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Neurasthenia

January 21, 2023

Neurasthenia (from the Ancient Greek νεῦρον neuron "nerve" and ἀσθενής asthenés "weak") is a term that was first used at least as early as 1829[1] for a mechanical weakness of the nerves and became a major diagnosis in North America during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries after neurologist George Miller Beard reintroduced the concept in 1869.

Neurasthenia
Pronunciation
SpecialtyPsychiatry, psychology, psychotherapy 

As a psychopathological term, the first to publish on neurasthenia was Michigan alienist E. H. Van Deusen of the Kalamazoo asylum in 1869,[2] followed a few months later by New York neurologist George Beard, also in 1869,[3] to denote a condition with symptoms of fatigue, anxiety, headache, heart palpitations, high blood pressure, neuralgia, and depressed mood. Van Deusen associated the condition with farm wives made sick by isolation and a lack of engaging activity, while Beard connected the condition to busy society women and overworked businessmen.

Neurasthenia was a diagnosis in the World Health Organization's ICD-10, but is no more diagnosed in ICD-11, marked as deprecated. It also is no longer included as a diagnosis in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.[4] The condition is, however, described in the Chinese Society of Psychiatry's Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders.

Americans were said to be particularly prone to neurasthenia, which resulted in the nickname "Americanitis"[5] (popularized by William James[6]). Another, rarely used, term for neurasthenia is nervosism.[7]

Symptoms

The condition was explained as being a result of exhaustion of the central nervous system's energy reserves, which Beard attributed to modern civilization. Physicians in the Beard school of thought associated neurasthenia with the stresses of urbanization and with stress suffered as a result of the increasingly competitive business environment. Typically, it was associated with upper class people and with professionals working in sedentary occupations, but really can apply to anyone who lives within the monetary system.

Freud included a variety of physical symptoms into this category, including fatigue, dyspepsia with flatulence, and indications of intra-cranial pressure and spinal irritation.[8] In common with some other people of the time[who?], he believed this condition to be due to "non-completed coitus" or the non-completion of the higher cultural correlate thereof, or to "infrequency of emissions" or the infrequent practice of the higher cultural correlate thereof.[8] Later, Freud formulated that in cases of coitus interruptus as well as in cases of masturbation, there was "an insufficient libidinal discharge" that had a poisoning effect on the organism, in other words, neurasthenia was the result of (auto‑)intoxication.[9] Eventually he separated it from anxiety neurosis, though he believed that a combination of the two conditions existed in many cases.[8]

In 19th-century Britain and, by extension, across the British Empire, neurasthenia was also used to describe mental exhaustion or fatigue in “brain workers” or in the context of “overstudy”.[10] This use was often synonymous with the term “brain fag”.[10]

Diagnosis

From 1869, neurasthenia became a "popular" diagnosis, expanding to include such symptoms as weakness, dizziness and fainting. A common treatment promoted by neurologist S. Weir Mitchell was the rest cure, especially for women. Data from this period gleaned from the Annual Reports of Queen Square Hospital, London, indicates that the diagnosis was balanced between the sexes and had a presence within Europe.[11] Virginia Woolf was known to have been forced to have rest cures, which she describes in her book On Being Ill. Charlotte Perkins Gilman's protagonist in The Yellow Wallpaper also suffers under the auspices of rest cure doctors, much as Gilman herself did. Marcel Proust was said to suffer from neurasthenia.[12] To capitalize on this epidemic, the Rexall drug company introduced a medication called 'Americanitis Elixir' which claimed to be a soother for any bouts related to neurasthenia.

Treatment

Beard, with his partner A.D. Rockwell, advocated first electrotherapy and then increasingly experimental treatments for people with neurasthenia, a position that was controversial. An 1868 review posited that Beard's and Rockwell's knowledge of the scientific method was suspect and did not believe their claims to be warranted.

