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Cultural neuroscience

January 01, 1970

Cultural neuroscience is a field of research that focuses on the interrelation between a human's cultural environment and neurobiological systems. The field particularly incorporates ideas and perspectives from related domains like anthropology, psychology, and cognitive neuroscience to study sociocultural influences on human behaviors.[1] Such impacts on behavior are often measured using various neuroimaging methods, through which cross-cultural variability in neural activity can be examined.

Cultural neuroscientists study cultural variation in mental, neural and genomic processes as a means of articulating the bidirectional relationship of these processes and their emergent properties using a variety of methods. Researchers in cultural neuroscience[2][3][4] are motivated by two fundamentally intriguing, yet still unanswered, questions on the origins of human nature and human diversity: how do cultural traits (e.g., values, beliefs, practices) shape neurobiology (e.g., genetic and neural processes) and behavior, and how do neurobiological mechanisms (e.g., genetic and neural processes) facilitate the emergence and transmission of cultural traits?

The idea that complex behavior results from the dynamic interaction of genes and cultural environment is not new;[5][6][7] however, cultural neuroscience[8] represents a novel empirical approach to demonstrating bidirectional interactions between culture and biology by integrating theory and methods from cultural psychology, neuroscience and neurogenetics.

Similar to other interdisciplinary fields such as social neuroscience,[9] cognitive neuroscience,[10] affective neuroscience,[11] and neuroanthropology,[12][13][14] cultural neuroscience aims to explain a given mental phenomenon in terms of a synergistic product of mental, neural and genetic events. In particular, cultural neuroscience shares common research goals with social neuroscientists examining how neurobiological mechanisms (e.g., mirror neurons),[15] facilitate cultural transmission, (e.g., imitative learning) and neuroanthropologists[16] examining how embedded culture, as captured by cross-species comparison[17] and ethnography, is related to brain function. Cultural neuroscience also shares intellectual goals with critical neuroscience,[18] a field of inquiry that scrutinizes the social, cultural, economic and political contexts and assumptions that underlie behavioral and brain science research as it is practiced today.

Research in cultural neuroscience has practical relevance to transcultural psychiatry,[19] business[20] and technology[21] as well as broader implications for global public policy issues such as population health disparities,[22] bioethics,[23] globalization,[24] immigration, interethnic ideology[25] and international relations.

Previous cross-cultural research edit

While the field of cultural neuroscience may still be growing, there are studies conducted by various researchers that have looked at cross-cultural similarities and differences in human attention, visual perception, and the understanding of others and the self.[26] Previous behavioral research has focused on the cultural differences in perception, particularly between people from East Asian and Western regions. The results from these studies have suggested that East Asians focus their visual perception more on the backgrounds and contexts of their environment, while Westerners focus on individual stimuli/objects. To further explore these findings, more research was done to specifically look at the neurological similarities and differences in attention and visual perception of people in East Asian and Western cultures.

Results from a 2008 study by Hedden et al. support the previous findings by showing how East Asians require more attention than Americans for individually processing objects.[27] Brain regions more focused on attention, such as areas in the parietal and prefrontal lobes as well as the inferior parietal lobule and precentral gyrus, were found to be highly active in East Asian subjects compared to American subjects, during individual object processing. A visual perception study conducted by Gutchess et al. in 2006, also found neurological differences between Chinese and American subjects as they completed tasks of encoding images of individual objects, backgrounds, and objects with backgrounds.[28] The fMRI results from the study presented that during visual processing of objects, there was greater neural activity in the middle temporal gyri, right superior temporal gyri, and superior parietal lobules of the American subjects than that of the Chinese subjects. Such results indicate a focus on object processing among Westerners compared to East Asians. Insignificant differences in neural activity between subjects were found during the visual processing of images with backgrounds.

People from East Asian and Western cultures were also studied to learn more about cross-cultural differences in understanding both the self and other people. Findings from a 1991 study by Markus and Kitayama presented that people from Eastern cultures view the self in relation to others in their community, while people from Western cultures have a more independent perspective of the self.[29] A 2007 fMRI study observed differences in activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, a brain region highly active during self perception, when Western and Chinese subjects were thinking about themselves versus when they were thinking about their mothers.[30] The results interestingly showed that there was still activity in the ventral medial prefrontal cortices of Chinese subjects even when they thought about their mothers, while activity was only detected in American subjects when they thought about themselves.

