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Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders

February 15, 2024

"CCMD" redirects here. For the military command, see Unified combatant command.

The Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders (CCMD; Chinese: 中国精神疾病分类方案与诊断标准), published by the Chinese Society of Psychiatry (CSP), is a clinical guide used in China for the diagnosis of mental disorders. It is on its third version, the CCMD-3, written in Chinese and English.

The current edition is very similar to the ICD-10,[1] and is also influenced by the DSM-IV,[2] the two main psychiatric typologies used in the rest of the world. However, it has a unique definition of some disorders, includes an additional 40 or so culturally-related diagnoses, and lacks certain conditions recognised in other parts of the world.

History edit

The first published Chinese psychiatric classificatory scheme appeared in 1979. A revised classification system, the CCMD-1, was made available in 1981 and was further modified in 1984 (CCMD-2-R), 1989, and 1995. The CCMD-3 was published in 2001.[2]

At launch, the CCMD-3 was supplemented with the companion book "Treatment and Nursing of Mental Disorders Relevant to CCMD-3".[1]

Many Chinese psychiatrists believed the CCMD had special advantages over other manuals, such as simplicity, stability, the inclusion of culture-distinctive categories, and the exclusion of certain Western diagnostic categories. The Chinese translation of the ICD-10 was seen as linguistically complicated, containing very long sentences, and awkward terms and syntax.[2]

A 2014 study found that the ICD-10 was more commonly used by Chinese psychiatrists than the CCMD-3 or DSM-IV.[3]

Diagnostic categories edit

The diagnosis of depression is included in the CCMD, with many similar criteria to the ICD or DSM, with the core having been translated as 'low spirits'. However, neurasthenia is a more central diagnosis. Although also found in the ICD, its diagnosis takes a particular form in China, called 'shenjing shuairuo', which emphasizes somatic (bodily) complaints as well as fatigue or depressed feelings. Neurasthenia is a less stigmatizing diagnosis than depression in China, being conceptually distinct from psychiatric labels, and is said to fit well with a tendency to express emotional issues in somatic terms. The concept of neurasthenia as a nervous system disorder is also said to fit well with the traditional Chinese epistemology of disease causation on the basis of disharmony of vital organs and imbalance of qi.

The diagnosis of schizophrenia is included in the CCMD. It contains many similarities with its Western counterparts for diagnosis, like the duration of one month, as mentioned in the ICD-10. Some differences include two symptoms different from the ICD and DSM. These are improper affect and delusions, which can range in three different subcategories.[4] It is applied quite readily and broadly in Chinese psychiatry.[citation needed]

Some of the wordings of the diagnoses are different. For example, rather than borderline personality disorder, as in the DSM, or emotionally unstable personality disorder (borderline type), as in the ICD, the CCMD has impulsive personality disorder.

Diagnoses that are more specific to Chinese or Asian culture, though they may also be outlined in the ICD (or DSM glossary section), include:

  • Koro or Genital retraction syndrome: excessive fear of the genitals (and also breasts in women) shrinking or drawing back into the body.
  • Zou huo ru mo (走火入魔) or qigong deviation (氣功偏差): perception of uncontrolled flow of qi in the body.
  • Mental disorders due to superstition or witchcraft.
  • Travelling psychosis

The CCMD-3 lists several "disorders of sexual preference", including ego-dystonic homosexuality, but does not recognize pedophilia.[5]

Koro edit

Main article: Koro (medicine)

Koro or Genital retraction syndrome is a culture-specific syndrome from Southeast Asia in which the patient has an overpowering belief that the genitalia (or nipples in females) are shrinking and will shortly disappear. In China, it is known as shuk yang, shook yong, and suo yang (simplified Chinese: 缩阳; traditional Chinese: 縮陽). This has been associated with cultures placing a heavy emphasis on balance, or on fertility and reproduction.

Zou huo ru mo edit

Main article: Zou huo ru mo (medicine)

