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The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art

January 01, 1970

Not to be confused with Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections.

The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art is a Chinese mathematics book, composed by several generations of scholars from the 10th–2nd century BCE, its latest stage being from the 2nd century CE. This book is one of the earliest surviving mathematical texts from China, the first being the Suan shu shu (202 BCE – 186 BCE) and Zhoubi Suanjing (compiled throughout the Han until the late 2nd century CE). It lays out an approach to mathematics that centres on finding the most general methods of solving problems, which may be contrasted with the approach common to ancient Greek mathematicians, who tended to deduce propositions from an initial set of axioms.

The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art
A page of The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art (1820 edition)
Traditional Chinese九章算術
Simplified Chinese九章算术
Literal meaningnine chapters on arithmetic
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinJiǔ Zhāng Suànshù
Wade–GilesChiu3 Chang1 Suan4-shu4
Middle Chinese
Middle Chinese/kɨuX t͡ɕɨɐŋ suɑnX ʑiuɪt̚/
Old Chinese
Zhengzhang/kuʔ kjaŋ sloːnʔ ɦljud/

Entries in the book usually take the form of a statement of a problem, followed by the statement of the solution and an explanation of the procedure that led to the solution. These were commented on by Liu Hui in the 3rd century.

History edit

Further information: Science and technology of the Han dynasty

Original book edit

The full title of The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art appears on two bronze standard measures which are dated to 179 CE, but there is speculation that the same book existed beforehand under different titles.[1]

The title is also mentioned in volume 24 of the Book of the Later Han as one of the books studied by Ma Xu (馬續). Based on the known dates of his younger brother Ma Rong (馬融) this places the date of composition no later than 93 CE.[2]

Most scholars believe that Chinese mathematics and the mathematics of the ancient Mediterranean world had developed more or less independently up to the time when The Nine Chapters reached its final form. The method of chapter 7 was not found in Europe until the 13th century, and the method of chapter 8 uses Gaussian elimination before Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855).[3] There is also the mathematical proof given in the treatise for the Pythagorean theorem.[4] The influence of The Nine Chapters greatly assisted the development of ancient mathematics in the regions of Korea and Japan. Its influence on mathematical thought in China persisted until the Qing dynasty era.

Liu Hui wrote a detailed commentary in 263. He analyses the procedures of The Nine Chapters step by step, in a manner which is clearly designed to give the reader confidence that they are reliable, although he is not concerned to provide formal proofs in the Euclidean manner. Liu's commentary is of great mathematical interest in its own right. Liu credits the earlier mathematicians Zhang Cang (fl. 165 BCE – d. 142 BCE) and Geng Shouchang (fl. 75 BCE – 49 BCE) (see armillary sphere) with the initial arrangement and commentary on the book, yet Han dynasty records do not indicate the names of any authors of commentary, as they are not mentioned until the 3rd century.[5]

The Nine Chapters is an anonymous work, and its origins are not clear. Until recent years, there was no substantial evidence of related mathematical writing that might have preceded it, with the exception of mathematical work by those such as Jing Fang (78–37 BCE), Liu Xin (d. 23), and Zhang Heng (78–139) and the geometry clauses of the Mozi of the 4th century BCE. This is no longer the case. The Suàn shù shū (算數書) or Writings on Reckonings is an ancient Chinese text on mathematics approximately seven thousand characters in length, written on 190 bamboo strips. It was discovered together with other writings in 1983 when archaeologists opened a tomb in Hubei province. It is among the corpus of texts known as the Zhangjiashan Han bamboo texts. From documentary evidence this tomb is known to have been closed in 186 BCE, early in the Western Han dynasty. While its relationship to The Nine Chapters is still under discussion by scholars, some of its contents are clearly paralleled there. The text of the Suàn shù shū is however much less systematic than The Nine Chapters; and appears to consist of a number of more or less independent short sections of text drawn from a number of sources. The Zhoubi Suanjing, a mathematics and astronomy text, was also compiled during the Han, and was even mentioned as a school of mathematics in and around 180 CE by Cai Yong.

Western translations edit

The title of the book has been translated in a wide variety of ways.

