMT 874 2259 Le Chant du Monde & The Metropolitan Museum of Art
  • Awakening (2014), CMT 774 2367 Le Chant du Monde
  • Résilience (2019), Le Chant du Monde – Harmonia Mundi / The Metropolitan Museum of Art
  • Mon Commencement et Ma Fin (2019), Le Chant du Monde – Harmonia Mundi / The Metropolitan Museum of Art

External links

  • Official website
  • The Ostad Elahi Foundation
  • OstadExpo.com
  • Ostad Radio: 24/7 radio station playing Elahi's music
  • A Conversation with Ostad Elahi
  • e-ostadelahi.com
  • Ostad Elahi Unicity

elahi, ostad, elahi, nūr, alī, ilāhī, nour, elahi, persian, نورعلی, الهی, استاد, الهی, september, 1895, october, 1974, iranian, philosopher, judge, musician, kurdish, descent, whose, work, investigated, metaphysical, dimension, human, beings, 1967born, 1895, s. Nur Ali Elahi or Ostad Elahi var Nur Ali Ilahi Nour Ali Elahi Persian نورعلی الهی استاد الهی September 11 1895 October 19 1974 was an Iranian philosopher judge and musician of Kurdish descent whose work investigated the metaphysical dimension of human beings 1 Nur Ali ElahiNur Ali Elahi in 1967Born 1895 09 11 September 11 1895Jeyhunabad Kermanshah IranDiedOctober 19 1974 1974 10 19 aged 79 Tehran IranResting placeKoye Noor HashtgerdNationalityIranianOther namesOstad ElahiOccupationChief Justice of the Supreme Court of Appeals for Mazandaran ProvinceWebsiteostadelahi wbr com Contents 1 Early life 2 Judicial career 3 Philosophy 4 Writings 5 Music 6 Legacy 6 1 History of the title Ostad Elahi 6 2 Centennial commemoration 6 3 Recent exhibitions 7 Notes 8 Bibliography 8 1 Select works by Elahi 8 1 1 English 8 1 2 French 8 1 3 Italian 8 1 4 Persian 8 2 Select works on Elahi s life and philosophy 8 2 1 English 8 2 2 French 8 2 3 German 8 2 4 Italian 8 2 5 Polish 8 2 6 Greek 9 Discography 10 External linksEarly life EditElahi was born in Jeyhunabad a small Kurdish village near the eponymous capital of Kermanshah Province 2 3 His father Hajj Nematollah 1871 1920 4 was a mystic and poet who was a leader of the Ahl e Haqq and revered as a saint 5 From early childhood he led an ascetic secluded life of rigorous discipline under his father s supervision with a special focus on mysticism music and ethics In addition to religious and moral instruction he received the classical education of the time During study and contemplation in his youth he established the basis of his philosophical and spiritual reflections 6 By the time his father died in 1919 Elahi had concluded that the time for classical spirituality had come to an end and that the quest for spiritual development could no longer take place in the tranquility of ascetic seclusion Instead he believed that spirituality had to be practiced within the context of an active and productive life in the midst of society Thus at the age of twenty four he left behind a contemplative life to test his ethical principles in society Eventually settling in the capital city of Tehran he cut his long hair and beard replaced his traditional robes with a Western style suit and entered the civil service 7 Judicial career Edit As a Court of Appeals judge in 1949 A few years later as the country was undergoing extensive governmental reforms that included the establishment of an entirely new judicial system Elahi enrolled in the newly formed National School of Jurisprudence He finished a three year curriculum in six months and graduated with distinction in 1934 8 9 Elahi then began a 23 year legal career with his first assignment as Justice of the Peace in Larestan County Fars Province and culminating in his appointment as Chief Justice of the Court of Appeals and the High Court of Criminal Appeals of Mazandaran Province He was highly regarded both for the precision with which he observed rights and duties and for the importance he placed on the rule of law and women s rights 10 Elahi retired in 1957 at the age of 62 and settled in Tehran 11 Throughout his legal career Elahi devoted time to personal studies and research especially in philosophy and theology This period of metaphysical investigation helped him to formulate his later works 12 Philosophy EditElahi s philosophy addresses