William James was diagnosed with neurasthenia, which he nicknamed 'Americanitis', and was quoted as saying, "I take it that no man is educated who has never dallied with the thought of suicide."[13]

In 1895, Sigmund Freud reviewed electrotherapy and declared it a "pretense treatment." He emphasized the example of Elizabeth von R's note that "the stronger these were the more they seemed to push her own pains into the background."

Nevertheless, neurasthenia was a common diagnosis during World War I for "shell shock",[14] but its use declined a decade later.[citation needed] Soldiers who deserted their post could be executed even if they had a medical excuse, but officers who had neurasthenia were not executed.[15]

Current opinion

This concept remained popular well into the 20th century, eventually coming to be seen as a behavioural rather than physical condition. Neurasthenia has largely been abandoned as a medical diagnosis.[16]

The ICD-10 system of the World Health Organization categorizes neurasthenia under "F48 – Other neurotic disorders".[17] Under "F48.0 Neurasthenia", there are notable differences in characteristics of the disorder among various cultures. Two main overlapping forms of symptoms can be present: Increased fatigue after mental exertion can be associated with a reduction in cognitive function. Minimal physical effort might be felt as extreme fatigue along with pain and anxiety. Many other symptoms of bodily discomfort may be felt with either form. Excluded from this disorder are: asthenia NOS (R53), burn-out (Z73.0), malaise and fatigue (R53), postviral fatigue syndrome (includes Myalgic encephalomyelitis/Chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)) (G93.3)[18] and psychasthenia (F48.8).[19]

One modern opinion of neurasthenia is that it was actually dysautonomia, an "imbalance" of the autonomic nervous system.[20][failed verification]

Barbara Ehrenreich, restating James's view, considered that neurasthenia was caused by the Calvinist gloom,[21] and it was helped by the New Thought, through replacing the "puritanical 'demand for perpetual effort and self-examination to the point of self-loathing'"[21] with a more hopeful faith.[21][22]

In Asia

The medical term neurasthenia is translated as Chinese shenjing shuairuo (simplified Chinese: 神经衰弱; traditional Chinese: 神經衰弱; pinyin: shénjīng shuāiruò; Cantonese Yale: sàhngīng sēuiyeuhk) or Japanese shinkei-suijaku (神経衰弱), both of which also translate the common term nervous breakdown. This loanword combines shenjing (神經) or shinkei (神経) "nerve(s); nervous" and shuairuo or suijaku (衰弱) "weakness; feebleness; debility; asthenia".

Despite being omitted by the American Psychiatric Association's DSM in 1980, neurasthenia is listed in an appendix as the culture-bound syndrome shenjing shuairuo as well as appearing in the ICD-10. The condition is thought to persist in Asia as a culturally acceptable diagnosis that avoids the social stigma of a diagnosis of mental disorder.

In Japan, shinkei-suijaku is treated with Morita therapy involving mandatory rest and isolation, followed by progressively more difficult work, and a resumption of a previous social role. The diagnosis is sometimes used as a disguise for serious mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and mood disorders.[23][24]

In China, traditional Chinese medicine describes shenjingshuairuo as a depletion of qi "vital energy" and reduction of functioning in the wuzang "five internal organs" (heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys). The modern CCMD classifies it as a persistent mental disorder diagnosed with three of these five symptoms: "'weakness' symptoms, 'emotional' symptoms, 'excitement' symptoms, tension-induced pain, and sleep disturbances" not caused by other conditions.[23] Arthur Kleinman described Chinese neurasthenia as a "biculturally patterned illness experience (a special form of somatization), related to depression or other diseases or to culturally sanctioned idioms of distress and psychosocial coping."[25]