In 1852, Alexander Wylie referred to it as Arithmetical Rules of the Nine Sections.

With only a slight variation, the Japanese historian of mathematics Yoshio Mikami shortened the title to Arithmetic in Nine Sections.[6]

David Eugene Smith, in his History of Mathematics (Smith 1923), followed the convention used by Yoshio Mikami.

Several years later, George Sarton took note of the book, but only with limited attention and only mentioning the usage of red and black rods for positive and negative numbers.

In 1959, Joseph Needham and Wang Ling (historian) translated Jiu Zhang Suan shu as The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art for the first time.

Later in 1994, Lam Lay Yong used this title in her overview of the book, as did other mathematicians including John N. Crossley and Anthony W.-C Lun in their translation of Li Yan and Du Shiran's Chinese Mathematics: A Concise History (Li and Du 1987).[6]

Afterwards, the name The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art stuck and became the standard English title for the book.

Table of contents edit

Contents of The Nine Chapters are as follows:

  1. 方田 Fangtian – Bounding fields. Areas of fields of various shapes, such as rectangles, triangles, trapezoids, and circles; manipulation of vulgar fractions. Liu Hui's commentary includes a method for calculation of π and the approximate value of 3.14159.[7]
  2. 粟米 Sumi – Millet and rice. Exchange of commodities at different rates; unit pricing; the Rule of Three for solving proportions, using fractions.
  3. 衰分 Cuifen – Proportional distribution. Distribution of commodities and money at proportional rates; deriving arithmetic and geometric sums.
  4. 少廣 Shaoguang – Reducing dimensions. Finding the diameter or side of a shape given its volume or area. Division by mixed numbers; extraction of square and cube roots; diameter of sphere, perimeter and diameter of circle.
  5. 商功 Shanggong – Figuring for construction. Volumes of solids of various shapes.
  6. 均輸 Junshu – Equitable taxation. More advanced word problems on proportion, involving work, distances, and rates.
  7. 盈不足 Yingbuzu – Excess and deficit. Linear problems (in two unknowns) solved using the principle known later in the West as the rule of false position.
  8. 方程 Fangcheng – The two-sided reference (i.e. Equations). Problems of agricultural yields and the sale of animals that lead to systems of linear equations, solved by a principle indistinguishable from the modern form of Gaussian elimination.[8]
  9. 勾股 Gougu – Base and altitude. Problems involving the principle known in the West as the Pythagorean theorem.

Major contributions edit

Real number system edit

The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art does not discuss natural numbers, that is, positive integers and their operations, but they are widely used and written on the basis of natural numbers. Although it is not a book on fractions, the meaning, nature, and four operations of fractions are fully discussed. For example: combined division (addition), subtraction (subtraction), multiplication (multiplication), warp division (division), division (comparison size), reduction (simplified fraction), and bisector (average).[9]

The concept of negative numbers also appears in "Nine Chapters of Arithmetic". In order to cooperate with the algorithm of equations, the rules of addition and subtraction of positive and negative numbers are given. The subtraction is "divide by the same name, benefit by different names. The addition is "divide by different names, benefit from each other by the same name. Among them, "division" is subtraction, "benefit" is addition, and "no entry" means that there is no counter-party, but multiplication and division are not recorded.[9]

The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art gives a certain discussion on natural numbers, fractions, positive and negative numbers, and some special irrationality. Generally speaking, it has the prototype of the real number system used in modern mathematics.

Gou Gu (Pythagorean) Theorem edit

The geometric figures included in The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art are mostly straight and circular figures because of its focus on the applications onto the agricultural fields. In addition, due to the needs of civil architecture, The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art also discusses volumetric algorithms of linear and circular 3 dimensional solids. The arrangement of these volumetric algorithms ranges from simple to complex, forming a unique mathematical system.[9]

Regarding the direct application of the Gou Gu Theorem, which is precisely the Chinese version of the Pythagorean Theorem, the book divides it into four main categories: Gou Gu mutual seeking, Gou Gu integer, Gou Gu dual capacity, Gou Gu similar.