A different study conducted by psychologist Joan Chiao found that due to cultural differences, East Asians are more likely to suffer from depression than Americans. She found that East Asians are more likely to carry the short allele of the serotonin transporter gene (STG) which leads to depression while Americans carry the long allele which doesn't lead to depression. Yet due to difference in cultural structure they found that collectivist societies are more likely to find happiness than individual societies.[31]

Another study done by psychologists Nalini Ambady and Jonathan Freeman showed a difference in brain activity between Japanese and Americans when shown different body posture. They found that the reward circuitry in the limbic system would light up when Japanese participants saw submissive body posture while the reward circuitry would activate when Americans saw dominant body posture.[32]

Culture differences in visual stimuli edit

Cultural differences exist in the ventral visual cortex and many studies have shown this. In a study conducted in 2005 they found that East Asians were more likely to keep their eyes focused on background scenes than westerners who would instead focus more on the central object such as a giraffe in a savanna. In a similar 2006 study it showed that in congruence to the difference in society structure westerners showed more activation in object processing regions, including the bilateral middle temporal gyrus, left superior parietal gyrus, and right superior temporal gyrus, although no activation differences were observed in context-processing regions such as the hippocampus. However, there has been some research contradicting cultural bias in the oculomotor control such as one conducted in 2007 by Rayner, Li, Williams, Cave, and Well who failed to find evidence that East Asians focus more on context although they did find evidence that they are more likely to focus less on central objects. In a different study they focused more on difference in attention towards faces. They proved that Americans focus more broadly on the entire face such as both the eyes and mouth while Asians focus more on a single part, such as the mouth. The authors point out that this happens due to gaze avoidance in east Asian culture as a way of politeness. In 2008, another study focusing on context showed that East Asians were more likely to include greater details and background when taking photographs of a model when they were free to set the zoom function of the camera as they saw fit. In 2003, a group of researchers used the Frame-Line Test and asked the participants to draw a line of either exactly the same length as the one showed or one that was proportional in size. Americans were more accurate in the absolute task, suggesting better memory for the exact or absolute size of the focal object, but East Asians were more accurate in the relative (proportional) task, suggesting better memory for contextual relationships. In a later study conducted by the same group they found a pattern within the cultures when processing emotions. East Asians were less likely to know the difference between fear and disgust than Americans when sampling faces.[33]

Many studies conducted proves that constant repetition in a certain skill has an effect on brain activity. For example, in a 2000 study they showed that taxi drivers in London showed larger gray matter in the posterior hippocampi than the average civilian.[34] A different study in 2004 showed that those who know how to juggle have an increase in volume of the cortical tissue in the bilateral midtemporal area and left posterior intraparietal sulcus.[35]