See also

References

  1. ^ Good, John Mason (1829). The study of medicine. New York: Harper and Brothers. pp. (ed. 3) IV. 370.
  2. ^ Van Deusen, E. H. (April 1869). "Observations on a form of nervous prostration, (neurasthenia) culminating in insanity". American Journal of Insanity. 25 (4): 445–461. doi:10.1176/ajp.25.4.445.
  3. ^ Beard, G (1869). "Neurasthenia, or nervous exhaustion". The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. 80 (13): 217–221. doi:10.1056/NEJM186904290801301.
  4. ^ Dimsdale, Joel E.; Xin, Yu; Kleinman, Arthur; Patel, Vikram; Narrow, William E.; Sirovatka, Paul J.; Regier, Darrel A. (2 March 2009). Somatic Presentations of Mental Disorders: Refining the Research Agenda for DSM-V. American Psychiatric Pub. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-89042-656-2.
  5. ^ Marcus, G (1998-01-26). "One Step Back; Where Are the Elixirs of Yesteryear When We Hurt?". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-09-11.
  6. ^ Daugherty, Greg (25 March 2015). "The Brief History of "Americanitis"". Smithsonian. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  7. ^ "Nervosism - Biology-Online Dictionary - Biology-Online Dictionary". www.biology-online.org. December 2020.
  8. ^ a b c Sandler, Joseph; Holder, Alex; Dare, Christopher; Dreher, Anna Ursula (1997). Freud's Models of the Mind. Karnac Books. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-85575-167-5.
  9. ^ Freud Encyclopaedia, pg 362, https://books.google.com/books?id=rX2w6QELtKgC&pg=PA362&lpg=PA362&dq=freud+neurasthenia+coitus&source=bl&ots=t8xg8MjzZ6&sig=JpinNvDo0RXuKn6bgFmS-s2tmLo&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qTtiUK-bFYrK9gS0moHwBQ&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=freud%20neurasthenia%20coitus&f=false
  10. ^ a b Ayonrinde, Oyedeji A. (2020-06-26). "'Brain fag': a syndrome associated with 'overstudy' and mental exhaustion in 19th century Britain". International Review of Psychiatry. 32 (5–6): 520–535. doi:10.1080/09540261.2020.1775428. ISSN 0954-0261. PMID 32589474.
  11. ^ Taylor, Ruth E. (December 2001). "Death of neurasthenia and its psychological reincarnation: A study of neurasthenia at the National Hospital for the Relief and Cure of the Paralysed and Epileptic, Queen Square, London, 1870–1932". British Journal of Psychiatry. 179 (6): 550–557. doi:10.1192/bjp.179.6.550. PMID 11731361.
  12. ^ Bogousslavsky, Julien (2007). "Marcel Proust's Diseases and Doctors: The Neurological Story of a Life". Neurological Disorders in Famous Artists - Part 2. Basel: KARGER. pp. 89–104. doi:10.1159/000102874.
  13. ^ Townsend, Kim (1996). Manhood at Harvard: William James and others. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-03939-9.
  14. ^ Jack W. Tsao (15 February 2010). Traumatic Brain Injury: A Clinician's Guide to Diagnosis, Management, and Rehabilitation. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-387-87887-4.
  15. ^ "World War One executions", History Learning Site. Retrieved November 28, 2013.
  16. ^ Evangard B; Schacterie R.S.; Komaroff A. L. (Nov 1999). "Chronic fatigue syndrome: new insights and old ignorance". Journal of Internal Medicine. 246 (5): 455–469. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2796.1999.00513.x. PMID 10583715.
  17. ^ WHO (2007). "Chapter V Mental and behavioural disorders (F00-F99)". Retrieved 2009-10-09.
  18. ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Office of the Center Director, Data Policy and Standards (March 2001). (PDF). Centers for disease Control. Archived from the original on June 11, 2014. Retrieved November 26, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  19. ^ "ICD-10 Version:2019". Retrieved November 26, 2022.
  20. ^ Fogoros, R (29 May 2006). "A family of misunderstood disorders". About.com. Retrieved 11 September 2008.
  21. ^ a b c Jenni Murray, Smile or Die: How Positive Thinking Fooled America and the World by Barbara Ehrenreich. Jenni Murray salutes a long-overdue demolition of the suggestion that positive thinking is the answer to all our problems. The Observer, 10 January 2010 at guardian.co.uk.
  22. ^ Ehrenreich, Barbara (2009). "Three. The Dark Roots of American Optimism". Bright-sided. How the relentless promotion of positive thinking has undermined America. New York: Metropolitan Books, Henry Holt and Company, LLC. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-8050-8749-9. New Thought had won its great practical victory. It had healed a disease—the disease of Calvinism, or, as James put it, the "morbidness" associated with "the old hell-fire theology."
  23. ^ a b Schwartz, Pamela Yew (September 2002). "Why is neurasthenia important in Asian cultures?". West. J. Med. 176 (4): 257–8. PMC 1071745. PMID 12208833.
  24. ^ Lin, Tsung-Yi (June 1989). "Neurasthenia revisited: Its place in modern psychiatry". Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry. 13 (2): 105–129. doi:10.1007/BF02220656. PMID 2766788. S2CID 28936419.
  25. ^ Kleinman, Arthur (1986), Social Origins of Distress and Disease: Depression, Neurasthenia, and Pain in Modern China, Yale University Press, p. 115.

