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Novgorod First Chronicle

December 15, 2023

The Novgorod First Chronicle (Russian: Новгородская первая летопись, romanized: Novgorodskaia pervaia letopis’[1], commonly abbreviated as NPL[1]) or The Chronicle of Novgorod, 1016–1471[2] is the oldest extant Rus' chronicle of the Novgorod Republic. Written in Old East Slavic, it reflects a literary tradition about Kievan Rus' which differs from the Primary Chronicle. The later editions of the chronicle reflect the lost Primary Kievan Code (Начальный Киевский свод) of the late 11th century, which contained information not present in the later Primary Chronicle.[3]

Novgorod First Chronicle
First sheet of the Synod Scroll, dated to the 13th/14th century.
Original titleRussian: Новгородская первая летопись, romanized: Novgorodskaia pervaia letopis’
Also known asNPL
LanguageOld East Slavic
Manuscript(s)
  • Synod Scroll
  • Commission Scroll
  • Academic Scroll

The earliest extant copy of the NPL is the so-called Synod Scroll (Sinodal'nyy[4]), dated to the second half of the 13th century. First printed in 1841, it is currently preserved in the State Historical Museum. It is the earliest known manuscript of a major Old East Slavic chronicle, predating the Laurentian Codex of the Primary Chronicle by almost a century.[5] In the 14th century, the Synod Scroll was continued by the monks of the Yuriev Monastery in Novgorod.[6] Other important copies of the Novgorod First Chronicle include the Academic Scroll (Akademicheskii) and Commission Scroll (Komissionnyy[4]), both dating to the 1440s,[5] and the Tolstoi (Tolstovoi) copy. This "Younger Redaction"[a] contains entries from the year 854 up to 1447.[1]

Contents and style edit

Synod Scroll edit

 
The Synod Scroll on display in 2012 in the State Historical Museum

The beginning of the Synod Scroll or "Older Edition" of the Novgorod First Chronicle is missing.[8] The surviving text starts in the middle of a sentence in the year 1016, during the Kievan succession crisis between Yaroslav and Sviatopolk.[9] The lost contents of the Synod Scroll before the year 1016 are unknown, and can only be speculated about.[8]

Commission Scroll edit

The Archaeographic Commission (Kommissionyi) copy of the Novgorod First Chronicle, which stems from the mid-15th century, contains at the beginning two genealogies and a chronological regnal list of Rus' princes; all three of them begin with "Rurik".[10] This is in sharp contrast with the Hypatian Codex (compiled c. 1425), wherein the list of knyazi ("princes") of Kiev starts with "Dir and Askold", followed by "Oleg", and then "Igor", and does not mention "Rurik" at all.[10] Similarly, the chronology at the start of the Laurentian Codex (compiled 1377) makes no mention of "Rurik", but starts the regnal list of Rus' princes from the year in which Oleg took up residence in Kiev.[b]

The narrative part of the NPL starts from the legendary origins of Rus' and its last records refer to mid-15th century events. It describes the accession to the throne of the princes of Novgorod, the elections of major officials such as tysyatsky and posadnik, building of churches and monasteries, epidemics and military campaigns.[5]

Academic Scroll edit

The Academic (Akademicheskii) copy of the NPL dates from the mid-15th century, came into the possession of Vasily Tatishchev, and was acquired in 1737 by the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, where it is currently being preserved with registration number "17.8.36".[12]

Style edit

The chronicle is notable for its focus on local events, lack of stylistic embellishments and the use of local dialect.[13]

The Novgord First Chronicle (NPL), just like the Primary Chronicle (PVL) and the Kievan Chronicle, follows a formulaic practice in which the reign of any given prince is legitimised by pointing out that he "sat on the throne of his father" and often "his grandfather" before that, or occasionally "his brother" or "his uncle".[14] The reason for that is that if a man's father (or other close male relative) did not sit on that same throne, that man was izgoi, ineligible to rule.[15]

Parallels with pagan beliefs edit

The chronicle describes the actions of the Volkhvs (Magi) who became the leaders of rebellions in 1024 and 1071. Historian Igor Froyanov analysed a scene from the Novgorod First Chronicle in which the Magi talk about the creation of man. According to legend, under the year 1071, two Magi appeared in Novgorod and began to sow turmoil, claiming that soon the Dnieper will flow backwards and the land will move from place to place.[16]

Yan Vyshatich asked: "how do you think man came to be?" The Magi answered: "God bathed in the bath and sweated, wiped himself with a rag and threw it from heaven to the earth; and the devil created man, and God put his soul into him. Therefore, when a person dies, the body goes to the earth, and the soul goes to God"