The findings from many neuroimaging studies reflect the behavioral patterns observed in previous anthropological and cultural research. Such comparisons that were made between particular behavioral and neural activity across different cultures, have already provided the scientific community with more insight into the cultural influences on human behavior.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Causadias, J. M.; Telzer, E. H.; Gonzales, N. A. (2018). The handbook of culture and biology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley et Sons.
  2. ^ Chiao, J. Y. (Ed.) (2009). Cultural neuroscience: Cultural influences on brain function. Progress in Brain Research, Elsevier Press.
  3. ^ Park, DC; Gutchess, AH. (2006). "The cognitive neuroscience of aging and culture". Current Directions in Psychological Science. 15 (3): 105–108. doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2006.00416.x. S2CID 1187728.
  4. ^ Han, S.; Northoff, G. (2008). "Culture-sensitive neural substrates of human cognition: A transcultural neuroimaging approach". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 9 (8): 646–654. doi:10.1038/nrn2456. PMID 18641669. S2CID 6461309.
  5. ^ Li, S.-C. (2003). "Biocultural orchestration of developmental plasticity across levels: The interplay of biology and culture in shaping the mind and behavior across the lifespan". Psychological Bulletin. 129 (2): 171–194. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.171. PMID 12696838.
  6. ^ Caspi, A.; Moffitt, T. E. (2006). "Gene–environment interactions in psychiatry: joining forces with neuroscience". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 7 (7): 583–590. doi:10.1038/nrn1925. PMID 16791147. S2CID 205500587.
  7. ^ Mareschal. D., Johnson, M.H., Sirois, S., Spratling, M.W., Thomas, M.C., Westermann, G. (2007). Neuroconstructivism, Volume 1: How the Brain Constructs Cognition. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  8. ^ Chiao, J.Y. (in press). Cultural neuroscience: Visualizing culture-gene influences on brain function. In Decety, J. and Cacioppo, J. (Eds.) Handbook of Social Neuroscience, Oxford University Press, UK.
  9. ^ Cacioppo, J. T.; Berntson, G. G. (1992). "Social psychological contributions to the decade of the brain: Doctrine of multilevel analysis". American Psychologist. 47 (8): 1019–1028. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.47.8.1019. PMID 1510329.
  10. ^ Gazzaniga, M.S., Ivry, R., & Mangun, G.R. Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind. W.W. Norton, 2002. 2nd Edition
  11. ^ Panksepp J. (1998). Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions (Series in Affective Science). Oxford University Press, New York, New York.
  12. ^ Domínguez D, JF; Turner, R; Lewis, ED; Egan, GF (2010). "Neuroanthropology: A Humanistic Science for the Study of the Culture–Brain Nexus". Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 5 (2–3): 138–47. doi:10.1093/scan/nsp024. PMC 2894669. PMID 19654141.
  13. ^ Domínguez D, JF (2012). "Neuroanthropology and the Dialectical Imperative". Anthropological Theory. 12 (1): 5–27. doi:10.1177/1463499612436459. S2CID 220475065.
  14. ^ Rilling, J. K. (2008). "Neuroscientific approaches and applications within anthropology". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 137 (47): 2–32. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20947. PMID 19003891.
  15. ^ Iacoboni, M. (2009). "Imitation, empathy and mirror neurons". Annual Review of Psychology. 60: 653–70. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163604. PMID 18793090.
  16. ^ Domínguez D, JF; Turner, R; Lewis, ED; Egan, GF (2010). "Neuroanthropology: A Humanistic Science for the Study of the Culture–Brain Nexus". Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 5 (2–3): 138–47. doi:10.1093/scan/nsp024. PMC 2894669. PMID 19654141.
  17. ^ Rilling, J. K.; Barks, S. K.; Parr, L. A.; Preuss, T. M.; Faber, T. L.; Pagnoni, G.; Bremner, J. D.; Votaw, J. R. (2007). "A comparison of resting-state brain activity in humans and chimpanzees". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (43): 17146–17151. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10417146R. doi:10.1073/pnas.0705132104. PMC 2040430. PMID 17940032.
  18. ^ Choudhury, S.; Nagel, S.K.; Slaby, J. (2009). "Critical Neuroscience: Linking Neuroscience and Society through Critical Practice". BioSocieties. 4 (1): 61–77. doi:10.1017/s1745855209006437. S2CID 54802668.
