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North Atlantic Treaty

October 27, 2023

The North Atlantic Treaty is the treaty that forms the legal basis of, and is implemented by, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The treaty was signed in Washington, D.C., on 4 April 1949.

North Atlantic Treaty
North Atlantic Treaty authentication page
TypeMilitary alliance
LocationWashington, D.C.
Effective24 August 1949; 74 years ago (1949-08-24)
ConditionRatification by the majority of the signatories including Belgium, Canada, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States
Parties
31
  •  Albania
  •  Belgium
  •  Bulgaria
  •  Canada
  •  Croatia
  •  Czech Republic
  •  Denmark
  •  Estonia
  •  Finland
  •  France
  •  Germany
  •  Greece
  •  Hungary
  •  Iceland
  •  Italy
  •  Latvia
  •  Lithuania
  •  Luxembourg
  •  Montenegro
  •  Netherlands
  •  North Macedonia
  •  Norway
  •  Poland
  •  Portugal
  •  Romania
  •  Slovakia
  •  Slovenia
  •  Spain
  •  Turkey
  •  United Kingdom
  •  United States
DepositaryGovernment of the United States of America
LanguagesFrench, English
Full text
North Atlantic Treaty at Wikisource

Background edit

The treaty was signed in Washington, D.C., on 4 April 1949 by a committee which was chaired by US diplomat Theodore Achilles. Earlier secret talks had been held at the Pentagon between 22 March and 1 April 1948, of which Achilles said:

The talks lasted about two weeks and by the time they finished, it had been secretly agreed that there would be a treaty, and I had a draft of one in the bottom drawer of my safe. It was never shown to anyone except Jack [Hickerson]. I wish I had kept it, but when I left the Department in 1950, I dutifully left it in the safe and I have never been able to trace it in the archives. It drew heavily on the Rio Treaty, and a bit of the Brussels Treaty, which had not yet been signed, but of which we were being kept heavily supplied with drafts. The eventual North Atlantic Treaty had the general form, and a good bit of the language of my first draft, but with a number of important differences.[1]

According to Achilles, another important author of the treaty was John D. Hickerson:

More than any human being Jack was responsible for the nature, content, and form of the Treaty...It was a one-man Hickerson treaty.[1]

As a fundamental component of NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty is a product of the US' desire to avoid overextension at the end of World War II, and consequently pursue multilateralism in Europe.[2] It is part of the US' collective defense arrangement with Western European powers, following a long and deliberative process.[3] The treaty was created with an armed attack by the Soviet Union against Western Europe in mind,[4] although the mutual self-defense clause was never invoked during the Cold War.

By signing the North Atlantic Treaty, parties are "determined to safeguard the freedom, common heritage and civilization of the peoples, founded on the principles of democracy, individual liberty and the rule of law."[5]

Members edit

Founding members edit

 
Current NATO member states
 
Animated map of NATO membership over time

The following twelve states signed the treaty and thus became the founding members of NATO. The following leaders signed the agreement as plenipotentiaries of their countries in Washington, D.C., on 4 April 1949:[6][7]

Non-founding members who joined before the dissolution of the Soviet Union edit

The following four states joined the treaty after the 12 founding states, but before the dissolution of the Soviet Union:

Members who joined after the dissolution of the Soviet Union edit

The following 15 states joined the treaty after the dissolution of the Soviet Union:

Withdrawal edit

No state has rescinded its membership but some dependencies of member states have not requested membership after becoming independent:

  •   Cyprus (independence from the United Kingdom in 1960)
  •   Algeria (independence from France in 1962)
  •   Malta (independence from the United Kingdom in 1964)

Articles edit

Article 1 edit

Article 1 of the treaty states that member parties "settle any international disputes in which they may be involved by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered, and to refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force in any manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations."[5]

Members seek to promote stability and well-being in the North Atlantic area through preservation of peace and security in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations.[5]

Article 2 edit

Article 2 of the treaty stipulates that "The Parties will contribute toward the further development of peaceful and friendly international relations by strengthening their free institutions, by bringing about a better understanding of the principles upon which these institutions are founded, and by promoting conditions of stability and well-being. They will seek to eliminate conflict in their international economic policies and will encourage economic collaboration between any or all of them."[8] This is sometimes referred to as the Canada Clause after Pearson pushed for its inclusion in the treaty.[9] This included proposals for a trade council, cultural program, technological sharing, and an information program. Of those, only the latter two were passed.[10][11] Nonetheless, it has been brought up by observers commenting on trade disputes between members.[12]

Article 3 edit

Article 3 of the treaty states that "In order more effectively to achieve the objectives of this Treaty, the Parties, separately and jointly, by means of continuous and effective self-help and mutual aid, will maintain and develop their individual and collective capacity to resist armed attack."[5]

Recently, this has been interpreted as the basis for the target for a 2% GDP expenditure rule,[13] which was established as a loose guideline in 2006.[14] This metric was confirmed again during the 2014 Wales summit.

It has also been used as a core concept for a mandate to strengthen member resilience: the ability to resist and recover from major disasters, failures in infrastructure, or traditional armed attack. This commitment was first accepted during the 2016 Warsaw summit, and further reiterated and clarified due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021.[15][16] Per NATO documents, this has been understood to include seven key areas:

  • Continuity of government during a crisis
  • Energy and power grid infrastructure resilience
  • Immigration control
  • Food and water security
  • Medical emergencies
  • Resilient civil communications
  • Effective transportation networks[17]

Article 4 edit

Article 4 is generally considered the starting point for major NATO operations, and therefore is intended for either emergencies or situations of urgency. It officially calls for consultation over military matters when "the territorial integrity, political independence or security of any of the parties is threatened."[18] Upon its invocation, the issue is discussed in the North Atlantic Council, and can formally lead into a joint decision or action (logistic, military, or otherwise) on behalf of the Alliance.[19] It has been officially invoked seven times since the alliance's creation.[20]