questions about the origin and nature of human beings their role and responsibilities in the world and their ultimate destination His work highlights the idea of the duality of man as both a material and spiritual being and reasserts the importance of their metaphysical dimension He believed that self realization requires more than mere reflection and that spirituality like any science must necessarily be grounded in verifiable experiences Elahi s written and oral teachings are thus the direct result of his personal experiences rather than philosophical reflections 13 Writings EditElahi began to gradually reveal his system of thought after his retirement from the judiciary in 1957 During this time he wrote and published two scholarly works in the fields of religious science and authentic spirituality as well as an extensive commentary on his father s writings The practical aspect of his thought on the other hand was conveyed mostly in the form of oral teachings and instruction to close friends and acquaintances who sought his advice and guidance Two volumes of his sayings have been published to date on the basis of notes transcribed by these individuals 14 He also authored several manuscripts that remain unpublished including Unveiling of the Truths Kashf al Haqa iq which describes the genesis of the universe and the role of human beings 15 In 1963 Elahi published his first book Demonstration of the Truth Burhan al Ḥaqq a theological work which presented for the first time an authoritative historical account of the Ahl e Haqq including its development fundamental principles and sacred rites which until then had been kept secret The book also addressed the esoteric aims shared in common by the Qur an Islam and the Ahl e Haqq 16 In 1966 he published his second work Commentary on the Book of the Kings of Truth Ḥaqq al ḥaqayiq ya Shahnamah ʾi ḥaqiqat a commentary on his father s epic poem that expounded upon the determination of places and dates the historical accuracy of certain events cited therein and the concept of divine manifestation 17 His third and final published work a philosophical treatise titled Knowing the Spirit Maʻrifat al ruḥ was published in 1969 and describes his ideas on the existence and immortality of the soul and on the soul s gradual process of maturation and perfection 18 Music Edit Elahi Playing the Tanbur Improvisation in Baba Jalili source source An excerpt from a track on the CD DestinationsSuite Sahari source source An excerpt from a track on the CD The Celestial Music of Ostad Elahi Problems playing these files See media help For Elahi music was primarily a means of engaging in contemplation and prayer He never performed in public and did not make any recordings of his music in a professional setting 19 Elahi s music is rooted in a tradition involving the rhythmic recital and invocation of sacred texts in devotional gatherings accompanied by various instruments such as the tanbur an ancient lute the ney reed flute and the daf frame drum 20 Elahi began playing the tanbur at the age of six and was recognized as a master of the tanbur by the age of nine 21 He would eventually revive this ancient art composing over 100 original pieces that he used as the basis for his improvisations 22 His musical ornamentations and complex playing technique which for the first time involved the use of all five fingers of both hands as well as his physical modifications to the instrument itself namely the doubling of the higher string so as to dramatically increase its expressiveness earned him a reputation as an innovator of this art form and a master of the tanbur 23 Since the commemoration of his centennial in 1995 eleven CDs of his music have been released 24 The bulk of the original recordings were made on basic mono tape recording equipment during the 1960s and 70 s in the context of informal gatherings with family and friends These tapes have since been digitally remastered and restored 25 One of the characteristic aspects of Elahi s music was the use of improvisation in which he would weave together pieces of diverse tempo and rhythm while maintaining a coherent whole 26 One such piece