  19. ^ Kirmayer, L.J. (2006). "Beyond the 'new cross-cultural psychiatry': cultural biology, discursive psychology and the ironies of globalization". Transcultural Psychiatry. 43 (1): 126–44. doi:10.1177/1363461506061761. PMID 16671396. S2CID 35323045.
  20. ^ McClure, S.M.; Li, J.; Tomlin, D.; Cypert, K.S.; Montague, L.M.; Montague, P.R. (2004). "Neural correlates of behavioral preference for culturally familiar drinks". Neuron. 44 (2): 379–87. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.09.019. PMID 15473974.
  21. ^ Hargittai, E. (2007). "The Social, Political, Economic, and Cultural Dimensions of Search Engines: An Introduction". Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 12 (3): 769–777. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00349.x.
  22. ^ Smedley, BD (2008). "Moving beyond access: Achieving equity in state health care reform". Health Affairs. 27 (2): 447–455. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.27.2.447. PMID 18332501.
  23. ^ Farah, M.J. (2005). "Neuroethics: the practical and the philosophical". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 9 (1): 34–40. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.728.9513. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.12.001. PMID 15639439. S2CID 8635694.
  24. ^ Chiu, C-y.; Cheng, S. Y-y (2007). "Toward a social psychology of culture and globalization: Some social cognitive consequences of activating two cultures simultaneously". Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 1: 84–100. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00017.x.
  25. ^ Wolsko, C.; Park, B.; Judd, C. M.; Wittenbrink, B. (2000). "Framing interethnic ideology: Effects of multicultural and colorblind perspectives on judgments of groups and individuals". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 78 (4): 635–654. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.4.635. PMID 10794371.
  26. ^ Ames, D. L.; Fiske, S. T. (May 20, 2010). "Cultural neuroscience". Asian Journal of Social Psychology. 13 (2): 72–82. doi:10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01301.x. PMC 3714113. PMID 23874143.
  27. ^ Hedden, T.; Ketay, S.; Aron, A.; Markus, H. R.; Gabrieli, J. D. (2008). "Cultural Influences on Neural Substrates of Attentional Control". Psychological Science. 19 (1): 12–17. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02038.x. PMID 18181784. S2CID 14439636.
  28. ^ Gutchess, A. H.; Welsh, R. C.; Boduroglu, A.; Park, D. C. (2006). "Cultural differences in neural function associated with object processing". Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience. 6 (2): 102–109. doi:10.3758/cabn.6.2.102. PMID 17007231.
  29. ^ Markus, H. R.; Kitayama, S. (1991). "Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation". Psychological Review. 98 (2): 224–253. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.320.1159. doi:10.1037/0033-295x.98.2.224.
  30. ^ Zhu, Y.; Zhang, L.; Fan, J.; Han, S. (2007). "Neural basis of cultural influence on self-representation". NeuroImage. 34 (3): 1310–1316. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.125.9234. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.08.047. PMID 17134915. S2CID 11613104.
  31. ^ "'Culture of We' Buffers Genetic Tendency to Depression: Northwestern University News". www.northwestern.edu. Retrieved 2016-11-08.
  32. ^ "Your brain on culture". www.apa.org. Retrieved 2016-11-08.
  33. ^ Park, Denise C.; Huang, Chih-Mao (2010-07-01). "Culture Wires the Brain: A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 5 (4): 391–400. doi:10.1177/1745691610374591. ISSN 1745-6916. PMC 3409833. PMID 22866061.
  34. ^ Maguire, Eleanor A.; Woollett, Katherine; Spiers, Hugo J. (2006-01-01). "London taxi drivers and bus drivers: a structural MRI and neuropsychological analysis". Hippocampus. 16 (12): 1091–1101. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.296.5873. doi:10.1002/hipo.20233. ISSN 1050-9631. PMID 17024677. S2CID 8980515.
  35. ^ Driemeyer, Joenna; Boyke, Janina; Gaser, Christian; Büchel, Christian; May, Arne (2008-07-23). "Changes in Gray Matter Induced by Learning—Revisited". PLOS ONE. 3 (7): e2669. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2669D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002669. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 2447176. PMID 18648501.