Article 4 invocations
Nations Date Reason Outcome
  Turkey February 2003 Iraq War.[20][21] Operation Display Deterrence.[22]
  Turkey June 2012 The shooting down of a Turkish military jet by Syria.[20] Operation Active Fence.[23]
  Turkey October 2012 Syrian forces shelling Turkish cities.[20]
  Latvia[24]

  Lithuania[25]
  Poland[26]

 March 2014 In response to the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation. Deployment of littoral, naval, and air forces in the Black Sea by Romania, Bulgaria, and Turkey.[27] Condemnation and support for sanctions of member countries and international community.[28] Reform and medical aid to the Ukrainian government.[29] Creation of the NATO Enhanced Forward Presence.[30]
  Turkey July 2015 In response to the 2015 Suruç bombing, which it attributed to ISIS, and other security issues along its southern border.[19][31][32][33]
Main article: 2015 NATO emergency meeting

Denouncement of the attack[33] and reassessment of NATO assets in Turkey.[34]

  Turkey February 2020 Increasing tensions as part of the Northwestern Syria offensive, including suspected[35] Syrian and Russian airstrikes on Turkish troops.[36][20] Augmentation of Turkish air defences.[37][38]
  Bulgaria

  Czech Republic
  Estonia
  Latvia
  Lithuania
  Poland
  Romania
  Slovakia[39]

 February 2022 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[40]
See also: 2022 Brussels summit

Defensive build-up,[41][42] matériel support to Ukraine,[43] and activation of the NATO Response Force.[44][45]

There have also been instances where Article 4 was not formally invoked, but instead threatened. In fact, this was viewed as one of the original intentions for Article 4: as a means to elevate issues and provide member nations a means of deterrence.[46] For example, in November 2021, the Polish foreign ministry—along with Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia—briefly considered triggering Article 4 due to the Belarusian migrant crisis, but it was not formally requested.[47][48]

On 15 November 2022, a missile struck the territory of Poland at the village of Przewodów near the border with Ukraine.[49][50][51] The incident occurred during an attack on Ukrainian cities and energy facilities by Russia.[52][53] It was the first incident of a missile hitting NATO territory during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[54][55] The NATO Secretary General talked with the Polish President and there was no call for an Article 4 convention,[56] although the government had been in talks to consider invoking it.[57]

Article 5 edit

The key section of the treaty is Article 5. Its commitment clause defines the casus foederis. It commits each member state to consider an armed attack against one member state, in the areas defined by Article 6, to be an armed attack against them all. Upon such attack, each member state is to assist by taking "such action as [the member state] deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area." The article has only been invoked once, but considered in a number of other cases.

September 11 attacks edit

Main article: September 11 attacks

It has been invoked only once in NATO history, after the September 11 attacks on the United States in 2001.[58][59] The invocation was confirmed on 4 October 2001, when NATO determined that the attacks were indeed eligible under the terms of the North Atlantic Treaty.[60] The eight official actions taken by NATO in response to the 9/11 attacks included Operation Eagle Assist and Operation Active Endeavour, a naval operation in the Mediterranean which was designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass destruction, as well as enhancing the security of shipping in general. Active Endeavour began on 4 October 2001.[61]

Threatened invocations edit

Article 5 threats
Party Date Reason
  Turkey June, 2012
Main article: 2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown

The downing of an "unarmed" Turkish military jet which was "13 sea miles" from Syria over "international waters" on a "solo mission to test domestic radar systems".[62][63] On 25 June, the Turkish Deputy Prime Minister said that he intended to raise Article 5.[64]

  Turkey August, 2012
Main article: Tomb of Suleyman Shah § Events during the Syrian Civil War

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan stated that "The tomb of Suleyman Shah [in Syria] and the land surrounding it is our territory. We cannot ignore any unfavorable act against that monument, as it would be an attack on our territory, as well as an attack on NATO land... Everyone knows his duty, and will continue to do what is necessary".[65]

  United Kingdom
  United States 		August, 2022
Main article: Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis

Chair of the Defence Select Committee of the United Kingdom Tobias Ellwood said that any deliberate attack against the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine that could cause radiation leaks would be a breach of Article 5. This statement was released over fears that a nuclear catastrophe could occur in the Russian-occupied plant during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. The next day, American congressman Adam Kinzinger said that any radiation leak into NATO countries would kill people, which would be an automatic activation of Article 5.[66]

  Albania October, 2022
Main article: Albania–Iran relations § Cyberattack and severed ties

Albanian prime minister Edi Rama revealed that his government had considered invoking Article 5 in response to a major cyberattack on 15 July 2022 targeting critical and government infrastructure, widely believed to have been carried out on behalf of Iran by state–affiliated cybercriminals.[67][68]

Article 6 edit

Article 6 states that Article 5 covers only member states' territories in Europe, North America, Turkey, and islands in the Atlantic north of the Tropic of Cancer.

It was the opinion in August 1965 of the US State Department, the US Defense Department, and the legal division of NATO that an attack on the U.S. state of Hawaii would not trigger the treaty, but an attack on the other 49 would.[69] The Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla on the North African shore are thus not under NATO protection in spite of Moroccan claims to them. Legal experts have interpreted that other articles could cover the Spanish North African cities but this take has not been tested in practice.[70] This is also why events such as the Balyun airstrikes did not trigger Article 5, as the Turkish troops that were attacked were in Syria, not Turkey.[71]

On 16 April 2003, NATO agreed to take command of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan, which includes troops from 42 countries. The decision came at the request of Germany and the Netherlands, the two states leading ISAF at the time of the agreement, and all nineteen NATO ambassadors approved it unanimously. The handover of control to NATO took place on 11 August, and marked the first time in NATO's history that it took charge of a mission outside of the area delineated by Article 6.[72]

Articles 7 and 8 edit

In the case of any contradiction with other international obligations (with the exception of the United Nations, which by Article 7 supersedes NATO), or in military conflict of two NATO members, Article 8 comes into force. This is most important in cases should one member engage in military action against another member, upon which the offending members would be held in abeyance of the treaty and thereby NATO protection as a whole. This has not occurred yet, but there have been several militarised disputes between NATO allies that have threatened this:

NATO Militarised Interstate Conflicts
Date Belligerents Conflict
1958–1961, 1972–73 and 1975–76   Belgium
  United Kingdom
  West Germany 		  Iceland Cod Wars
1974   Greece   Turkey Turkish invasion of Cyprus
1994-1996   Canada   Spain Turbot War
1992–Present   Greece   Turkey The Aegean Dispute

If an intra-NATO conflict were to occur, there exist intra-NATO alliances which would be triggered instead in the instance of the abeyance. The following is a list of such active, intra-NATO military alliances.