Gou Gu mutual seeking discusses the algorithm of finding the length of a side of the right triangle while knowing the other two. Gou Gu integer is precisely the finding of some significant integer Pythagorean numbers, including famously the triple 3,4,5. Gou Gu dual capacity discusses algorithms for calculating the areas of the inscribed rectangles and other polygons in the circle, which also serves an algorithm to calculate the value of pi. Lastly, Gou Gu similars provide algorithms of calculating heights and lengths of buildings on the mathematical basis of similar right triangles.

Completing of squares and solutions of system of equations edit

The methods of completing the squares and cubes as well as solving simultaneous linear equations listed in The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art can be regarded one of the major content of ancient Chinese mathematics. The discussion of these algorithms in The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art are very detailed. Through these discussions, one can understand the achievements of the development of ancient Chinese mathematics.[9]

Completing the squaring and cubes can not only solve systems of two linear equations with two unknowns, but also general quadratic and cubic equations. It is the basis for solving higher-order equations in ancient China, and it also plays an important role in the development of mathematics.[9]

The "equations" discussed in the Fang Cheng chapter are equivalent to today's simultaneous linear equations. The solution method called "Fang Cheng Shi" is best known today as Gaussian elimination. Among the eighteen problems listed in the Fang Cheng chapter, some are equivalent to simultaneous linear equations with two unknowns, some are equivalent to simultaneous linear equations with 3 unknowns, and the most complex example analyzes the solution to a system of linear equations with up to 5 unknowns.[9]

Significance edit

The word jiu, or "9", means more than just a digit in ancient Chinese. In fact, since it is the largest digit, it often refers to something of a grand scale or a supreme authority. Further, the word zhang, or "chapter", also has more connotations than simply being the "chapter". It may refer to a section, several parts of an article, or an entire treatise.[10]

In this light, many scholars of the history of Chinese mathematics compare the significance of The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art on the development of Eastern mathematical traditions to that of Euclid's Elements on the Western mathematical traditions.[11][12] However, the influence of The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art stops short at the advancement of modern mathematics due to its focus on practical problems and inductive proof methods as opposed to the deductive, axiomatic tradition that Euclid's Elements establishes.

However, it is dismissive to say that The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art has no impact at all on modern mathematics. The style and structure of The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art can be best concluded as "problem, formula, and computation".[13] This process of solving applied mathematical problems is now pretty much the standard approach in the field of applied mathematics.

Notable translations edit

  • Abridged English translation: Yoshio Mikami: "Arithmetic in Nine Sections", in The Development of Mathematics in China and Japan, 1913.
  • Highly Abridged English translation: Florian Cajori: "Arithmetic in Nine Sections", in A History of Mathematics, Second Edition, 1919 (possibly copied or paraphrased from Mikami).
  • Abridged English translation: Lam Lay Yong: Jiu Zhang Suanshu: An Overview, Archive for History of Exact Sciences, Springer Verlag, 1994.
  • A full translation and study of the Nine Chapters and Liu Hui's commentary is available in Kangshen Shen, The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art, Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-19-853936-3
  • A French translation with detailed scholarly addenda and a critical edition of the Chinese text of both the book and its commentary by Karine Chemla and Shuchun Guo is Les neuf chapitres: le classique mathématique de la Chine ancienne et ses commentaires. Paris: Dunod, 2004. ISBN 978-2-10-049589-4.
  • German translation: Kurt Vogel, Neun Bücher Arithmetischer Technik, Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn Braunsweig, 1968
  • Russian translation: E. I Beriozkina, Математика в девяти книгах (Mathematika V Devyati Knigah), Moscow: Nauka, 1980.