Further reading edit

Books

Reviews

  • Iacoboni, M.; Dapretto, M. (2006). "The mirror neuron system and the consequences of its dysfunction". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 7 (12): 942–951. doi:10.1038/nrn2024. PMID 17115076. S2CID 9463011.

Articles

  • Begley, Sharon. "How Different Cultures Shape the Brain". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
  • Chen, C. S.; Burton, M.; Greenberger, E.; Dmitrieva, J. (1999). "Population migration and the variation of dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) allele frequencies around the globe" (PDF). Evolution and Human Behavior. 20 (5): 309–324. doi:10.1016/s1090-5138(99)00015-x. S2CID 12754148.
  • Chiao, J. Y.; Blizinsky, K. D. (2009). "Culture-gene coevolution of individualism-collectivism and the serotonin transporter gene". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 277 (1681): 529–37. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1650. PMC 2842692. PMID 19864286.
  • Kim, H. S.; Sherman, D. K.; Taylor, S. E.; Sasaki, J. Y.; Chu, T. Q.; Ryu, C.; Suh, E. M.; Xu, J. (2010). "Culture, serotonin receptor polymorphism and locus of attention". Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 5 (2–3): 212–218. doi:10.1093/scan/nsp040. PMC 2894665. PMID 19736291.
  • Seligman, R.; Kirmayer, L. J. (2008). "Dissociative experience and cultural neuroscience: narrative, metaphor and mechanism". Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry. 32 (1): 31–64. doi:10.1007/s11013-007-9077-8. PMC 5156567. PMID 18213511.