Article 9 edit

Main article: North Atlantic Council

Establishes the North Atlantic Council, and is the only NATO body that derives its authority directly from the treaty. Its primary objectives as stated in the treaty is the enforcement of Article 3 and Article 5.

Article 10 edit

Main article: Enlargement of NATO § Article 10

Article 10 dictates the process by which other countries may join NATO, which is by unanimous agreement by current NATO members. Further, new NATO members can only consist of other European nations. In practice, this has turned into a set of action plans which an aspiring nation must follow in order to become a member, including the Membership Action Plan (MAP) mechanism[80] and Intensified Dialogue formula.[81]

Article 11 edit

Article 11 indicated the process of the initial ratification of the treaty. Each signatory nation was required to ratify the treaty through their respective constitutional processes. In order to come into force, the treaty had to be ratified by Belgium, Canada, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

Article 12 edit

Article 12 states the process by which the treaty may be amended, provided such amendments still affect the North Atlantic area and do not violate the Charter of the United Nations. In practice, this has only been used to clearly delineate which territories are under the purview of NATO.

Article 13 edit

Main article: Withdrawal from NATO

Article 13 delimits the process by which a member leaves NATO, which simply consists of a one-year notice by the member nation to the U.S. government in its role as the treaty depositary, which then promulgates the notice to the other member nations. This has been contemplated by a number of member nations, but so far has not happened aside from withdrawals due to independence of former territories or dependencies (namely, Algeria, Malta, and Cyprus).

Otherwise, the next closest option for a member nation is to instead withdraw from NATO's military command structure, but not from NATO entirely. This happened with France in 1966, which rejoined in 2009; and with Greece in 1974, which rejoined in 1980 after the new Turkish military government ended its objections to Greek re-entry.

Article 14 edit

Article 14 notes the official languages of NATO as English and French, and that the United States government shall promulgate copies of the treaty to the other member nations.

Changes since signing edit

Three official footnotes have been released to reflect the changes made since the treaty was written:[82]

Regarding Article 6:

  • The definition of the territories to which Article 5 applies was revised by Article 2 of the Protocol to the North Atlantic Treaty on the accession of Greece and Turkey signed on 22 October 1951.

Regarding Article 6:

  • On 16 January 1963, the North Atlantic Council noted that insofar as the former Algerian Departments of France were concerned, the relevant clauses of this Treaty had become inapplicable as from 3 July 1962.

Regarding Article 11:

  • The Treaty came into force on 24 August 1949, after the deposition of the ratifications of all signatory states.

See also edit

Explanatory notes edit

  1. ^ Joined as Kingdom of Greece.
  2. ^ Joined as West Germany. After reunification in 1990, the former East German territory became covered by NATO protection.

References edit

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  81. ^ "NATO Press Release M-NAC-2 (97)155". www.nato.int. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  82. ^ The North Atlantic Treaty, Washington D.C., 16 January 1963 [1949-04-04]{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Further reading edit

  • Watry, David M. (2014). Diplomacy at the Brink: Eisenhower, Churchill, and Eden in the Cold War. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.