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Needham, Volume 3, 24–25.
  2. ^ Patrick Morgan, Daniel (2 November 2018). "A Radical Proposition on the Origins of the Received Mathematical Classic The Gnomon of Zhou (Zhoubi 周髀)". The Second International Conference on History of Mathematics and Astronomy: 4. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  3. ^ Straffin, 164.
  4. ^ Needham, Volume 3, 22.
  5. ^ Needham, Volume 3, 24.
  6. ^ a b Dauben, Joseph W. (2013). "九章箅术 "Jiu zhang suan shu" (Nine Chapters on the Art of Mathematics) – An Appraisal of the Text, its Editions, and Translations". Sudhoffs Archiv. 97 (2): 199–235. doi:10.25162/sudhoff-2013-0017. ISSN 0039-4564. JSTOR 43694474. S2CID 1159700.
  7. ^ O'Connor.
  8. ^ Mumford, David (2010). "What's so baffling about negative numbers?—a cross-cultural comparison" (PDF). In Seshadri, C. S. (ed.). Studies in the history of Indian mathematics: Papers from the seminar "Topics in the History of Indian and Western Mathematics" held in Chennai, January–February 2008. Culture and History of Mathematics. Vol. 5. New Delhi: Hindustan Book Agency. pp. 113–143. doi:10.1287/deca.1090.0176. ISBN 978-93-80250-06-9. MR 2648497.
  9. ^ a b c d e f 中國文明史 第三卷 秦漢時代 中冊. 地球社编辑部. 1992. pp. 515–531.
  10. ^ Dauben, Joseph W. (1992), "The "Pythagorean theorem" and Chinese Mathematics Liu Hui's Commentary on the 勾股 (Gou-Gu) Theorem in Chapter Nine of the Jiu Zhang Suan Shu", Amphora, Birkhäuser Basel, pp. 133–155, doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-8599-7_7, ISBN 978-3-0348-9696-2
  11. ^ Siu, Man-Keung (December 1993). "Proof and pedagogy in ancient China: Examples from Liu Hui's commentary on JIU ZHANG SUAN SHU". Educational Studies in Mathematics. 24 (4): 345–357. doi:10.1007/bf01273370. ISSN 0013-1954. S2CID 120420378.
  12. ^ Dauben, Joseph W. (September 1998). "Ancient Chinese mathematics: the (Jiu Zhang Suan Shu) vs Euclid's Elements. Aspects of proof and the linguistic limits of knowledge". International Journal of Engineering Science. 36 (12–14): 1339–1359. doi:10.1016/s0020-7225(98)00036-6. ISSN 0020-7225.
  13. ^ 吴, 文俊 (1982). 九章算术与刘辉. 北京: 北京师范大学出版社. p. 118.

References edit

External links edit

 
Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article:
九章算术
  • Full text of the book (Chinese)