January 01, 1970
cultural, neuroscience, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, mar. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Cultural neuroscience news newspapers books scholar JSTOR March 2023 Learn how and when to remove this message Cultural neuroscience is a field of research that focuses on the interrelation between a human s cultural environment and neurobiological systems The field particularly incorporates ideas and perspectives from related domains like anthropology psychology and cognitive neuroscience to study sociocultural influences on human behaviors 1 Such impacts on behavior are often measured using various neuroimaging methods through which cross cultural variability in neural activity can be examined Cultural neuroscientists study cultural variation in mental neural and genomic processes as a means of articulating the bidirectional relationship of these processes and their emergent properties using a variety of methods Researchers in cultural neuroscience 2 3 4 are motivated by two fundamentally intriguing yet still unanswered questions on the origins of human nature and human diversity how do cultural traits e g values beliefs practices shape neurobiology e g genetic and neural processes and behavior and how do neurobiological mechanisms e g genetic and neural processes facilitate the emergence and transmission of cultural traits The idea that complex behavior results from the dynamic interaction of genes and cultural environment is not new 5 6 7 however cultural neuroscience 8 represents a novel empirical approach to demonstrating bidirectional interactions between culture and biology by integrating theory and methods from cultural psychology neuroscience and neurogenetics Similar to other interdisciplinary fields such as social neuroscience 9 cognitive neuroscience 10 affective neuroscience 11 and neuroanthropology 12 13 14 cultural neuroscience aims to explain a given mental phenomenon in terms of a synergistic product of mental neural and genetic events In particular cultural neuroscience shares common research goals with social neuroscientists examining how neurobiological mechanisms e g mirror neurons 15 facilitate cultural transmission e g imitative learning and neuroanthropologists 16 examining how embedded culture as captured by cross species comparison 17 and ethnography is related to brain function Cultural neuroscience also shares intellectual goals with critical neuroscience 18 a field of inquiry that scrutinizes the social cultural economic and political contexts and assumptions that underlie behavioral and brain science research as it is practiced today Research in cultural neuroscience has practical relevance to transcultural psychiatry 19 business 20 and technology 21 as well as broader implications for global public policy issues such as population health disparities 22 bioethics 23 globalization 24 immigration interethnic ideology 25 and international relations Contents 1 Previous cross cultural research 2 Culture differences in visual stimuli 3 See also 4 References 5 Further readingPrevious cross cultural research editWhile the field of cultural neuroscience may still be growing there are studies conducted by various researchers that have looked at cross cultural similarities and differences in human attention visual perception and the understanding of others and the self 26 Previous behavioral research has focused on the cultural differences in perception particularly between people from East Asian and Western regions The results from these studies have suggested that East Asians focus their visual perception more on the backgrounds and contexts of their environment while Westerners focus on individual stimuli objects To further explore these findings more research was done to specifically look at the neurological similarities and differences in attention and visual perception of people in East Asian and Western cultures Results from a 2008 study by Hedden et al support the previous findings by showing how East Asians require more attention than Americans for individually processing objects 27 Brain regions more focused on attention such as areas in the parietal and prefrontal lobes as well as the inferior parietal lobule and precentral gyrus were found to be highly active in East Asian subjects compared to American subjects during individual object processing A visual perception study conducted by Gutchess et al in 2006 also found neurological differences between Chinese and American subjects as they completed tasks of encoding images of individual objects backgrounds and objects with backgrounds 28 The fMRI results from the study presented that during visual processing of objects there was greater neural activity in the middle temporal gyri right superior temporal gyri and superior parietal lobules of the American subjects than that of the Chinese subjects Such results indicate a focus on object processing among Westerners compared to East Asians Insignificant differences in neural activity between subjects were found during the visual processing of images with backgrounds People from East Asian and Western cultures were also studied to learn more about cross cultural differences in understanding both the self and other people Findings from a 1991 study by Markus and Kitayama presented that people from Eastern cultures view the self in relation to others in their community while people from Western cultures have a more independent perspective of the self 29 A 2007 fMRI study observed differences in activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex a brain region highly active during self perception when Western and Chinese subjects were thinking about themselves versus when they were thinking about their mothers 30 The results interestingly showed that there was still activity in the ventral medial prefrontal cortices of Chinese subjects even when they thought about their mothers while activity was only detected in American subjects when they thought about themselves A different study conducted by psychologist Joan Chiao found that due to cultural differences East Asians are more likely to suffer from depression than Americans She found that East Asians are more likely to carry the short allele of the serotonin