External links edit

 
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North Atlantic Treaty
 
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October 27, 2023
north, atlantic, treaty, been, suggested, that, this, article, should, split, into, article, titled, article, discuss, october, 2022, treaty, that, forms, legal, basis, implemented, organization, nato, treaty, signed, washington, april, 1949, authentication, p. It has been suggested that this article should be split into a new article titled Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty discuss October 2022 The North Atlantic Treaty is the treaty that forms the legal basis of and is implemented by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO The treaty was signed in Washington D C on 4 April 1949 North Atlantic TreatyNorth Atlantic Treaty authentication pageTypeMilitary allianceLocationWashington D C Effective24 August 1949 74 years ago 1949 08 24 ConditionRatification by the majority of the signatories including Belgium Canada France Luxembourg the Netherlands the United Kingdom and the United StatesParties31 Albania Belgium Bulgaria Canada Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Turkey United Kingdom United StatesDepositaryGovernment of the United States of AmericaLanguagesFrench EnglishFull textNorth Atlantic Treaty at Wikisource Contents 1 Background 2 Members 2 1 Founding members 2 2 Non founding members who joined before the dissolution of the Soviet Union 2 3 Members who joined after the dissolution of the Soviet Union 2 4 Withdrawal 3 Articles 3 1 Article 1 3 2 Article 2 3 3 Article 3 3 4 Article 4 3 5 Article 5 3 5 1 September 11 attacks 3 5 2 Threatened invocations 3 6 Article 6 3 7 Articles 7 and 8 3 8 Article 9 3 9 Article 10 3 10 Article 11 3 11 Article 12 3 12 Article 13 3 13 Article 14 3 14 Changes since signing 4 See also 5 Explanatory notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksBackground editThe treaty was signed in Washington D C on 4 April 1949 by a committee which was chaired by US diplomat Theodore Achilles Earlier secret talks had been held at the Pentagon between 22 March and 1 April 1948 of which Achilles said The talks lasted about two weeks and by the time they finished it had been secretly agreed that there would be a treaty and I had a draft of one in the bottom drawer of my safe It was never shown to anyone except Jack Hickerson I wish I had kept it but when I left the Department in 1950 I dutifully left it in the safe and I have never been able to trace it in the archives It drew heavily on the Rio Treaty and a bit of the Brussels Treaty which had not yet been signed but of which we were being kept heavily supplied with drafts The eventual North Atlantic Treaty had the general form and a good bit of the language of my first draft but with a number of important differences 1 According to Achilles another important author of the treaty was John D Hickerson More than any human being Jack was responsible for the nature content and form of the Treaty It was a one man Hickerson treaty 1 As a fundamental component of NATO the North Atlantic Treaty is a product of the US desire to avoid overextension at the end of World War II and consequently pursue multilateralism in Europe 2 It is part of the US collective defense arrangement with Western European powers following a long and deliberative process 3 The treaty was created with an armed attack by the Soviet Union against Western Europe in mind 4 although the mutual self defense clause was never invoked during the Cold War By signing the North Atlantic Treaty parties are determined to safeguard the freedom common heritage and civilization of the peoples founded on the principles of democracy individual liberty and the rule of law 5 Members editFounding members edit nbsp Current NATO member states nbsp Animated map of NATO membership over timeThe following twelve states signed the treaty and thus became the founding members of NATO The following leaders signed the agreement as plenipotentiaries of their countries in Washington D C on 4 April 1949 6 7 nbsp Belgium Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Paul Henri Spaak and Ambassador Baron Robert Silvercruys de nbsp Canada Secretary of State for External Affairs Lester B Pearson and Ambassador H H Wrong nbsp Denmark Foreign Minister Gustav Rasmussen and Ambassador Henrik Kauffmann nbsp France Foreign Minister Robert Schuman and Ambassador Henri Bonnet nbsp Iceland Foreign Minister Bjarni Benediktsson and Ambassador Thor Thors nbsp Italy Foreign Minister Carlo Sforza and Ambassador Alberto Tarchiani nbsp Luxembourg Foreign Minister Joseph Bech and Ambassador Hugues Le Gallais lb nbsp Netherlands Foreign Minister Dirk Stikker and Ambassador Eelco van Kleffens nbsp Norway Foreign Minister Halvard M Lange and Ambassador Wilhelm von Munthe af Morgenstierne nbsp Portugal Foreign Minister Jose Caeiro da Mata and Ambassador Pedro Teotonio Pereira nbsp United Kingdom Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin and Ambassador Oliver Franks nbsp United States Secretary of State Dean AchesonNon founding members who joined before the dissolution of the Soviet Union edit The following four states joined the treaty after the 12 founding states but before the dissolution of the Soviet Union nbsp Greece joined in 1952 N 1 nbsp Turkey joined in 1952 nbsp Germany joined in 1955 N 2 nbsp Spain joined in 1982 Members who joined after the dissolution of the Soviet Union edit The following 15 states joined the treaty after the dissolution of the Soviet Union nbsp Czech Republic joined in 1999 nbsp Hungary joined in 1999 nbsp Poland joined in 1999 nbsp Bulgaria joined in 2004 nbsp Estonia joined in 2004 nbsp Latvia joined in 2004 nbsp Lithuania joined in 2004 nbsp Romania joined in 2004 nbsp Slovakia joined in 2004 nbsp Slovenia joined in 2004 nbsp Albania joined in 2009 nbsp Croatia joined in 2009 nbsp Montenegro joined in 2017 nbsp North Macedonia joined in 2020 nbsp Finland joined in 2023 Withdrawal edit No state has rescinded its membership but some dependencies of member states have not requested membership after becoming independent nbsp Cyprus independence from the United Kingdom in 1960 nbsp Algeria independence from France in 1962 nbsp Malta independence from the United Kingdom in 1964 Articles editArticle 1 edit Article 1 of the treaty states that member parties settle any international disputes in which they may be involved by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security and justice are not endangered and to refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force in any manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations 5 Members seek to promote stability and well being in the North Atlantic area through preservation of peace and security in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations 5 Article 2 edit Article 2 of the treaty stipulates that The Parties will contribute toward the further development of peaceful and friendly international relations by strengthening their free institutions by bringing about a better understanding of the principles upon which these institutions are founded and by promoting conditions of stability and well being They will seek to eliminate conflict in their