— Novgorod Chronicle[17]

Froyanov was the first to draw attention to the similarity of the text with the Mordovian-Finn legend about the creation of man by God (Cham-Pas) and the devil (Shaitana). In the retelling of Melnikov-Pechersky, this legend sounds like this:

Shaitan modeled the body of a man from clay, sand and earth; he came out with a pig, then a dog, then reptiles. Shaitan wanted to make a man in the image and likeness of Cham-Pas. Then Shaitan called a mouse-bird and ordered it to build a nest in one end of the towel with which Cham-Pas wipes himself when he goes to the bath, and to breed children there: one end will become heavier and the towel with a carnation from the uneven weight will fall to the ground. Shaitan picked up the fallen towel and wiped his cast with it, and the man received the image and likeness of God. After that, Shaitan began to revive a person, but he could not put a living soul into him. The soul was breathed into the man by Cham-Pas. There was a long dispute between Shaitan and Cham-Pas: who should a person belong to? Finally, when Cham-pas got tired of arguing, he offered to divide the person, after the death of a person, the soul should go to heaven to Cham-pas, who blew it, and the body rots, decomposes and goes to Shaitan.

— Melnikov-Pechersky[18]

The similarity of the legend with the words of the Magi under the year 1071 (presumably they were of Finnic origin) indicates that the worldview of the Magi of that period was no longer pagan, but was a symbiosis of Christianity with folk beliefs.[19]

Influence edit

The text of the Novgorod First Chronicle was repeatedly used in other Novgorod chronicles. It became one of the main sources of the so-called Novgorodsko-Sofiysky Svod, which in turn served as the protograph of the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle and Sofia First Chronicle. The Novgorodsko-Sofiysky Svod was included in the all-Russian chronicle of the XV-XVI centuries. Independently it was reflected in the Tver chronicle.[20]

Notes edit

  1. ^ Russian: Новгородская первая летопись младшая редакция, romanized: Novgorodskaia pervaia letopis' mladshaia redaktsiia, lit. 'Novgorod First Chronicle in Its Later Redaction'.[7]
  2. ^ According to the Laurentian Codex's chronology, Oleg supposedly began to reign as prince in Kiev 29 years after Byzantine emperor Michael III began to reign,[1] which it claims was the year 860, although that year is known to be incorrect, since Michael III acceded on 21 January 842.[11] The narrative part of the Laurentian Codex mentions the also incorrect year 852.[11]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d Ostrowski 2018, p. 32.
  2. ^ The Chronicle of Novgorod, 1016–1471. Royal Historical Society. 1914.
  3. ^ Творогов, Олег Викторович (1987). Словарь книжников и книжности Древней Руси (in Russian). Наука. pp. 337–343.
  4. ^ a b Dimnik 2004, p. 256.
  5. ^ a b c Гиппиус, А. А. (2013). "Новгородская первая летопись". Большая Российская Энциклопедия, том 23 (in Russian). pp. 155–156.
  6. ^ "Новгородская первая летопись старшего и младшего изводов. Предисловие к изданию 2000 г.". Полное собрание русских летописей. Том 3 (in Russian). 2000. ISBN 5785901269. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
  7. ^ Isoaho 2018, p. 639.
  8. ^ a b Ostrowski 2018, pp. 36–37.
  9. ^ Synod Scroll (2001). "Новгородський перший літопис старшого ізводу. В літо 6524 [1016] - 6648 [1140]". izbornyk.org.ua (in Church Slavic). Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  10. ^ a b Ostrowski 2018, p. 36.
  11. ^ a b Ostrowski 2018, p. 44.
  12. ^ Maiorov 2018, p. 325.
  13. ^ Янин, В.Л., ed. (2007). Великий Новгород. История и культура IX-XVII веков. Энциклопедический словарь (in Russian). Нестор-История. p. 264. ISBN 5981872365.
  14. ^ Ostrowski 2018, pp. 34–35.
  15. ^ Ostrowski 2018, p. 35.
  16. ^ Igor Froyanov. "About the events of 1227-1230 in Novgorod // Ancient Russia" (in Russian).
  17. ^ Novgorod first letopis. P.172
  18. ^ Melnikov. Essays of Mordovia. Russian. Vestn., vol. 71, 1867, No. 9, pp. 229–230. Also: Vasily Klyuchevsky. Course of Russian history, part 1, p. 37
  19. ^ Galkovsky N. M. "Глава IV. Борьба язычества с христианством. Волхвы" [The Struggle of Christianity with the remnants of paganism in Ancient Russia. Vol. 1. Chapter IV- Kharkiv:Епархіальная типографія, 1916.] (in Russian).
  20. ^ Alexey Gippius (2006). "Новгородская владычная летопись XII—XIV вв. и ее авторы (История и структура текста в лингвистическом освещении) // Лингвистическое источниковедение и история русского языка (2004-2005)" [The Novgorod letopis and its authors (History and structure of the text in linguistic coverage) // Linguistic source studies and history of the Russian language (2004-2005)].