Further reading

  • Brown, EM (1980). . American Association of the History of Medicine. Archived from the original on 2008-09-07. Retrieved 2008-09-11.
  • Gijswijt-Hofstra, Marijke (2001). Cultures of Neurasthenia: From Beard to the First World War (Clio Medica 63) (Clio Medica). Rodopi Bv Editions. ISBN 978-90-420-0931-8.
  • Gosling, F. G. Before Freud: Neurasthenia and the American Medical Community, 1870-1910. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987.
  • Weir Mitchell, S (1884). Fat and Blood: an essay on the treatment of certain types of Neurasthenia and hysteria. Philadelphia: J. D. Lippincott & Co. Retrieved 2008-09-11.
  • Farmer A, Jones I, Hillier J, Llewelyn M, Borysiewicz L, Smith A (October 1995). "Neuraesthenia revisited: ICD-10 and DSM-III-R psychiatric syndromes in chronic fatigue patients and comparison subjects". Br J Psychiatry. 167 (4): 503–6. doi:10.1192/bjp.167.4.503. PMID 8829720. S2CID 45684552.
  • Schuster, David G. Neurasthenic Nation: America's Search for Health, Comfort, and Happiness, 1869-1920. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2011.
  • Lutz, Tom. American Nervousness, 1903. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991.