international economic policies and will encourage economic collaboration between any or all of them 8 This is sometimes referred to as the Canada Clause after Pearson pushed for its inclusion in the treaty 9 This included proposals for a trade council cultural program technological sharing and an information program Of those only the latter two were passed 10 11 Nonetheless it has been brought up by observers commenting on trade disputes between members 12 Article 3 edit Article 3 of the treaty states that In order more effectively to achieve the objectives of this Treaty the Parties separately and jointly by means of continuous and effective self help and mutual aid will maintain and develop their individual and collective capacity to resist armed attack 5 Recently this has been interpreted as the basis for the target for a 2 GDP expenditure rule 13 which was established as a loose guideline in 2006 14 This metric was confirmed again during the 2014 Wales summit It has also been used as a core concept for a mandate to strengthen member resilience the ability to resist and recover from major disasters failures in infrastructure or traditional armed attack This commitment was first accepted during the 2016 Warsaw summit and further reiterated and clarified due to the COVID 19 pandemic in 2021 15 16 Per NATO documents this has been understood to include seven key areas Continuity of government during a crisis Energy and power grid infrastructure resilience Immigration control Food and water security Medical emergencies Resilient civil communications Effective transportation networks 17 Article 4 edit Article 4 is generally considered the starting point for major NATO operations and therefore is intended for either emergencies or situations of urgency It officially calls for consultation over military matters when the territorial integrity political independence or security of any of the parties is threatened 18 Upon its invocation the issue is discussed in the North Atlantic Council and can formally lead into a joint decision or action logistic military or otherwise on behalf of the Alliance 19 It has been officially invoked seven times since the alliance s creation 20 Article 4 invocations Nations Date Reason Outcome nbsp Turkey February 2003 Iraq War 20 21 Operation Display Deterrence 22 nbsp Turkey June 2012 The shooting down of a Turkish military jet by Syria 20 Operation Active Fence 23 nbsp Turkey October 2012 Syrian forces shelling Turkish cities 20 nbsp Latvia 24 nbsp Lithuania 25 nbsp Poland 26 March 2014 In response to the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation Deployment of littoral naval and air forces in the Black Sea by Romania Bulgaria and Turkey 27 Condemnation and support for sanctions of member countries and international community 28 Reform and medical aid to the Ukrainian government 29 Creation of the NATO Enhanced Forward Presence 30 nbsp Turkey July 2015 In response to the 2015 Suruc bombing which it attributed to ISIS and other security issues along its southern border 19 31 32 33 Main article 2015 NATO emergency meeting Denouncement of the attack 33 and reassessment of NATO assets in Turkey 34 nbsp Turkey February 2020 Increasing tensions as part of the Northwestern Syria offensive including suspected 35 Syrian and Russian airstrikes on Turkish troops 36 20 Augmentation of Turkish air defences 37 38 nbsp Bulgaria nbsp Czech Republic nbsp Estonia nbsp Latvia nbsp Lithuania nbsp Poland nbsp Romania nbsp Slovakia 39 February 2022 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 40 See also 2022 Brussels summit Defensive build up 41 42 materiel support to Ukraine 43 and activation of the NATO Response Force 44 45 There have also been instances where Article 4 was not formally invoked but instead threatened In fact this was viewed as one of the original intentions for Article 4 as a means to elevate issues and provide member nations a means of deterrence 46 For example in November 2021 the Polish foreign ministry along with Estonia Lithuania and Latvia briefly considered triggering Article 4 due to the Belarusian migrant crisis but it was not formally requested 47 48 On 15 November 2022 a missile struck the territory of Poland at the village of Przewodow near the border with Ukraine 49 50 51 The incident occurred during an attack on Ukrainian cities and energy facilities by Russia 52 53 It was the first incident of a missile hitting NATO territory during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 54 55 The NATO Secretary General talked with the Polish President and there was no call for an Article 4 convention 56 although the government had been in talks to consider invoking it 57 Article 5 edit The key section of the treaty is Article 5 Its commitment clause defines the casus foederis It commits each member state to consider an armed attack against one member state in the areas defined by Article 6 to be an armed attack against them all Upon such attack each member state is to assist by taking such action as the member state deems necessary including the use of armed force to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area The article has only been invoked once but considered in a number of other cases September 11 attacks edit Main article September 11 attacks It has been invoked only once in NATO history after the September 11 attacks on the United States in 2001 58 59 The invocation was confirmed on 4 October 2001 when NATO determined that the attacks were indeed eligible under the terms of the North Atlantic Treaty 60 The eight official actions taken by NATO in response to the 9 11 attacks included Operation Eagle Assist and Operation Active Endeavour a naval operation in the Mediterranean which was designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass destruction as well as enhancing the security of shipping in general Active Endeavour began on 4 October 2001 61 Threatened invocations edit Article 5 threats Party Date Reason nbsp Turkey June 2012 Main article 2012 Turkish F 4 Phantom shootdown The downing of an unarmed Turkish military jet which was 13 sea miles from Syria over international waters on a solo mission to test domestic radar systems 62 63 On 25 June the Turkish Deputy Prime Minister said that he intended to raise Article 5 64 nbsp Turkey August 2012 Main article Tomb of Suleyman Shah Events during the Syrian Civil War Recep Tayyip Erdogan stated that The tomb of Suleyman Shah in Syria and the land surrounding it is our territory We cannot ignore any unfavorable act against that monument as it would be an attack on our territory as well as an attack on NATO land Everyone knows his duty and will continue to do what is necessary 65 nbsp United Kingdom nbsp United States August 2022 Main article Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Chair of the Defence Select Committee of the United Kingdom Tobias Ellwood said that any deliberate attack against the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine that could cause radiation leaks would be a breach of Article 5 This statement was released over fears that a nuclear catastrophe could occur in the Russian occupied plant during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine The next day American congressman Adam