Improvisations in Baba Jalili in the fourth followed by the Suite Zang e Shotori in the second found on the CD Destinations Le Chant du Monde 2008 exemplifies this aspect Here Elahi shifts back and forth between several different melodies and mixes the rhythm of one melody into that of another 27 Elahi s tanbur playing was also known for its use of complex ornamentations and the density of the notes with up to 12 notes being played per second at times 28 These features are apparent in Suite Sahari from the CD The Celestial Music of Ostad Elahi Le Chant du Monde 2004 a melody which was played at dawn to awaken dervishes for prayer 29 Elahi personally taught the entirety of his repertoire for the tanbur to his youngest son Dr Chahrokh Elahi 30 31 who has recorded all of it on video demonstrating Elahi s style and technique 32 Legacy Edit Tomb of Nur Ali Elahi During the latter part of his life Elahi was surrounded by individuals with diverse backgrounds and interests atheists who came for a debate musicians who sought advice on some technical point scholars who wished to broaden the scope of his research villagers or seekers who sought spiritual guidance He welcomed them all and took the time to address each of their concerns 33 Elahi was married and had three sons Amin Bahram and Chahrokh and three daughters Fatemeh Fati Nemati Farkhondeh and Gita Elahi died on October 19 1974 at the age of seventy nine in Iran A memorial was erected in his memory in Hashtgerd a rural town located on the outskirts of Tehran 34 After his death in 1974 his philosophy and teachings were continued by his son Prof Bahram Elahi born 1931 a former pediatric surgeon and medical school dean who has written several books analyzing and elaborating upon this line of thinking 35 History of the title Ostad Elahi Edit Born with the name Fatollah Nur Ali s childhood nickname was Kuchek Ali 36 At the age of eleven he went through a spiritual transformation during an ascetic retreat with his father who subsequently changed the child s name to Sayyed Nur Ali 37 In 1941 while working as an attorney general in Khorammabad Nur Ali legally changed his family name to Elahi 38 Following his death his sister Malak Jan Nemati Also known as Malak Jan Sheikh Jani and Jani Jan 39 assumed responsibility for continuing his legacy 40 In accordance with the custom of referring to elders with deference Malak Jan referred to her brother with the title Hazrat Ostad for the next twenty years as she continued explaining his teachings When the Organizing Committee for the commemoration of his centennial 41 planned the 1995 commemoration events in Paris London New York Los Angeles and Tehran they had to translate the title Hazrat e Ostad into Western languages However the literal translation of this title in English conflicted with Elahi s reputation for humility for example His Highness or Majesty Master Nur Ali Elahi With the permission of his family the Committee settled on the title Ostad Elahi to retain the respect intended by his sister and to convey that he was a master musician As a result most books and articles written about him since 1995 have used the title Ostad Elahi 42 43 Centennial commemoration Edit The Life and Work of Ostad Elahi Exhibition at the Chapelle de la Sorbonne in Paris Elahi spent the greater part of his life and work in the pursuit of self knowledge and mysticism In 1995 to celebrate the centennial of his birth symposia were convened at universities in Paris London Los Angeles and New York where authorities in science jurisprudence literature and music gathered to reflect on the theme of Spirituality Plurality and Unity Lectures and roundtables were presented on a variety of topics including the unity of religions ethics and jurisprudence science and spirituality and the relevance of contemporary mysticism 44 Under the patronage of UNESCO and the French Ministry of Culture and in collaboration with the Academy of Paris a two month exhibition was concurrently organized on The Life and Work of Ostad Elahi at the Chapelle de la Sorbonne in Paris from September 6 to October 31 1995 45 The exhibition was divided into three