transporter gene STG which leads to depression while Americans carry the long allele which doesn t lead to depression Yet due to difference in cultural structure they found that collectivist societies are more likely to find happiness than individual societies 31 Another study done by psychologists Nalini Ambady and Jonathan Freeman showed a difference in brain activity between Japanese and Americans when shown different body posture They found that the reward circuitry in the limbic system would light up when Japanese participants saw submissive body posture while the reward circuitry would activate when Americans saw dominant body posture 32 Culture differences in visual stimuli editCultural differences exist in the ventral visual cortex and many studies have shown this In a study conducted in 2005 they found that East Asians were more likely to keep their eyes focused on background scenes than westerners who would instead focus more on the central object such as a giraffe in a savanna In a similar 2006 study it showed that in congruence to the difference in society structure westerners showed more activation in object processing regions including the bilateral middle temporal gyrus left superior parietal gyrus and right superior temporal gyrus although no activation differences were observed in context processing regions such as the hippocampus However there has been some research contradicting cultural bias in the oculomotor control such as one conducted in 2007 by Rayner Li Williams Cave and Well who failed to find evidence that East Asians focus more on context although they did find evidence that they are more likely to focus less on central objects In a different study they focused more on difference in attention towards faces They proved that Americans focus more broadly on the entire face such as both the eyes and mouth while Asians focus more on a single part such as the mouth The authors point out that this happens due to gaze avoidance in east Asian culture as a way of politeness In 2008 another study focusing on context showed that East Asians were more likely to include greater details and background when taking photographs of a model when they were free to set the zoom function of the camera as they saw fit In 2003 a group of researchers used the Frame Line Test and asked the participants to draw a line of either exactly the same length as the one showed or one that was proportional in size Americans were more accurate in the absolute task suggesting better memory for the exact or absolute size of the focal object but East Asians were more accurate in the relative proportional task suggesting better memory for contextual relationships In a later study conducted by the same group they found a pattern within the cultures when processing emotions East Asians were less likely to know the difference between fear and disgust than Americans when sampling faces 33 Many studies conducted proves that constant repetition in a certain skill has an effect on brain activity For example in a 2000 study they showed that taxi drivers in London showed larger gray matter in the posterior hippocampi than the average civilian 34 A different study in 2004 showed that those who know how to juggle have an increase in volume of the cortical tissue in the bilateral midtemporal area and left posterior intraparietal sulcus 35 The findings from many neuroimaging studies reflect the behavioral patterns observed in previous anthropological and cultural research Such comparisons that were made between particular behavioral and neural activity across different cultures have already provided the scientific community with more insight into the cultural influences on human behavior See also editCross cultural psychiatry Cross cultural psychology Epigenesis biology Evolutionary anthropology Evolutionary neuroscience Evolutionary psychology Gene environment interaction Gut brain axis Imaging genetics Niche construction Population genetics SociobiologyReferences edit Causadias J M Telzer E H Gonzales N A 2018 The handbook of culture and biology Hoboken NJ John Wiley et Sons Chiao J Y Ed 2009 Cultural neuroscience Cultural influences on brain function Progress in Brain Research Elsevier Press Park DC Gutchess AH 2006 The cognitive neuroscience of aging and culture Current Directions in Psychological Science 15 3 105 108 doi 10 1111 j 0963 7214 2006 00416 x S2CID 1187728 Han S Northoff G 2008 Culture sensitive neural substrates of human cognition A transcultural neuroimaging approach Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9 8 646 654 doi 10 1038 nrn2456 PMID 18641669 S2CID 6461309 Li S C 2003 Biocultural orchestration of developmental plasticity across levels The interplay of biology and culture in shaping the mind and behavior across the lifespan Psychological Bulletin 129 2 171 194 doi 10 1037 0033 2909 129 2 171 PMID 12696838 Caspi A Moffitt T E 2006 Gene environment interactions in psychiatry joining forces with neuroscience Nature Reviews Neuroscience 7 7 583 590 doi 10 1038 nrn1925 PMID 16791147 S2CID 205500587 Mareschal D Johnson M H Sirois S Spratling M W Thomas M C Westermann G 2007 Neuroconstructivism Volume 1 How the Brain Constructs Cognition Oxford UK Oxford University Press Chiao J Y in press Cultural neuroscience Visualizing culture gene influences on brain function In Decety J and Cacioppo J Eds Handbook of Social Neuroscience Oxford University Press UK Cacioppo J T Berntson G G 1992 Social psychological contributions to the decade of the brain Doctrine of multilevel analysis American Psychologist 47 8 1019 1028 doi 10 1037 0003 066X 47 8 1019 PMID 1510329 Gazzaniga M S Ivry R amp Mangun G R Cognitive Neuroscience The Biology of the Mind W W Norton 2002 2nd Edition Panksepp J 1998 Affective Neuroscience The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions Series in Affective Science Oxford University Press New York New York Dominguez D JF Turner R Lewis ED Egan GF 2010 Neuroanthropology A Humanistic Science for the Study of the Culture Brain Nexus Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 5 2 3 138 47 doi 10 1093 scan nsp024 PMC 2894669 PMID 19654141 Dominguez D JF 2012 Neuroanthropology and the Dialectical Imperative Anthropological Theory 12 1 5 27 doi 10 1177 