Bibliography edit

Online editions edit

  • The Chronicle of Novgorod 1016–1471. Intr. C. Raymond Beazley, A. A. Shakhmatov (London, 1914)
  • Pdf scans of the text, in modern spelling
  • Foreword and text (2000 edition)
  • Foreword and text (1950 edition)
  • Izbornyk (2001). "Новгородская Первая Летопись Младшего Извода" [Novgorod First Chronicle of the Younger Edition]. Izbornyk (in Church Slavic). Retrieved 16 May 2023. – digitised version of the mid-15th-century Archaeographic Commission's edition (or "Younger Edition") of the Novgorod First Chronicle (Komissionnyy NPL)

Literature edit

  • Dimnik, Martin (January 2004). "The Title "Grand Prince" in Kievan Rus'". Mediaeval Studies. 66: 253–312. doi:10.1484/J.MS.2.306512. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  • Isoaho, Mari (2018). "Shakhmatov's Legacy and the Chronicles of Kievan Rus'". Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. Slavica Publishers. 19 (3): 637–648. doi:10.1353/kri.2018.0033. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  • Maiorov, Alexander V. (November 2018). ""I Would Sacrifice Myself for my Academy and its Glory!" August Ludwig von Schlözer and the Discovery of the Hypatian Chronicle". Russian History. Brill. 45 (4): 319–340. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  • Ostrowski, Donald, ed. (2003). (in Russian and English). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Archived from the original on 2005-03-09. Retrieved 2002-03-23. (assoc. ed. David J. Birnbaum (Harvard Library of Early Ukrainian Literature, vol. 10, parts 1–3)) – This 2003 Ostrowski et al. edition includes an interlinear collation including the five main manuscript witnesses, as well as a new paradosis ("a proposed best reading").
  • Ostrowski, Donald (2018). "Was There a Riurikid Dynasty in Early Rus'?". Canadian-American Slavic Studies. 52 (1): 30–49. doi:10.1163/22102396-05201009.