Kinzinger said that any radiation leak into NATO countries would kill people which would be an automatic activation of Article 5 66 nbsp Albania October 2022 Main article Albania Iran relations Cyberattack and severed ties Albanian prime minister Edi Rama revealed that his government had considered invoking Article 5 in response to a major cyberattack on 15 July 2022 targeting critical and government infrastructure widely believed to have been carried out on behalf of Iran by state affiliated cybercriminals 67 68 Article 6 edit Article 6 states that Article 5 covers only member states territories in Europe North America Turkey and islands in the Atlantic north of the Tropic of Cancer It was the opinion in August 1965 of the US State Department the US Defense Department and the legal division of NATO that an attack on the U S state of Hawaii would not trigger the treaty but an attack on the other 49 would 69 The Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla on the North African shore are thus not under NATO protection in spite of Moroccan claims to them Legal experts have interpreted that other articles could cover the Spanish North African cities but this take has not been tested in practice 70 This is also why events such as the Balyun airstrikes did not trigger Article 5 as the Turkish troops that were attacked were in Syria not Turkey 71 On 16 April 2003 NATO agreed to take command of the International Security Assistance Force ISAF in Afghanistan which includes troops from 42 countries The decision came at the request of Germany and the Netherlands the two states leading ISAF at the time of the agreement and all nineteen NATO ambassadors approved it unanimously The handover of control to NATO took place on 11 August and marked the first time in NATO s history that it took charge of a mission outside of the area delineated by Article 6 72 Articles 7 and 8 edit In the case of any contradiction with other international obligations with the exception of the United Nations which by Article 7 supersedes NATO or in military conflict of two NATO members Article 8 comes into force This is most important in cases should one member engage in military action against another member upon which the offending members would be held in abeyance of the treaty and thereby NATO protection as a whole This has not occurred yet but there have been several militarised disputes between NATO allies that have threatened this NATO Militarised Interstate Conflicts Date Belligerents Conflict1958 1961 1972 73 and 1975 76 nbsp Belgium nbsp United Kingdom nbsp West Germany nbsp Iceland Cod Wars1974 nbsp Greece nbsp Turkey Turkish invasion of Cyprus1994 1996 nbsp Canada nbsp Spain Turbot War1992 Present nbsp Greece nbsp Turkey The Aegean DisputeIf an intra NATO conflict were to occur there exist intra NATO alliances which would be triggered instead in the instance of the abeyance The following is a list of such active intra NATO military alliances Intra NATO Military Alliances Since Members Name1373 nbsp Portugal nbsp United Kingdom Anglo Portuguese Treaty of 13731940 nbsp Canada nbsp United States Ogdensburg Agreement1958 nbsp United Kingdom nbsp United States US UK Mutual Defence Agreement2010 nbsp France nbsp United Kingdom Lancaster House Treaties2019 nbsp Greece nbsp United States Mutual Defense Cooperation Agreement 73 74 75 2021 nbsp France nbsp Greece Franco Greek defence agreement2022 nbsp Finland nbsp United Kingdom UK Finland Defence Agreement 76 77 2023 nbsp Greece nbsp United Kingdom Anglo Greek Defence Agreement 78 79 Article 9 edit Main article North Atlantic Council Establishes the North Atlantic Council and is the only NATO body that derives its authority directly from the treaty Its primary objectives as stated in the treaty is the enforcement of Article 3 and Article 5 Article 10 edit Main article Enlargement of NATO Article 10 Article 10 dictates the process by which other countries may join NATO which is by unanimous agreement by current NATO members Further new NATO members can only consist of other European nations In practice this has turned into a set of action plans which an aspiring nation must follow in order to become a member including the Membership Action Plan MAP mechanism 80 and Intensified Dialogue formula 81 Article 11 edit Article 11 indicated the process of the initial ratification of the treaty Each signatory nation was required to ratify the treaty through their respective constitutional processes In order to come into force the treaty had to be ratified by Belgium Canada France Luxembourg the Netherlands the United Kingdom and the United States Article 12 edit Article 12 states the process by which the treaty may be amended provided such amendments still affect the North Atlantic area and do not violate the Charter of the United Nations In practice this has only been used to clearly delineate which territories are under the purview of NATO Article 13 edit Main article Withdrawal from NATO Article 13 delimits the process by which a member leaves NATO which simply consists of a one year notice by the member nation to the U S government in its role as the treaty depositary which then promulgates the notice to the other member nations This has been contemplated by a number of member nations but so far has not happened aside from withdrawals due to independence of former territories or dependencies namely Algeria Malta and Cyprus Otherwise the next closest option for a member nation is to instead withdraw from NATO s military command structure but not from NATO entirely This happened with France in 1966 which rejoined in 2009 and with Greece in 1974 which rejoined in 1980 after the new Turkish military government ended its objections to Greek re entry Article 14 edit Article 14 notes the official languages of NATO as English and French and that the United States government shall promulgate copies of the treaty to the other member nations Changes since signing edit Three official footnotes have been released to reflect the changes made since the treaty was written 82 Regarding Article 6 The definition of the territories to which Article 5 applies was revised by Article 2 of the Protocol to the North Atlantic Treaty on the accession of Greece and Turkey signed on 22 October 1951 Regarding Article 6 On 16 January 1963 the North Atlantic Council noted that insofar as the former Algerian Departments of France were concerned the relevant clauses of this Treaty had become inapplicable as from 3 July 1962 Regarding Article 11 The Treaty came into force on 24 August 1949 after the deposition of the ratifications of all signatory states See also editNATO Warsaw Pact Treaty of Brussels Western Union 2001 Sino Russian Treaty of Friendship September 11 attacks Syrian Civil War Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Albania Iran relations Cyberattack and severed ties 2021 2022 Belarus European Union border crisis North Atlantic Council Enlargement of NATO Article 10 and the Open Door Policy Withdrawal from NATO Aegean dispute Turbot War Turkish invasion of Cyprus Cod Wars 2014 Wales summit 2015 NATO emergency meeting 2016 Warsaw summit 2022 NATO virtual summit 2022 Brussels summit 2022 Madrid summit 2022 missile explosion in Poland Operation Active Fence Operation