January 01, 1970
nine, chapters, mathematical, confused, with, mathematical, treatise, nine, sections, chinese, mathematics, book, composed, several, generations, scholars, from, 10th, century, latest, stage, being, from, century, this, book, earliest, surviving, mathematical,. Not to be confused with Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art is a Chinese mathematics book composed by several generations of scholars from the 10th 2nd century BCE its latest stage being from the 2nd century CE This book is one of the earliest surviving mathematical texts from China the first being the Suan shu shu 202 BCE 186 BCE and Zhoubi Suanjing compiled throughout the Han until the late 2nd century CE It lays out an approach to mathematics that centres on finding the most general methods of solving problems which may be contrasted with the approach common to ancient Greek mathematicians who tended to deduce propositions from an initial set of axioms The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical ArtA page of The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art 1820 edition Traditional Chinese九章算術Simplified Chinese九章算术Literal meaningnine chapters on arithmeticTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinJiǔ Zhang SuanshuWade GilesChiu3 Chang1 Suan4 shu4Middle ChineseMiddle Chinese kɨuX t ɕɨɐŋ suɑnX ʑiuɪt Old ChineseZhengzhang kuʔ kjaŋ sloːnʔ ɦljud Entries in the book usually take the form of a statement of a problem followed by the statement of the solution and an explanation of the procedure that led to the solution These were commented on by Liu Hui in the 3rd century Contents 1 History 1 1 Original book 1 2 Western translations 2 Table of contents 3 Major contributions 3 1 Real number system 3 2 Gou Gu Pythagorean Theorem 3 3 Completing of squares and solutions of system of equations 4 Significance 5 Notable translations 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External linksHistory editFurther information Science and technology of the Han dynasty Original book edit The full title of The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art appears on two bronze standard measures which are dated to 179 CE but there is speculation that the same book existed beforehand under different titles 1 The title is also mentioned in volume 24 of the Book of the Later Han as one of the books studied by Ma Xu 馬續 Based on the known dates of his younger brother Ma Rong 馬融 this places the date of composition no later than 93 CE 2 Most scholars believe that Chinese mathematics and the mathematics of the ancient Mediterranean world had developed more or less independently up to the time when The Nine Chapters reached its final form The method of chapter 7 was not found in Europe until the 13th century and the method of chapter 8 uses Gaussian elimination before Carl Friedrich Gauss 1777 1855 3 There is also the mathematical proof given in the treatise for the Pythagorean theorem 4 The influence of The Nine Chapters greatly assisted the development of ancient mathematics in the regions of Korea and Japan Its influence on mathematical thought in China persisted until the Qing dynasty era Liu Hui wrote a detailed commentary in 263 He analyses the procedures of The Nine Chapters step by step in a manner which is clearly designed to give the reader confidence that they are reliable although he is not concerned to provide formal proofs in the Euclidean manner Liu s commentary is of great mathematical interest in its own right Liu credits the earlier mathematicians Zhang Cang fl 165 BCE d 142 BCE and Geng Shouchang fl 75 BCE 49 BCE see armillary sphere with the initial arrangement and commentary on the book yet Han dynasty records do not indicate the names of any authors of commentary as they are not mentioned until the 3rd century 5 The Nine Chapters is an anonymous work and its origins are not clear Until recent years there was no substantial evidence of related mathematical writing that might have preceded it with the exception of mathematical work by those such as Jing Fang 78 37 BCE Liu Xin d 23 and Zhang Heng 78 139 and the geometry clauses of the Mozi of the 4th century BCE This is no longer the case The Suan shu shu 算數書 or Writings on Reckonings is an ancient Chinese text on mathematics approximately seven thousand characters in length written on 190 bamboo strips It was discovered together with other writings in 1983 when archaeologists opened a tomb in Hubei province It is among the corpus of texts known as the Zhangjiashan Han bamboo texts From documentary evidence this tomb is known to have been closed in 186 BCE early in the Western Han dynasty While its relationship to The Nine Chapters is still under discussion by scholars some of its contents are clearly paralleled there The text of the Suan shu shu is however much less systematic than The Nine Chapters and appears to consist of a number of more or less independent short sections of text drawn from a number of sources The Zhoubi Suanjing a mathematics and astronomy text was also compiled during the Han and was even mentioned as a school of mathematics in and around 180 CE by Cai Yong Western translations edit The title of the book has been translated in a wide variety of ways In 1852 Alexander Wylie referred to it as Arithmetical Rules of the Nine Sections With only a slight variation the Japanese historian of mathematics Yoshio Mikami shortened the title to Arithmetic in Nine Sections 6 David Eugene Smith in his History of Mathematics Smith 1923 followed the convention used by Yoshio Mikami Several years later George Sarton took note of the book but only with limited