1463499612436459 S2CID 220475065 Rilling J K 2008 Neuroscientific approaches and applications within anthropology American Journal of Physical Anthropology 137 47 2 32 doi 10 1002 ajpa 20947 PMID 19003891 Iacoboni M 2009 Imitation empathy and mirror neurons Annual Review of Psychology 60 653 70 doi 10 1146 annurev psych 60 110707 163604 PMID 18793090 Dominguez D JF Turner R Lewis ED Egan GF 2010 Neuroanthropology A Humanistic Science for the Study of the Culture Brain Nexus Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 5 2 3 138 47 doi 10 1093 scan nsp024 PMC 2894669 PMID 19654141 Rilling J K Barks S K Parr L A Preuss T M Faber T L Pagnoni G Bremner J D Votaw J R 2007 A comparison of resting state brain activity in humans and chimpanzees Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 43 17146 17151 Bibcode 2007PNAS 10417146R doi 10 1073 pnas 0705132104 PMC 2040430 PMID 17940032 Choudhury S Nagel S K Slaby J 2009 Critical Neuroscience Linking Neuroscience and Society through Critical Practice BioSocieties 4 1 61 77 doi 10 1017 s1745855209006437 S2CID 54802668 Kirmayer L J 2006 Beyond the new cross cultural psychiatry cultural biology discursive psychology and the ironies of globalization Transcultural Psychiatry 43 1 126 44 doi 10 1177 1363461506061761 PMID 16671396 S2CID 35323045 McClure S M Li J Tomlin D Cypert K S Montague L M Montague P R 2004 Neural correlates of behavioral preference for culturally familiar drinks Neuron 44 2 379 87 doi 10 1016 j neuron 2004 09 019 PMID 15473974 Hargittai E 2007 The Social Political Economic and Cultural Dimensions of Search Engines An Introduction Journal of Computer Mediated Communication 12 3 769 777 doi 10 1111 j 1083 6101 2007 00349 x Smedley BD 2008 Moving beyond access Achieving equity in state health care reform Health Affairs 27 2 447 455 doi 10 1377 hlthaff 27 2 447 PMID 18332501 Farah M J 2005 Neuroethics the practical and the philosophical Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9 1 34 40 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 728 9513 doi 10 1016 j tics 2004 12 001 PMID 15639439 S2CID 8635694 Chiu C y Cheng S Y y 2007 Toward a social psychology of culture and globalization Some social cognitive consequences of activating two cultures simultaneously Social and Personality Psychology Compass 1 84 100 doi 10 1111 j 1751 9004 2007 00017 x Wolsko C Park B Judd C M Wittenbrink B 2000 Framing interethnic ideology Effects of multicultural and colorblind perspectives on judgments of groups and individuals Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78 4 635 654 doi 10 1037 0022 3514 78 4 635 PMID 10794371 Ames D L Fiske S T May 20 2010 Cultural neuroscience Asian Journal of Social Psychology 13 2 72 82 doi 10 1111 j 1467 839X 2010 01301 x PMC 3714113 PMID 23874143 Hedden T Ketay S Aron A Markus H R Gabrieli J D 2008 Cultural Influences on Neural Substrates of Attentional Control Psychological Science 19 1 12 17 doi 10 1111 j 1467 9280 2008 02038 x PMID 18181784 S2CID 14439636 Gutchess A H Welsh R C Boduroglu A Park D C 2006 Cultural differences in neural function associated with object processing Cognitive Affective amp Behavioral Neuroscience 6 2 102 109 doi 10 3758 cabn 6 2 102 PMID 17007231 Markus H R Kitayama S 1991 Culture and the self Implications for cognition emotion and motivation Psychological Review 98 2 224 253 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 320 1159 doi 10 1037 0033 295x 98 2 224 Zhu Y Zhang L Fan J Han S 2007 Neural basis of cultural influence on self representation NeuroImage 34 3 1310 1316 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 125 9234 doi 10 1016 j neuroimage 2006 08 047 PMID 17134915 S2CID 11613104 Culture of We Buffers Genetic Tendency to Depression Northwestern University News www northwestern edu Retrieved 2016 11 08 Your brain on culture www apa org Retrieved 2016 11 08 Park Denise C Huang Chih Mao 2010 07 01 Culture Wires the Brain A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective Perspectives on Psychological Science 5 4 391 400 doi 10 1177 1745691610374591 ISSN 1745 6916 PMC 3409833 PMID 22866061 Maguire Eleanor A Woollett Katherine Spiers Hugo J 2006 01 01 London taxi drivers and bus drivers a structural MRI and neuropsychological analysis Hippocampus 16 12 1091 1101 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 296 5873 doi 10 1002 hipo 20233 ISSN 1050 9631 PMID 17024677 S2CID 8980515 Driemeyer Joenna Boyke Janina Gaser Christian Buchel Christian May Arne 2008 07 23 Changes in Gray Matter Induced by Learning Revisited PLOS ONE 3 7 e2669 Bibcode 2008PLoSO 3 2669D doi 10 1371 journal pone 0002669 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 2447176 PMID 18648501 Further reading editBooks Wexler B E 2006 Brain and Culture Neurobiology Ideology and Social Change MIT Press Cambridge ISBN 978 0 262 73193 5 Reviews Iacoboni M Dapretto M 2006 The mirror neuron system and the consequences of its dysfunction Nature Reviews Neuroscience 7 12 942 951 doi 10 1038 nrn2024 PMID 17115076 S2CID 9463011 Articles Begley Sharon How Different Cultures Shape the Brain The Daily Beast Retrieved 26 September 2011 Chen C S Burton M Greenberger E Dmitrieva J 1999 Population migration and the variation of dopamine D4 receptor DRD4 allele frequencies around the globe PDF Evolution and Human Behavior 20 5 309 324 doi 10 1016 s1090 5138 99 00015 x S2CID 12754148 Chiao J Y Blizinsky K D 2009 Culture gene coevolution of individualism collectivism and the serotonin transporter gene Proceedings of the Royal Society B 277 1681 529 37 doi 10 1098 rspb 2009 1650 PMC 2842692 PMID 19864286 Kim H S Sherman D K Taylor S E Sasaki J Y Chu T Q Ryu C Suh E M Xu J 2010 Culture serotonin receptor polymorphism and locus of attention Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 5 2 3 212 218 doi 10 1093 scan nsp040 PMC 2894665 PMID 19736291 Seligman R Kirmayer L J 2008 Dissociative experience and cultural neuroscience narrative metaphor and mechanism Culture Medicine and Psychiatry 32 1 31 64 doi 10 1007 s11013 007 9077 8 PMC 5156567 PMID 18213511 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cultural neuroscience amp oldid 1213239702, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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