Display Deterrence Operation Eagle Assist Operation Active Endeavor NATO Enhanced Forward Presence NATO Response ForceExplanatory notes edit Joined as Kingdom of Greece Joined as West Germany After reunification in 1990 the former East German territory became covered by NATO protection References edit a b Theodore Achilles Oral History Interview Truman Library Retrieved 29 May 2014 Cha Victor Winter 2009 2010 Powerplay Origins of U S Alliances in Asia International Security 34 3 158 196 doi 10 1162 isec 2010 34 3 158 S2CID 57566528 Mabon David W May 1988 Elusive Agreements The Pacific Pact Proposals of 1949 1951 Pacific Historical Review 57 2 147 178 doi 10 2307 4492264 JSTOR 4492264 A short history of NATO NATO Retrieved 9 November 2022 a b c d About this Collection United States Treaties and Other International Agreements Digital Collections Library of Congress PDF Library of Congress Bevans Charles Irving 1968 North Atlantic Treaty Treaties and other international agreements of the United States of America 1776 1949 Vol 4 Multilateral 1946 1949 Washington D C Department of State p 831 LCCN 70600742 OCLC 6940 Retrieved 1 May 2013 NATO Declassified Treaty Signatories NATO NATO The North Atlantic Treaty NATO Retrieved 4 April 2022 by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg at Massey College Toronto Canada CANADA AND NATO The report s ideas about enhanced economic partnerships and cultural connections were not implemented but two major initiatives were adopted a more robust information programme to explain NATO and its mission better to Allied audiences and the creation of a NATO Science Programme which has encouraged scientific and technological innovation across the Alliance and provided support to many Nobel laureates Report of the Committee of Three on Non Military Co Operation in NATO PDF Eldon Stewart 7 March 2017 Brexit and Security Jans Karljin 18 March 2022 Will Russia s invasion boost NATO s budget Clingendal Institute which goes beyond the idea of the 2 target This will require focusing on Alliance readiness levels with at the centre the NATO Defence Planning Process addressing the full spectrum of challenges NATO s Article 3 will remain the fundamental principle to make this a reality Press Briefing by NATO Spokesman James Appathurai after the meeting of the North Atlantic Council at the level of Defence Ministers 8 June 2006 Finally I should add that Allies through the comprehensive political guidance have committed to endeavour to meet the 2 target of GDP devoted to defence spending Let me be clear this is not a hard commitment that they will do it But it is a commitment to work towards it And that will be a first within the Alliance Commitment to enhance resilience Issued by the Heads of State and Government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Warsaw 8 July 2016 Strengthened Resilience Commitment 15 July 2021 Resilience and Article 3 11 July 2021 Report of the Committee of Three on Non Military Cooperation in NATO NATO int 13 December 1956 Retrieved 25 February 2022 Special attention must be paid as explicitly recognised in Article 4 of the Treaty to matters of urgent and immediate importance to the members of NATO and to emergency situations where it may be necessary to consult closely on national lines of conduct affecting the interests of members of NATO as a whole There is a continuing need however for effective consultation at an early stage on current problems in order that national policies may be developed and action taken on the basis of a full awareness of the attitudes and interests of all the members of NATO While all members of NATO have a responsibility to consult with their partners on appropriate matters a large share of responsibility for such consultation necessarily rests on the more powerful members of the Community a b telegraph co uk Turkey calls for emergency Nato meeting to discuss Isil and PKK 26 July 2015 a b c d e The consultation process and Article 4 NATO int 24 February 2022 Retrieved 25 February 2022 Statement by NATO Secretary General Lord Robertson on measures in relation to a possible threat to Turkey Speech 10 February 2003 Retrieved 25 February 2022 Conclusion of Operation Display Deterrence and Article 4 security consultations 16 April 2003 Retrieved 26 February 2022 NATO Foreign Ministers statement on Patriot deployment to Turkey 5 December 2012 Retrieved 27 February 2022 As the North Atlantic Council made clear on June 26 and October 3 we stand with Turkey in the spirit of strong solidarity We the NATO foreign ministers declare our determination to deter threats to and defend Turkey In response to Turkey s request NATO has decided to augment Turkey s air defence capabilities in order to defend the population and territory of Turkey and contribute to the de escalation of the crisis along the Alliance s border UNSC EU NATO to hold urgent meetings over Ukraine 1 March 2014 Retrieved 6 March 2014 Meanwhile Lithuania and Latvia called upon the North Atlantic Council the decision making body of NATO to hold an extraordinary session on Ukraine citing security concerns Turkishpress com Ford Matt 1 March 2014 Russia s Seizure of Crimea Is Making Former Soviet States Nervous The Atlantic Retrieved 4 March 2014 Linas Linkevicius Lithuania s foreign minister responded on Saturday by invoking Article 4 of the North Atlantic Treaty for only the fourth time in the alliance s history Baker Peter 3 March 2014 Top Russians Face Sanctions by U S for Crimea Crisis The New York Times Retrieved 4 March 2014 NATO called its second emergency meeting on Ukraine in response to a request from Poland under Article 4 of the North Atlantic Treaty relating to threats to a member state s security and independence Press conference by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg following the meeting of the NATO Ukraine Commission 26 November 2018 Retrieved 27 February 2022 NATO has increased its presence in the Black Sea region on land but also with air policing over the Black Sea region including the Black Sea and we have a regular NATO presence in the Black Sea with naval capabilities Then of course we have three littoral states Romania Turkey and Bulgaria Statement by the North Atlantic Council on Crimea 18 March 2019 Retrieved 27 February 2022 NATO Secretary General statement on the extraordinary meeting of the NATO Ukraine Commission 26 January 2015 Retrieved 27 February 2022 NATO war game defends Baltic weak spot for first time EURACTIV MEDIA NETWORK BV 19 June 2017 Ford Dana 27 July 2015 Turkey calls for rare NATO talks after attacks along Syrian border CNN Retrieved 27 July 2015 nytimes com Turkey and U S Plan to Create Syria Safe Zone Free of ISIS 27 July 2015 a b Statement by the North Atlantic Council following meeting under Article 4 of the Washington Treaty 28 July 2015 Retrieved 27 February 2022 Statement by NATO Foreign Ministers on Assurance to Turkey 1 December 2015 Retrieved 27 February 2022 On the basis of our December 2012 decision the Alliance has been augmenting Turkey s air defence We remain determined in a spirit of 28 for 28 to continue developing additional NATO assurance measures and Allies are working to prepare other possible contributions Russia denies involvement in airstrikes on Turkish