attention and only mentioning the usage of red and black rods for positive and negative numbers In 1959 Joseph Needham and Wang Ling historian translated Jiu Zhang Suan shu as The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art for the first time Later in 1994 Lam Lay Yong used this title in her overview of the book as did other mathematicians including John N Crossley and Anthony W C Lun in their translation of Li Yan and Du Shiran s Chinese Mathematics A Concise History Li and Du 1987 6 Afterwards the name The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art stuck and became the standard English title for the book Table of contents editContents of The Nine Chapters are as follows 方田 Fangtian Bounding fields Areas of fields of various shapes such as rectangles triangles trapezoids and circles manipulation of vulgar fractions Liu Hui s commentary includes a method for calculation of p and the approximate value of 3 14159 7 粟米 Sumi Millet and rice Exchange of commodities at different rates unit pricing the Rule of Three for solving proportions using fractions 衰分 Cuifen Proportional distribution Distribution of commodities and money at proportional rates deriving arithmetic and geometric sums 少廣 Shaoguang Reducing dimensions Finding the diameter or side of a shape given its volume or area Division by mixed numbers extraction of square and cube roots diameter of sphere perimeter and diameter of circle 商功 Shanggong Figuring for construction Volumes of solids of various shapes 均輸 Junshu Equitable taxation More advanced word problems on proportion involving work distances and rates 盈不足 Yingbuzu Excess and deficit Linear problems in two unknowns solved using the principle known later in the West as the rule of false position 方程 Fangcheng The two sided reference i e Equations Problems of agricultural yields and the sale of animals that lead to systems of linear equations solved by a principle indistinguishable from the modern form of Gaussian elimination 8 勾股 Gougu Base and altitude Problems involving the principle known in the West as the Pythagorean theorem Major contributions editReal number system edit The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art does not discuss natural numbers that is positive integers and their operations but they are widely used and written on the basis of natural numbers Although it is not a book on fractions the meaning nature and four operations of fractions are fully discussed For example combined division addition subtraction subtraction multiplication multiplication warp division division division comparison size reduction simplified fraction and bisector average 9 The concept of negative numbers also appears in Nine Chapters of Arithmetic In order to cooperate with the algorithm of equations the rules of addition and subtraction of positive and negative numbers are given The subtraction is divide by the same name benefit by different names The addition is divide by different names benefit from each other by the same name Among them division is subtraction benefit is addition and no entry means that there is no counter party but multiplication and division are not recorded 9 The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art gives a certain discussion on natural numbers fractions positive and negative numbers and some special irrationality Generally speaking it has the prototype of the real number system used in modern mathematics Gou Gu Pythagorean Theorem edit The geometric figures included in The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art are mostly straight and circular figures because of its focus on the applications onto the agricultural fields In addition due to the needs of civil architecture The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art also discusses volumetric algorithms of linear and circular 3 dimensional solids The arrangement of these volumetric algorithms ranges from simple to complex forming a unique mathematical system 9 Regarding the direct application of the Gou Gu Theorem which is precisely the Chinese version of the Pythagorean Theorem the book divides it into four main categories Gou Gu mutual seeking Gou Gu integer Gou Gu dual capacity Gou Gu similar Gou Gu mutual seeking discusses the algorithm of finding the length of a side of the right triangle while knowing the other two Gou Gu integer is precisely the finding of some significant integer Pythagorean numbers including famously the triple 3 4 5 Gou Gu dual capacity discusses algorithms for calculating the areas of the inscribed rectangles and other polygons in the circle which also serves an algorithm to calculate the value of pi Lastly Gou Gu similars provide algorithms of calculating heights and lengths of buildings on the mathematical basis of similar right triangles Completing of squares and solutions of system of equations edit The methods of completing the squares and cubes as well as solving simultaneous linear equations listed in The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art can be regarded one of the major content of ancient Chinese mathematics The discussion of these algorithms in The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art are very detailed Through these discussions one can understand the achievements of the development of ancient Chinese mathematics 9 Completing the squaring and cubes can not only solve systems of two linear equations with two unknowns but also general quadratic and cubic equations It is the basis for solving higher order equations in ancient China and it also plays an important role in the development of mathematics 9 The equations