sections that traced the chronology of his life Dawn 1895 1920 Rising Sun 1920 1957 and Full Sun 1957 1974 Each of these periods was illustrated by a set of texts photographs autobiographical anecdotes and personal objects which aimed to allow visitors to become acquainted with Elahi and the different periods of his life 46 The exhibition also featured a music chamber filled with the sounds of melodies composed and played by Elahi This music previously reserved for devotional settings was played publicly for the first time on this occasion A collection of traditional instruments belonging to Elahi and his father including tanburs setars and dafs were also on display in the chamber 47 Recent exhibitions Edit From August 5 2014 through January 11 2015 an exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art entitled The Sacred Lute The Art of Ostad Elahi presented under the patronage of UNESCO explores the parallel between his playing of the tanbur and his approach to the quest for truth and self knowledge 48 49 Notes Edit During 2003 pp 41 43 Morris 2007 p 2 Morris 2007 p 2 Life of Ostad Elahi Chronology Morris 2007 p 2 During 2003 p 47 The Official Website of Hadj Nemat Morris 2007 p 2 During 2003 pp 23 26 Morris 2007 p 3 Elahi Asar ol Haqq During 2003 p 37 Morris 2007 p 5 During 2003 p 39 Life of Ostad Elahi Judiciary Sandra Day O Connor amp Kim Azzarelli 2011 Sustainable Development Rule of Law and the Impact of Women Judges Cornell International Law Journal 44 1 5 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint uses authors parameter link For a complete list of all his judicial appointments see Life of Ostad Elahi Chronology Elahi Asar ol Haqq Orientations Islamic Thought in a World Civilisation James Winston Morris 2004 Morris 2002 Morris 1996 Morris 2007 p 9 Morris 2007 p 10 Ostad Elahi Works Manuscripts Morris 2007 p 10 Ostad Elahi Works Publications Demonstration of the Truth Ostad Elahi Works Publications Commentary on The Book of the Kings of Truth Morris 2007 pp 10 11 Unicity p XVI Ostad Elahi Works Publications Knowing the Spirit During 2003 p 153 During 1989 During 2003 pp 28 29 Morris 2007 p 4 During 2003 pp 28 52 During 2003 pp 54 61 See Discography section below During 2003 pp 153 154 During 2003 pp 71 72 See liner notes from Destinations During 2003 pp 73 75 See liner notes from The Celestial Music of Ostad Elahi During 2003 p 144 The Art of Tanbur See for example The Art of Tanbur Exploring the Music of Ostad Elahi 1895 1974 on YouTube During 2003 pp 42 43 B Elahi 1995 During 2003 p 46 B Elahi 1995 These books include The Path of Perfection Paraview Inc 2005 Medicine of the Soul Foundations of Natural Spirituality Cornwall Books 2001 Spirituality is a Science Foundations of Natural Spirituality Cornwall Books 1999 Foundations of Natural Spirituality A Scientific Approach to the Nature of the Spiritual Self Element Books 1998 and The Way of Light Element 1993 Elahi Asar ol Haqq vol 1 1854 Elahi Asar ol Haqq vol 1 p 1856 This name change was approved on October 21 1941 and announced in the December 9 1941 edition of Etelaat newspaper malakjan com Malek Jan Ne mati by Leili Anvar Diane de Selliers 2007 ISBN 978 2 903656 41 6 See Symposium on Spirituality Celebrates the Centennial of Ostad Elahi and Unicity A Collection of Photographs of Ostad Elahi 1895 1974 See 100 Maxims of Guidance Unicity A Collection of Photographs of Ostad Elahi 1895 1974 Words of Faith Prayers of Ostad Elahi Le Spirituel pluralite et unite actes du symposium Morris 2007 p 2 Le Spirituel pluralite et unite actes du symposium Symposium on Spirituality Celebrates the Centennial of Ostad Elahi In UNESCO News Vol 2 No 6 November 10 1995 Words of Faith Prayers of Ostad Elahi B Elahi 1995 Sarraut The Sacred Lute The Art of Ostad Elahi Schweitzer Vivien August 29 2014 Ostad Elahi a Tanbur Master Is Celebrated at Met Museum The New York Times New York City Retrieved August 31 2014 Bibliography EditSelect works by Elahi Edit English Edit Words of Faith Prayers of Ostad Elahi Paris Robert Laffont 1995 ISBN 978 2 911331 02 2 100 Maxims of Guidance Introduction by Bahram Elahi Paris Robert Laffont 1995 ISBN 