troops in Idlib Daily Sabah 28 February 2020 Retrieved 1 March 2022 Greece vetoes NATO statement on support for Turkey amid Syria escalation 29 February 2020 Archived from the original on 3 March 2020 Retrieved 1 March 2022 The Russian military later explained that the Syrian army targeted Hayat Tahrir al Sham terrorists operating in the province adding that Syrian government forces were not informed about the Turkish presence in the area Statement by the Secretary General after Article 4 consultations 28 February 2020 Retrieved 27 February 2022 Refugees reach Greek border as EU demands Turkey upholds its migration commitments euronews com 28 February 2020 Retrieved 28 February 2020 The emergency meeting held on Friday morning in Brussels was held under Article 4 of NATO s founding treaty which allows any ally to request consultations if it feels its territorial integrity political independence or security is threatened NATO vows to defend its entire territory after Russia attack AP NEWS 24 February 2022 Retrieved 25 February 2022 Polska chce uruchomienia art 4 traktatu waszyngtonskiego Wniosek juz zlozony Do Rzeczy 24 February 2022 Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 Statement by the North Atlantic Council on Russia s attack on Ukraine 24 February 2022 Retrieved 1 March 2022 Today we have held consultations under Article 4 of the Washington Treaty We have decided in line with our defensive planning to protect all Allies to take additional steps to further strengthen deterrence and defence across the Alliance NATO to deploy thousands of commandos to nations near Ukraine Al Jazeera 25 February 2022 Archived from the original on 27 February 2022 Retrieved 26 February 2022 Stoltenberg varsler mer hjelp NRK in Norwegian 28 February 2022 Archived from the original on 28 February 2022 Retrieved 28 February 2022 NATO puts warplanes on alert to increase troop presence on eastern flank The Star Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 Cook Lorne NATO leaders agree to bolster eastern forces after invasion ABC News Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 Sherrod L Bumgardner Article 4 of the North Atlantic Treaty Retrieved 26 February 2022 In 1954 the first Secretary General of NATO Lord Ismay emphasized Article 4 consultation as a deterrence measure before an armed attack Poland considers activating Nato s Article 4 says PM 14 November 2021 Retrieved 25 February 2022 Baltics pledge support to Poland over NATO s Article 4 16 November 2021 Retrieved 1 March 2022 Explosion kills two in Poland near Ukraine border with US claiming Russia may not be responsible ABC News 15 November 2022 Retrieved 15 November 2022 Wybuch w miejscowosci Przewodow Nie zyja dwie osoby Explosion in Przewodow Two people are dead Radio Lublin in Polish 15 November 2022 Retrieved 15 November 2022 Polish PM convenes urgent meeting of defense committee The Jerusalem Post Jpost com Retrieved 15 November 2022 Peleschuk Dan Landay Jonathan 15 November 2022 Russia rains missiles across Ukraine as signs emerge of further retreat Reuters Retrieved 15 November 2022 Leicester John 15 November 2022 US official Russian missiles crossed into Poland killing 2 AP News Retrieved 15 November 2022 Barnes Joe 15 November 2022 Russian missiles hit Poland killing two The Telegraph ISSN 0307 1235 Retrieved 15 November 2022 Russian missiles cross into Poland during strike on Ukraine POLITICO Associated Press 15 November 2022 Retrieved 15 November 2022 NATO by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg after the meeting of the North Atlantic Council on Poland Liz Sly Paul Sonne Robyn Dixon Two dead in Poland as Ukraine war spills into NATO territory The Washington Post a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link NATO Key Events timeline 2001 Large scale terrorist attacks in New York and Washington D C NATO invokes Article 5 for the first time ever and adopts a broader approach to security Daley Suzanne 13 September 2001 AFTER THE ATTACKS THE ALLIANCE For First Time NATO Invokes Joint Defense Pact With U S The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 26 May 2017 NATO Update Invocation of Article 5 confirmed 2 October 2001 Nato int Retrieved 22 August 2010 NATO s Operations 1949 Present PDF NATO 22 January 2010 Retrieved 4 September 2013 todayszaman com Turkey says jet shot down in international airspace Archived 26 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine 24 June 2012 todayszaman com Turkey not to invoke Art 5 NATO war in Syria as unlikely as ever Archived 27 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine 25 June 2015 Turkey Syria s jet downing an attack on the whole of NATO TodaysZaman Archived from the original on 26 June 2015 Ankara warns against attack on tomb Hurriyet Daily News 7 August 2012 UK US Set Ultimatum Against Russia Due To Provocations At Zaporizhzhia NPP Charter 97 20 August 2022 Miller Maggie 5 October 2022 Albania weighed invoking NATO s Article 5 over Iranian cyberattack Politico Archived from the original on 5 October 2022 Retrieved 5 October 2022 Watson Adrienne 7 September 2022 Statement by NSC Spokesperson Adrienne Watson on Iran s Cyberattack against Albania The White House Archived from the original on 7 September 2022 Retrieved 5 October 2022 Hall John 8 August 1965 Hawaii Lacks NATO Coverage if Attacked Chicago Tribune UPI p 4 Retrieved 9 January 2019 via Newspapers com nbsp Estan Ceuta y Melilla bajo el paraguas de la OTAN Newtral in Spanish 2 October 2021 Retrieved 25 February 2022 Turkey s Troubles in Idlib Does Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty Hold the Answer 20 March 2020 Retrieved 1 March 2022 David P Auerswald and Stephen M Saideman eds NATO in Afghanistan Fighting Together Fighting Alone Princeton U P 2014 US Greece Sign Revised Defense Cooperation Agreement US News Retrieved 3 November 2019 Greece US hail strategic relationship after signing defence deal The New Athenian Retrieved 4 November 2019 Pamuk Humeyra 14 October 2021 Blinken says renewed U S Greece defense deal to advance stability in Eastern Mediterranean Reuters UNITED KINGDOM FINLAND STATEMENT HELSINKI 11 MAY 2022 PDF GOV UK 11 May 2022 Sweden Finland Sign Defense Treaty with the U K Ahead of Joining NATO National Review 11 May 2022 UK and Greece seek strengthened Defence partnership UK Greece Seek Strengthened Defence Partnership 8 February 2023 Membership Action Plan MAP NATO Press release 24 April 1999 NAC S 99 66 Retrieved 5 February 2015 NATO Press Release M NAC 2 97 155 www nato int Retrieved 27 September 2020 The North Atlantic Treaty Washington D C 16 January 1963 1949 04 04 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Further reading editWatry David M 2014 Diplomacy at the Brink Eisenhower Churchill and Eden in the Cold War Baton Rouge Louisiana State University Press External links edit nbsp Wikisource has original text related to this article North Atlantic Treaty nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to North Atlantic Treaty Official text NATO Declassified The Founding Treaty Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title North Atlantic Treaty amp oldid 1181546008, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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