discussed in the Fang Cheng chapter are equivalent to today s simultaneous linear equations The solution method called Fang Cheng Shi is best known today as Gaussian elimination Among the eighteen problems listed in the Fang Cheng chapter some are equivalent to simultaneous linear equations with two unknowns some are equivalent to simultaneous linear equations with 3 unknowns and the most complex example analyzes the solution to a system of linear equations with up to 5 unknowns 9 Significance editThe word jiu or 9 means more than just a digit in ancient Chinese In fact since it is the largest digit it often refers to something of a grand scale or a supreme authority Further the word zhang or chapter also has more connotations than simply being the chapter It may refer to a section several parts of an article or an entire treatise 10 In this light many scholars of the history of Chinese mathematics compare the significance of The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art on the development of Eastern mathematical traditions to that of Euclid s Elements on the Western mathematical traditions 11 12 However the influence of The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art stops short at the advancement of modern mathematics due to its focus on practical problems and inductive proof methods as opposed to the deductive axiomatic tradition that Euclid s Elements establishes However it is dismissive to say that The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art has no impact at all on modern mathematics The style and structure of The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art can be best concluded as problem formula and computation 13 This process of solving applied mathematical problems is now pretty much the standard approach in the field of applied mathematics Notable translations editAbridged English translation Yoshio Mikami Arithmetic in Nine Sections in The Development of Mathematics in China and Japan 1913 Highly Abridged English translation Florian Cajori Arithmetic in Nine Sections in A History of Mathematics Second Edition 1919 possibly copied or paraphrased from Mikami Abridged English translation Lam Lay Yong Jiu Zhang Suanshu An Overview Archive for History of Exact Sciences Springer Verlag 1994 A full translation and study of the Nine Chapters and Liu Hui s commentary is available in Kangshen Shen The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art Oxford University Press 1999 ISBN 0 19 853936 3 A French translation with detailed scholarly addenda and a critical edition of the Chinese text of both the book and its commentary by Karine Chemla and Shuchun Guo is Les neuf chapitres le classique mathematique de la Chine ancienne et ses commentaires Paris Dunod 2004 ISBN 978 2 10 049589 4 German translation Kurt Vogel Neun Bucher Arithmetischer Technik Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn Braunsweig 1968 Russian translation E I Beriozkina Matematika v devyati knigah Mathematika V Devyati Knigah Moscow Nauka 1980 See also editHaidao Suanjing History of mathematics History of geometryNotes edit Needham Volume 3 24 25 Patrick Morgan Daniel 2 November 2018 A Radical Proposition on the Origins of the Received Mathematical Classic The Gnomon of Zhou Zhoubi 周髀 The Second International Conference on History of Mathematics and Astronomy 4 Retrieved 25 December 2023 Straffin 164 Needham Volume 3 22 Needham Volume 3 24 a b Dauben Joseph W 2013 九章箅术 Jiu zhang suan shu Nine Chapters on the Art of Mathematics An Appraisal of the Text its Editions and Translations Sudhoffs Archiv 97 2 199 235 doi 10 25162 sudhoff 2013 0017 ISSN 0039 4564 JSTOR 43694474 S2CID 1159700 O Connor Mumford David 2010 What s so baffling about negative numbers a cross cultural comparison PDF In Seshadri C S ed Studies in the history of Indian mathematics Papers from the seminar Topics in the History of Indian and Western Mathematics held in Chennai January February 2008 Culture and History of Mathematics Vol 5 New Delhi Hindustan Book Agency pp 113 143 doi 10 1287 deca 1090 0176 ISBN 978 93 80250 06 9 MR 2648497 a b c d e f 中國文明史 第三卷 秦漢時代 中冊 地球社编辑部 1992 pp 515 531 Dauben Joseph W 1992 The Pythagorean theorem and Chinese Mathematics Liu Hui s Commentary on the 勾股 Gou Gu Theorem in Chapter Nine of the Jiu Zhang Suan Shu Amphora Birkhauser Basel pp 133 155 doi 10 1007 978 3 0348 8599 7 7 ISBN 978 3 0348 9696 2 Siu Man Keung December 1993 Proof and pedagogy in ancient China Examples from Liu Hui s commentary on JIU ZHANG SUAN SHU Educational Studies in Mathematics 24 4 345 357 doi 10 1007 bf01273370 ISSN 0013 1954 S2CID 120420378 Dauben Joseph W September 1998 Ancient Chinese mathematics the Jiu Zhang Suan Shu vs Euclid s Elements Aspects of proof and the linguistic limits of knowledge International Journal of Engineering Science 36 12 14 1339 1359 doi 10 1016 s0020 7225 98 00036 6 ISSN 0020 7225 吴 文俊 1982 九章算术与刘辉 北京 北京师范大学出版社 p 118 References editNeedham Joseph 1986 Science and Civilization in China Volume 3 Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth Taipei Caves Books Ltd Straffin Philip D Liu Hui and the First Golden Age of Chinese Mathematics Mathematics Magazine Volume 71 Number 3 1998 163 181 O Connor John J Robertson Edmund F Liu Hui MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive University of St AndrewsExternal links edit nbsp Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article 九章算术 Full text of the book Chinese Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art amp oldid 1221382049, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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