External links edit

  •   Media related to Novgorod First Chronicle at Wikimedia Commons

December 15, 2023
novgorod, first, chronicle, russian, Новгородская, первая, летопись, romanized, novgorodskaia, pervaia, letopis, commonly, abbreviated, chronicle, novgorod, 1016, 1471, oldest, extant, chronicle, novgorod, republic, written, east, slavic, reflects, literary, t. The Novgorod First Chronicle Russian Novgorodskaya pervaya letopis romanized Novgorodskaia pervaia letopis 1 commonly abbreviated as NPL 1 or The Chronicle of Novgorod 1016 1471 2 is the oldest extant Rus chronicle of the Novgorod Republic Written in Old East Slavic it reflects a literary tradition about Kievan Rus which differs from the Primary Chronicle The later editions of the chronicle reflect the lost Primary Kievan Code Nachalnyj Kievskij svod of the late 11th century which contained information not present in the later Primary Chronicle 3 Novgorod First ChronicleFirst sheet of the Synod Scroll dated to the 13th 14th century Original titleRussian Novgorodskaya pervaya letopis romanized Novgorodskaia pervaia letopis Also known asNPLLanguageOld East SlavicManuscript s Synod Scroll Commission Scroll Academic ScrollThe earliest extant copy of the NPL is the so called Synod Scroll Sinodal nyy 4 dated to the second half of the 13th century First printed in 1841 it is currently preserved in the State Historical Museum It is the earliest known manuscript of a major Old East Slavic chronicle predating the Laurentian Codex of the Primary Chronicle by almost a century 5 In the 14th century the Synod Scroll was continued by the monks of the Yuriev Monastery in Novgorod 6 Other important copies of the Novgorod First Chronicle include the Academic Scroll Akademicheskii and Commission Scroll Komissionnyy 4 both dating to the 1440s 5 and the Tolstoi Tolstovoi copy This Younger Redaction a contains entries from the year 854 up to 1447 1 Contents 1 Contents and style 1 1 Synod Scroll 1 2 Commission Scroll 1 3 Academic Scroll 1 4 Style 2 Parallels with pagan beliefs 3 Influence 4 Notes 5 References 6 Bibliography 6 1 Online editions 6 2 Literature 7 External linksContents and style editSynod Scroll edit nbsp The Synod Scroll on display in 2012 in the State Historical MuseumThe beginning of the Synod Scroll or Older Edition of the Novgorod First Chronicle is missing 8 The surviving text starts in the middle of a sentence in the year 1016 during the Kievan succession crisis between Yaroslav and Sviatopolk 9 The lost contents of the Synod Scroll before the year 1016 are unknown and can only be speculated about 8 Commission Scroll edit The Archaeographic Commission Kommissionyi copy of the Novgorod First Chronicle which stems from the mid 15th century contains at the beginning two genealogies and a chronological regnal list of Rus princes all three of them begin with Rurik 10 This is in sharp contrast with the Hypatian Codex compiled c 1425 wherein the list of knyazi princes of Kiev starts with Dir and Askold followed by Oleg and then Igor and does not mention Rurik at all 10 Similarly the chronology at the start of the Laurentian Codex compiled 1377 makes no mention of Rurik but starts the regnal list of Rus princes from the year in which Oleg took up residence in Kiev b The narrative part of the NPL starts from the legendary origins of Rus and its last records refer to mid 15th century events It describes the accession to the throne of the princes of Novgorod the elections of major officials such as tysyatsky and posadnik building of churches and monasteries epidemics and military campaigns 5 Academic Scroll edit The Academic Akademicheskii copy of the NPL dates from the mid 15th century came into the possession of Vasily Tatishchev and was acquired in 1737 by the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences Saint Petersburg where it is currently being preserved with registration number 17 8 36 12 Style edit The chronicle is notable for its focus on local events lack of stylistic embellishments and the use of local dialect 13 The Novgord First Chronicle NPL just like the Primary Chronicle PVL and the Kievan Chronicle follows a formulaic practice in which the reign of any given prince is legitimised by pointing out that he sat on the throne of his father and often his grandfather before that or occasionally his brother or his uncle 14 The reason for that is that if a man s father or other close male relative did not sit on that same throne that man was izgoi ineligible to rule 15 Parallels with pagan beliefs editThe chronicle describes the actions of the Volkhvs Magi who became the leaders of rebellions in 1024 and 1071 Historian Igor Froyanov analysed a scene from the Novgorod First Chronicle in which the Magi talk about the creation of man According to legend under the year 1071 two Magi appeared in Novgorod and began to sow turmoil claiming that soon the Dnieper will flow backwards and the land will move from place to place 16 Yan Vyshatich asked how do you think man came to be The Magi answered God bathed in the bath and sweated wiped himself with a rag and threw it from heaven to the earth and the devil created man and God put his soul into him Therefore when a person dies the body goes to the earth and the soul goes to God Novgorod Chronicle 17 Froyanov was the first to draw attention to the similarity of the text with the Mordovian Finn legend about the creation of man by God Cham Pas and the devil Shaitana In the retelling of Melnikov Pechersky this legend sounds like this Shaitan modeled the body of a man from clay sand and earth he came out with a pig then a dog then reptiles Shaitan wanted to make a man in the image and likeness of Cham Pas Then Shaitan called a mouse bird and ordered it to build a nest in one end of the towel with which