978 2 911331 00 8 Knowing the Spirit Translated and with an introduction by James Winston Morris Albany SUNY Press 2007 ISBN 978 0 7914 6858 6French Edit Confidences Prieres d Ostad Elahi Words of Faith Prayers of Ostad Elahi Robert Laffont 1995 ISBN 978 2 221 08205 8 100 maximes de guidance 100 Maxims of Guidance Robert Laffont 1995 ISBN 978 2221082065 Connaissance de l ame Knowing the Spirit Translated by Clara Deville L Harmattan 2001 ISBN 2 7475 0452 2 Paroles de Verite Words of Truth Translated by Leili Anvar Paris Albin Michel 2014 ISBN 978 2 226 253910 Maximes de guidance Principes de sagesse universelle Maxims of Guidance Principles of Universal Wisdom Pocket Agora 2015 ISBN 978 2266227773Italian Edit Pensieri di Luce 100 Maxims of Guidance Mondadori 2000 ISBN 978 88 04 44810 5Persian Edit Borhan ol Haqq Persian برهان الحق Demonstration of Truth 1st ed Amir Kabir 1963 Haqq ol Haqaiq Persian حق الحقايق Commentary on Shahnameh Haqiqat The Book of the Kings of Truth Husseini 1967 Ma refat ol Ruh Persian معرفت الروح Knowing the Spirit 1st edition Tahuri 1969 Asar ol Haqq Persian آثارالحق Traces of Truth ed B Elahi Volume I Jeyhun 1978 Asar ol Haqq Persian آثارالحق Traces of Truth ed B Elahi Volume II Jeyhun 1992 Bargozideh Persian برگزیده Words of Truth ed Bahram Elahi Nashr e Panj 2009 Select works on Elahi s life and philosophy Edit English Edit Malak Jan Nemati Life Isn t Short but Time Is Limited Leili Anvar New York Arpeggio Press 2012 ISBN 978 0 9834320 2 9 Self knowledge and the practice of ethics Ostad Elahi s concept of the imperious self Elie During 2011 Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1234 149 157 doi 10 1111 j 1749 6632 2011 06203 x Shifting Perspectives Changing Your Outlook for Positive Results Olivier Brizevac and Emmanuel Comte translated by Benjamin Ivry New York Paraview 2007 ISBN 978 0 9764986 5 0 Ostad Elahi on Spirituality in Everyday Life James W Morris Public Lecture presented at University of California at Santa Barbara Department of Religion May 2 2007 Overcoming Jealousy Beatrice Guernier and Agnes Rousseau translated by Benjamin Ivry New York Paraview 2006 ISBN 978 0 9764986 4 3 The Path of Perfection Bahram Elahi New York Paraview 2005 ISBN 978 0 9764986 0 5 Orientations Islamic Thought in a World Civilization James Winston Morris London Archetype 2004 ISBN 978 1 901383 10 2 The Spirit of Sounds The Unique Art of Ostad Elahi Jean During New York Cornwall Books 2003 ISBN 978 0 8453 4884 0 Medicine of the Soul Foundations of Natural Spirituality Bahram Elahi New York Cornwall Books 2001 ISBN 978 0 8453 4875 8 Spirituality is a Science Foundations of Natural Spirituality Bahram Elahi New York Cornwall Books 1999 ISBN 978 0 8453 4868 0 Foundations of Natural Spirituality A Scientific Approach to the Nature of the Spiritual Self Bahram Elahi Dorset Element Books 1998 ISBN 978 1 86204 238 4 Symposium on Spirituality Celebrates the Centennial of Ostad Elahi In UNESCO News Vol 2 No 6 November 10 1995 The Life and Work of Ostad Elahi Directed by Marion Sarraut A video published on the occasion of his centenary in 1995 Unicity A Collection of Photographs of Ostad Elahi 1895 1974 Centennial Commemoration Volume Paris Robert Laffont 1995 ISBN 978 2 911331 01 5 The Way of Light Bahram Elahi Dorset Element Books 1993 ISBN 978 1 85230 381 5French Edit Fondamentaux du perfectionnement spirituel le guide pratique Bahram Elahi Paris Dervy 2019 ISBN 979 10 242 0412 3 La Voie de la Perfection Introduction a la pensee d Ostad Elahi Bahram Elahi Paris Albin Michel 2018 ISBN 978 2 226 40050 5 Ostad Elahi et la tradition Droit philosophie et mystique en Iran Vol I S Marin Bruxelles editions Safran 2011 ISBN 978 2 87457 037 7 Ostad Elahi et la modernite Droit philosophie et magistrature en Iran Vol II S Marin Bruxelles editions Safran 2011 ISBN 978 2 87457 038 4 Verite et jugement Ostad Elahi juge et philosophe iranien 1895 1974 S Marin These de l Universite de Paris X Nanterre 2006 Ostad Elahi et les droits de l homme Ethique et modernite in Le Code civil et les droits de l homme textes reunis et publies par Jean Luc Chabot Philippe Didier Jerome Ferrand Paris L Harmattan 