External links

January 21, 2023
neurasthenia, from, ancient, greek, νεῦρον, neuron, nerve, ἀσθενής, asthenés, weak, term, that, first, used, least, early, 1829, mechanical, weakness, nerves, became, major, diagnosis, north, america, during, late, nineteenth, early, twentieth, centuries, afte. Neurasthenia from the Ancient Greek neῦron neuron nerve and ἀs8enhs asthenes weak is a term that was first used at least as early as 1829 1 for a mechanical weakness of the nerves and became a major diagnosis in North America during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries after neurologist George Miller Beard reintroduced the concept in 1869 NeurastheniaPronunciation ˌ nj ʊer e s ˈ 8 iː n i e NURE es THEE nee eSpecialtyPsychiatry psychology psychotherapy As a psychopathological term the first to publish on neurasthenia was Michigan alienist E H Van Deusen of the Kalamazoo asylum in 1869 2 followed a few months later by New York neurologist George Beard also in 1869 3 to denote a condition with symptoms of fatigue anxiety headache heart palpitations high blood pressure neuralgia and depressed mood Van Deusen associated the condition with farm wives made sick by isolation and a lack of engaging activity while Beard connected the condition to busy society women and overworked businessmen Neurasthenia was a diagnosis in the World Health Organization s ICD 10 but is no more diagnosed in ICD 11 marked as deprecated It also is no longer included as a diagnosis in the American Psychiatric Association s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4 The condition is however described in the Chinese Society of Psychiatry s Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders Americans were said to be particularly prone to neurasthenia which resulted in the nickname Americanitis 5 popularized by William James 6 Another rarely used term for neurasthenia is nervosism 7 Contents 1 Symptoms 2 Diagnosis 3 Treatment 4 Current opinion 4 1 In Asia 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksSymptoms EditThe condition was explained as being a result of exhaustion of the central nervous system s energy reserves which Beard attributed to modern civilization Physicians in the Beard school of thought associated neurasthenia with the stresses of urbanization and with stress suffered as a result of the increasingly competitive business environment Typically it was associated with upper class people and with professionals working in sedentary occupations but really can apply to anyone who lives within the monetary system Freud included a variety of physical symptoms into this category including fatigue dyspepsia with flatulence and indications of intra cranial pressure and spinal irritation 8 In common with some other people of the time who he believed this condition to be due to non completed coitus or the non completion of the higher cultural correlate thereof or to infrequency of emissions or the infrequent practice of the higher cultural correlate thereof 8 Later Freud formulated that in cases of coitus interruptus as well as in cases of masturbation there was an insufficient libidinal discharge that had a poisoning effect on the organism in other words neurasthenia was the result of auto intoxication 9 Eventually he separated it from anxiety neurosis though he believed that a combination of the two conditions existed in many cases 8 In 19th century Britain and by extension across the British Empire neurasthenia was also used to describe mental exhaustion or fatigue in brain workers or in the context of overstudy 10 This use was often synonymous with the term brain fag 10 Diagnosis EditFrom 1869 neurasthenia became a popular diagnosis expanding to include such symptoms as weakness dizziness and fainting A common treatment promoted by neurologist S Weir Mitchell was the rest cure especially for women Data from this period gleaned from the Annual Reports of Queen Square Hospital London indicates that the diagnosis was balanced between the sexes and had a presence within Europe 11 Virginia Woolf was known to have been forced to have rest cures which she describes in her book On Being Ill Charlotte Perkins Gilman s protagonist in The Yellow Wallpaper also suffers under the auspices of rest cure doctors much as Gilman herself did Marcel Proust was said to suffer from neurasthenia 12 To capitalize on this epidemic the Rexall drug company introduced a medication called Americanitis Elixir which claimed to be a soother for any bouts related to neurasthenia Treatment EditBeard with his partner A D Rockwell advocated first electrotherapy and then increasingly experimental treatments for people with neurasthenia a position that was controversial An 1868 review posited that Beard s and Rockwell s knowledge of the scientific method was suspect and did not believe their claims to be warranted William James was diagnosed with neurasthenia