Cham Pas wipes himself when he goes to the bath and to breed children there one end will become heavier and the towel with a carnation from the uneven weight will fall to the ground Shaitan picked up the fallen towel and wiped his cast with it and the man received the image and likeness of God After that Shaitan began to revive a person but he could not put a living soul into him The soul was breathed into the man by Cham Pas There was a long dispute between Shaitan and Cham Pas who should a person belong to Finally when Cham pas got tired of arguing he offered to divide the person after the death of a person the soul should go to heaven to Cham pas who blew it and the body rots decomposes and goes to Shaitan Melnikov Pechersky 18 The similarity of the legend with the words of the Magi under the year 1071 presumably they were of Finnic origin indicates that the worldview of the Magi of that period was no longer pagan but was a symbiosis of Christianity with folk beliefs 19 Influence editThe text of the Novgorod First Chronicle was repeatedly used in other Novgorod chronicles It became one of the main sources of the so called Novgorodsko Sofiysky Svod which in turn served as the protograph of the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle and Sofia First Chronicle The Novgorodsko Sofiysky Svod was included in the all Russian chronicle of the XV XVI centuries Independently it was reflected in the Tver chronicle 20 Notes edit Russian Novgorodskaya pervaya letopis mladshaya redakciya romanized Novgorodskaia pervaia letopis mladshaia redaktsiia lit Novgorod First Chronicle in Its Later Redaction 7 According to the Laurentian Codex s chronology Oleg supposedly began to reign as prince in Kiev 29 years after Byzantine emperor Michael III began to reign 1 which it claims was the year 860 although that year is known to be incorrect since Michael III acceded on 21 January 842 11 The narrative part of the Laurentian Codex mentions the also incorrect year 852 11 References edit a b c d Ostrowski 2018 p 32 The Chronicle of Novgorod 1016 1471 Royal Historical Society 1914 Tvorogov Oleg Viktorovich 1987 Slovar knizhnikov i knizhnosti Drevnej Rusi in Russian Nauka pp 337 343 a b Dimnik 2004 p 256 a b c Gippius A A 2013 Novgorodskaya pervaya letopis Bolshaya Rossijskaya Enciklopediya tom 23 in Russian pp 155 156 Novgorodskaya pervaya letopis starshego i mladshego izvodov Predislovie k izdaniyu 2000 g Polnoe sobranie russkih letopisej Tom 3 in Russian 2000 ISBN 5785901269 Retrieved 29 September 2022 Isoaho 2018 p 639 a b Ostrowski 2018 pp 36 37 Synod Scroll 2001 Novgorodskij pershij litopis starshogo izvodu V lito 6524 1016 6648 1140 izbornyk org ua in Church Slavic Retrieved 16 May 2023 a b Ostrowski 2018 p 36 a b Ostrowski 2018 p 44 Maiorov 2018 p 325 Yanin V L ed 2007 Velikij Novgorod Istoriya i kultura IX XVII vekov Enciklopedicheskij slovar in Russian Nestor Istoriya p 264 ISBN 5981872365 Ostrowski 2018 pp 34 35 Ostrowski 2018 p 35 Igor Froyanov About the events of 1227 1230 in Novgorod Ancient Russia in Russian Novgorod first letopis P 172 Melnikov Essays of Mordovia Russian Vestn vol 71 1867 No 9 pp 229 230 Also Vasily Klyuchevsky Course of Russian history part 1 p 37 Galkovsky N M Glava IV Borba yazychestva s hristianstvom Volhvy The Struggle of Christianity with the remnants of paganism in Ancient Russia Vol 1 Chapter IV Kharkiv Eparhialnaya tipografiya 1916 in Russian Alexey Gippius 2006 Novgorodskaya vladychnaya letopis XII XIV vv i ee avtory Istoriya i struktura teksta v lingvisticheskom osveshenii Lingvisticheskoe istochnikovedenie i istoriya russkogo yazyka 2004 2005 The Novgorod letopis and its authors History and structure of the text in linguistic coverage Linguistic source studies and history of the Russian language 2004 2005 Bibliography editOnline editions edit The Chronicle of Novgorod 1016 1471 Intr C Raymond Beazley A A Shakhmatov London 1914 Pdf scans of the text in modern spelling Foreword and text 2000 edition Foreword and text 1950 edition Izbornyk 2001 Novgorodskaya Pervaya Letopis Mladshego Izvoda Novgorod First Chronicle of the Younger Edition Izbornyk in Church Slavic Retrieved 16 May 2023 digitised version of the mid 15th century Archaeographic Commission s edition or Younger Edition of the Novgorod First Chronicle Komissionnyy NPL Literature edit Dimnik Martin January 2004 The Title Grand Prince in Kievan Rus Mediaeval Studies 66 253 312 doi 10 1484 J MS 2 306512 Retrieved 16 May 2023 Isoaho Mari 2018 Shakhmatov s Legacy and the Chronicles of Kievan Rus Kritika Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History Slavica Publishers 19 3 637 648 doi 10 1353 kri 2018 0033 Retrieved 25 September 2022 Maiorov Alexander V November 2018 I Would Sacrifice Myself for my Academy and its Glory August Ludwig von Schlozer and the Discovery of the Hypatian Chronicle Russian History Brill 45 4 319 340 Retrieved 19 May 2023 Ostrowski Donald ed 2003 The Povest vremennykh let An Interlinear Collation and Paradosis 3 volumes in Russian and English Cambridge MA Harvard University Press Archived from the original on 2005 03 09 Retrieved 2002 03 23 assoc ed David J Birnbaum Harvard Library of Early Ukrainian Literature vol 10 parts 1 3 This 2003 Ostrowski et al edition includes an interlinear collation including the five main manuscript witnesses as well as a new paradosis a proposed best reading Ostrowski Donald 2018 Was There a Riurikid Dynasty in Early Rus Canadian American Slavic Studies 52 1 30 49 doi 10 1163 22102396 05201009 External links edit nbsp Media related to Novgorod First Chronicle at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Novgorod First Chronicle amp oldid 1187692548, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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