2005 pp 418 434 ISBN 2 7475 8893 9 Une philosophie du droit en Islam Un exemple iranien Journees de la recherche en theorie et philosophie juridiques et politiques p 23 La Voie de la Perfection Bahram Elahi Paris Albin Michel 2002 ISBN 978 2 226 13260 4 L eveil de l intelligence spirituelle et les dimensions du processus ethique selon Ostad Elahi James Winston Morris In Dieu a t il sa place dans la ethique ed E During 86 99 Paris L Harmattan 2002 ISBN 2 7475 2168 0 L ame des sons Jean During Gordes Editions du Relie 2001 ISBN 978 2 909698 71 7 Le role de la traduction et de l interpretation du droit en Iran dans la premiere moitie du XXeme siecle l exemple d Ostad Elahi 1895 1974 S Marin and F Ameli Droit et Cultures Revue trimestrielle d anthropologie et d histoire publiee avec le concours du CNRS 44 2001 pp 183 201 Medecine de l ame Bahram Elahi Paris Editions Dervy 2000 ISBN 978 2 84454 023 2 La spiritualite est une science Bahram Elahi Paris Editions Dervy 1997 ISBN 978 2 85076 927 6 Fondements de la Spiritualite Naturelle Bahram Elahi Paris Editions Dervy 1996 ISBN 978 2 85076 860 6 Le Spirituel Pluralite et Unite The Acta of the Symposium Spirituality Plurality and Unity Presses de l Universite de Paris Sorbonne 1996 La Pensee d Ostad Elahi James Winston Morris In Le Spirituel pluralite et unite actes du symposium Cahiers d Anthropologie Religieuse ed M Meslin volume 5 137 147 Presses de l Universite 1996 De l unite des religions Andrei Chouraqui Cahiers d Anthropologie Religieuse n 5 under the direction of Professor Michel Meslin University of Paris Sorbonne Press 1996 pp 25 33 187 88 Ethique et droit F Terre Symposium in French Supreme Court Sept 1995 in Cahiers d Anthropologie Religieuse n 5 under the direction of Professor Michel Meslin University of Paris Sorbonne Press 1996 pp 179 186 Musique et Mystique Dans Les Traditions de L Iran Jean During Paris Institut francais de recherche en Iran 1989 ISBN 978 90 6831 191 4 Le Chemin de la Lumiere Bahram Elahi Paris Albin Michel 1985 ISBN 978 2 226 02467 1German Edit Medizin der Seele Bahram Elahi Wien Ibera Verlag 2007 ISBN 978 3 85052 157 4 Spiritualitat ist eine Wissenschaft Bahram Elahi Wien Ibera Verlag 2001 ISBN 978 3 85052 112 3 Grundlagen Naturlicher Spiritualitat Bahram Elahi Wien Ibera Verlag 1999 ISBN 978 3 900436 85 8 Weg und Vollendung Bahram Elahi Munchen Heyne 1995 ISBN 978 3 453 08744 6Italian Edit La Via della Perfezione Bahram Elahi Astrolabio Ubaldini 2004 ISBN 978 88 340 0699 3Polish Edit Droga do doskonalosci Bahram Elahi Warszawa Nowe Wydawnictwo Polskie 1991 ISBN 978 83 85135 07 4Greek Edit H ὁdὸs tῆs teleiothtas Bahram Elahi Ekath 1994 Discography EditThe Celestial Music of Ostad Elahi 1996 CMT 774 1026 Le Chant du Monde Originally released in 1995 as The Celestial Music of Ostad Elahi Vol I Dialogue with the Beloved 1997 CMT 774 1100 Le Chant du Monde Originally released in 1995 as The Celestial Music of Ostad Elahi Vol II Paths of Divine Love 1997 CMT 774 1083 Le Chant du Monde A Spiritual Epic 1998 CMT 774 1432 Le Chant du Monde Celestial Harmonies 1999 CMT 774 1122 Le Chant du Monde Mystical Orison 2000 CMT 774 1137 Le Chant du Monde Cascade 2002 CMT 774 1150 Le Chant du Monde Celestial Danses 2005 CMT 774 1327 Le Chant du Monde Destinations Double CD 2008 CMT 774 1626 Le Chant du Monde Presence 2014 CMT 774 2300 Le Chant du Monde The Sacred Lute The Art of Ostad Elahi Double CD 2014 CMT 874 2259 Le Chant du Monde amp The Metropolitan Museum of Art Awakening 2014 CMT 774 2367 Le Chant du Monde Resilience 2019 Le Chant du Monde Harmonia Mundi The Metropolitan Museum of Art Mon Commencement et Ma Fin 2019 Le Chant du Monde Harmonia Mundi The Metropolitan Museum of ArtExternal links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ostad Elahi Official website The Ostad Elahi Foundation OstadExpo com Ostad Radio 24 7 radio station playing Elahi s music A Conversation with Ostad Elahi e ostadelahi com Ostad Elahi Unicity Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nur Ali Elahi amp oldid 1144284677, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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