which he nicknamed Americanitis and was quoted as saying I take it that no man is educated who has never dallied with the thought of suicide 13 In 1895 Sigmund Freud reviewed electrotherapy and declared it a pretense treatment He emphasized the example of Elizabeth von R s note that the stronger these were the more they seemed to push her own pains into the background Nevertheless neurasthenia was a common diagnosis during World War I for shell shock 14 but its use declined a decade later citation needed Soldiers who deserted their post could be executed even if they had a medical excuse but officers who had neurasthenia were not executed 15 Current opinion EditThis concept remained popular well into the 20th century eventually coming to be seen as a behavioural rather than physical condition Neurasthenia has largely been abandoned as a medical diagnosis 16 The ICD 10 system of the World Health Organization categorizes neurasthenia under F48 Other neurotic disorders 17 Under F48 0 Neurasthenia there are notable differences in characteristics of the disorder among various cultures Two main overlapping forms of symptoms can be present Increased fatigue after mental exertion can be associated with a reduction in cognitive function Minimal physical effort might be felt as extreme fatigue along with pain and anxiety Many other symptoms of bodily discomfort may be felt with either form Excluded from this disorder are asthenia NOS R53 burn out Z73 0 malaise and fatigue R53 postviral fatigue syndrome includes Myalgic encephalomyelitis Chronic fatigue syndrome ME CFS G93 3 18 and psychasthenia F48 8 19 One modern opinion of neurasthenia is that it was actually dysautonomia an imbalance of the autonomic nervous system 20 failed verification Barbara Ehrenreich restating James s view considered that neurasthenia was caused by the Calvinist gloom 21 and it was helped by the New Thought through replacing the puritanical demand for perpetual effort and self examination to the point of self loathing 21 with a more hopeful faith 21 22 In Asia Edit The medical term neurasthenia is translated as Chinese shenjing shuairuo simplified Chinese 神经衰弱 traditional Chinese 神經衰弱 pinyin shenjing shuairuo Cantonese Yale sahnging seuiyeuhk or Japanese shinkei suijaku 神経衰弱 both of which also translate the common term nervous breakdown This loanword combines shenjing 神經 or shinkei 神経 nerve s nervous and shuairuo or suijaku 衰弱 weakness feebleness debility asthenia Despite being omitted by the American Psychiatric Association s DSM in 1980 neurasthenia is listed in an appendix as the culture bound syndrome shenjing shuairuo as well as appearing in the ICD 10 The condition is thought to persist in Asia as a culturally acceptable diagnosis that avoids the social stigma of a diagnosis of mental disorder In Japan shinkei suijaku is treated with Morita therapy involving mandatory rest and isolation followed by progressively more difficult work and a resumption of a previous social role The diagnosis is sometimes used as a disguise for serious mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and mood disorders 23 24 In China traditional Chinese medicine describes shenjingshuairuo as a depletion of qi vital energy and reduction of functioning in the wuzang five internal organs heart liver spleen lungs kidneys The modern CCMD classifies it as a persistent mental disorder diagnosed with three of these five symptoms weakness symptoms emotional symptoms excitement symptoms tension induced pain and sleep disturbances not caused by other conditions 23 Arthur Kleinman described Chinese neurasthenia as a biculturally patterned illness experience a special form of somatization related to depression or other diseases or to culturally sanctioned idioms of distress and psychosocial coping 25 See also EditBurnout syndrome Chronic fatigue syndrome ME CFS Combat stress reaction Newyorkitis Placebo effect Psychogenic diseaseReferences Edit Good John Mason 1829 The study of medicine New York Harper and Brothers pp ed 3 IV 370 Van Deusen E H April 1869 Observations on a form of nervous prostration neurasthenia culminating in insanity American Journal of Insanity 25 4 445 461 doi 10 1176 ajp 25 4 445 Beard G 1869 Neurasthenia or nervous exhaustion The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 80 13 217 221 doi 10 1056 NEJM186904290801301 Dimsdale Joel E Xin Yu Kleinman Arthur Patel Vikram Narrow William E Sirovatka Paul J Regier Darrel A 2 March 2009 Somatic Presentations of Mental Disorders Refining the Research Agenda for DSM V American Psychiatric Pub p 58 ISBN 978 0 89042 656 2 Marcus G 1998 01 26 One Step Back Where Are the Elixirs of Yesteryear When We Hurt The New York Times Retrieved 2008 09 11 Daugherty Greg 25 March 2015 The Brief History of Americanitis Smithsonian Retrieved 6 April 2015 Nervosism Biology Online Dictionary Biology Online Dictionary www biology online org December 2020 a b c Sandler Joseph Holder Alex Dare Christopher Dreher Anna Ursula 1997 Freud s Models of the Mind Karnac Books p 52 ISBN 978 1 85575 167 5 Freud Encyclopaedia pg 362 https books google com books id rX2w6QELtKgC amp pg PA362 amp lpg PA362 amp dq freud neurasthenia coitus amp source bl amp ots t8xg8MjzZ6 amp sig JpinNvDo0RXuKn6bgFmS s2tmLo amp hl en amp sa X amp ei qTtiUK bFYrK9gS0moHwBQ amp ved 0CC8Q6AEwAA v onepage amp q freud 20neurasthenia 20coitus amp f false a b Ayonrinde Oyedeji A 2020 06 26 Brain fag a syndrome associated with overstudy and mental exhaustion in 19th century Britain International Review of Psychiatry 32 5 6 520 535 doi 10 1080 09540261 2020 1775428 ISSN 0954 0261 PMID 32589474 Taylor Ruth E December 2001 Death of neurasthenia and its psychological reincarnation A study of neurasthenia at the National Hospital for the Relief and Cure of the Paralysed and Epileptic Queen Square London 1870 1932 British Journal of Psychiatry 179 6 550 557 doi 10 1192 bjp 179 6 550 PMID 11731361 Bogousslavsky Julien 2007 Marcel Proust s Diseases and Doctors The Neurological Story of a Life Neurological Disorders in Famous Artists Part 2 Basel KARGER pp 89 104 doi 10 1159 000102874 Townsend Kim 1996 Manhood at Harvard William James and others New York W W Norton ISBN 978 0 393 03939 9 Jack W Tsao 15 February 2010 Traumatic Brain Injury A Clinician s Guide to Diagnosis Management and Rehabilitation Springer Science amp Business Media p 104 ISBN 978 0 387 87887 4 World War One executions History Learning Site Retrieved November 28 2013 Evangard B Schacterie R S Komaroff A L Nov 1999 Chronic fatigue syndrome new insights and old ignorance Journal of Internal Medicine 246 5 455 469 doi 10 1046 j 1365 2796 1999 00513 x PMID 10583715 WHO 2007 Chapter V Mental and behavioural disorders F00 F99 Retrieved 2009 10 09 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics Office of the Center Director Data Policy and Standards March 2001 A Summary of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Its Classification in the International Classification of Diseases PDF Centers for disease Control Archived from the original on June 11 2014 Retrieved November 26 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link CS1 maint uses authors parameter link ICD 10 Version 2019 Retrieved November 26 2022 Fogoros R 29 May 2006 A family of misunderstood disorders About com Retrieved 11 September 2008 a b c Jenni Murray Smile or Die How Positive Thinking Fooled America and the World by Barbara Ehrenreich Jenni Murray salutes a long overdue demolition of the suggestion that positive thinking is the answer to all our problems The Observer 10 January 2010 at guardian co uk Ehrenreich Barbara 2009 Three The Dark Roots of American Optimism Bright sided How the relentless promotion of positive thinking has undermined America New York Metropolitan Books Henry Holt and Company LLC p 87 ISBN 978 0 8050 8749 9 New Thought had won its great practical victory It had healed a disease the disease of Calvinism or as James put it the morbidness associated with the old hell fire theology a b Schwartz Pamela Yew September 2002 Why is neurasthenia important in Asian cultures West J Med 176 4 257 8 PMC 1071745 PMID 12208833 Lin Tsung Yi June 1989 Neurasthenia revisited Its place in modern psychiatry Culture Medicine and Psychiatry 13 2 105 129 doi 10 1007 BF02220656 PMID 2766788 S2CID 28936419 Kleinman Arthur 1986 Social Origins of Distress and Disease Depression Neurasthenia and Pain in Modern China Yale University Press p 115 Further reading EditBrown EM 1980 An American Treatment for the American Nervousness American Association of the History of Medicine Archived from the original on 2008 09 07 Retrieved 2008 09 11 Gijswijt Hofstra Marijke 2001 Cultures of Neurasthenia From Beard to the First World War Clio Medica 63 Clio Medica Rodopi Bv Editions ISBN 978 90 420 0931 8 Gosling F G Before Freud Neurasthenia and the American Medical Community 1870 1910 Urbana University of Illinois Press 1987 Weir Mitchell S 1884 Fat and Blood an essay on the treatment of certain types of Neurasthenia and hysteria Philadelphia J D Lippincott amp Co Retrieved 2008 09 11 Farmer A Jones I Hillier J Llewelyn M Borysiewicz L Smith A October 1995 Neuraesthenia revisited ICD 10 and DSM III R psychiatric syndromes in chronic fatigue patients and comparison subjects Br J Psychiatry 167 4 503 6 doi 10 1192 bjp 167 4 503 PMID 8829720 S2CID 45684552 Schuster David G Neurasthenic Nation America s Search for Health Comfort and Happiness 1869 1920 New Brunswick NJ Rutgers University Press 2011 Lutz Tom American Nervousness 1903 Ithaca NY Cornell University Press 1991 External links Edit Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Neurasthenia amp oldid 1130003207, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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