Zou huo ru mo (走火入魔) or "qigong deviation" (氣功偏差) is a mental condition characterized by the perception that there is an uncontrolled flow of qi in the body. Other complaints include localized pains, headache, insomnia, and uncontrolled spontaneous movements.[6][7][8]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Chen, Yan-Fang (2002). "Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders (CCMD-3): Towards Integration in International Classification". Psychopathology. 35 (2–3): 171–175. doi:10.1159/000065140. ISSN 0254-4962. PMID 12145505. S2CID 24080102.
  2. ^ a b c Lee, Sing (2001-09-01). "FROM DIVERSITY TO UNITY: The Classification of Mental Disorders in 21st-Century China". Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 24 (3): 421–431. doi:10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70238-0. ISSN 0193-953X. PMID 11593854.
  3. ^ Dai, Yunfei; Yu, Xin; Xiao, Zeping; Xu, Yifeng; Zhao, Min; Correia, João Mendonça; Maj, Mario; Reed, Geoffrey M. (September 2014). "Comparison of Chinese and international psychiatrists' views on classification of mental disorders: Psychiatrists' views on classification". Asia-Pacific Psychiatry. 6 (3): 267–273. doi:10.1111/appy.12146. S2CID 37499559.
  4. ^ Phillips, Michael R. (2001-06-30). "Characteristics, experience, and treatment of schizophrenia in China". Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 3 (2): 109–119. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2001.3.2/mrphillips. PMC 3181649. PMID 22033637.
  5. ^ Janssen, Diederik F. (2014). ""Paraphilia": Acultural or Anti-Anthropological?". Sexual Offender Treatment. 9 (2).
  6. ^ Chen, Nancy N. (2003). "Chapter 4. Qiqong Deviation or Psychosis". Breathing spaces: qigong, psychiatry, and healing in China. Columbia University Press. pp. 77–107. ISBN 0-231-12804-5. Breathing spaces: qigong, psychiatry, and healing in China. Columbia University Press.
  7. ^ Palmer, David A. (2007). "Chapter 6. Controversy and Crisis". Qigong fever: body, science, and utopia in China . Columbia University Press. pp. 158–170. ISBN 978-0-231-14066-9. - Registration required.
  8. ^ Ownby, David (2008). Falun Gong and the future of China. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 181–186. ISBN 978-0-19-532905-6. - Registration required
  • Chen YF (2002). "Chinese classification of mental disorders (CCMD-3): towards integration in international classification". Psychopathology. 35 (2–3): 171–5. doi:10.1159/000065140. PMID 12145505. S2CID 24080102.
  • Lee S (September 2001). "From diversity to unity. The classification of mental disorders in 21st-century China". Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 24 (3): 421–31. doi:10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70238-0. PMID 11593854.
  • Parker G, Gladstone G, Chee KT (June 2001). "Depression in the planet's largest ethnic group: the Chinese". Am J Psychiatry. 158 (6): 857–64. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.6.857. PMID 11384889.
  • Zhong J, Leung F (January 2007). . Chin. Med. J. 120 (1): 77–82. doi:10.3901/jme.2007.04.077. PMID 17254494. Archived from the original on 2018-10-03. Retrieved 2010-12-26.

External links edit

    February 15, 2024
    chinese, classification, mental, disorders, ccmd, redirects, here, military, command, unified, combatant, command, ccmd, chinese, 中国精神疾病分类方案与诊断标准, published, chinese, society, psychiatry, clinical, guide, used, china, diagnosis, mental, disorders, third, versi. CCMD redirects here For the military command see Unified combatant command The Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders CCMD Chinese 中国精神疾病分类方案与诊断标准 published by the Chinese Society of Psychiatry CSP is a clinical guide used in China for the diagnosis of mental disorders It is on its third version the CCMD 3 written in Chinese and English The current edition is very similar to the ICD 10 1 and is also influenced by the DSM IV 2 the two main psychiatric typologies used in the rest of the world However it has a unique definition of some disorders includes an additional 40 or so culturally related diagnoses and lacks certain conditions recognised in other parts of the world Contents 1 History 2 Diagnostic categories 2 1 Koro 2 2 Zou huo ru mo 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksHistory editThe first published Chinese psychiatric classificatory scheme appeared in 1979 A revised classification system the CCMD 1 was made available in 1981 and was further modified in 1984 CCMD 2 R 1989 and 1995 The CCMD 3 was published in 2001 2 At launch the CCMD 3 was supplemented with the companion book Treatment and Nursing of Mental Disorders Relevant to CCMD 3 1 Many Chinese psychiatrists believed the CCMD had special advantages over other manuals such as simplicity stability the inclusion of culture distinctive categories and the exclusion of certain Western diagnostic categories The Chinese translation of the ICD 10 was seen as linguistically complicated containing very long sentences and awkward terms and syntax 2 A 2014 study found that the ICD 10 was more commonly used by Chinese psychiatrists than the CCMD 3 or DSM IV 3 Diagnostic categories editThe diagnosis of depression is included in the CCMD with many similar criteria to the ICD or DSM with the core having been translated as low spirits However neurasthenia is a more central diagnosis Although also found in the ICD its diagnosis takes a particular form in China called shenjing shuairuo which emphasizes somatic bodily complaints as well as fatigue or depressed feelings Neurasthenia is a less stigmatizing diagnosis than depression in China being conceptually distinct from psychiatric labels and is said to fit well with a tendency to express emotional issues in somatic terms The concept of neurasthenia as a nervous system disorder is also said to fit well with the traditional Chinese epistemology of disease causation on the basis of disharmony of vital organs and imbalance of qi The diagnosis of schizophrenia is included in the CCMD It contains many similarities with its Western counterparts for diagnosis like the duration of one month as mentioned in the ICD 10 Some differences include two symptoms different from the ICD and DSM These are improper affect and delusions which can range in three different subcategories 4 It is applied quite readily and broadly in Chinese psychiatry citation needed Some of the wordings of the diagnoses are different For example rather than borderline personality disorder as in the DSM or emotionally unstable personality disorder borderline type as in the ICD the CCMD has impulsive personality disorder Diagnoses that are more specific to Chinese or Asian culture though they may also be outlined in the ICD or DSM glossary section include Koro or Genital retraction syndrome excessive fear of the genitals and also breasts in women shrinking or drawing back into the body Zou huo ru mo 走火入魔 or qigong deviation 氣功偏差 perception of uncontrolled flow of qi in the body Mental disorders due to superstition or witchcraft Travelling psychosisThe CCMD 3 lists several disorders of sexual preference including ego dystonic homosexuality but does not recognize pedophilia 5 Koro edit Main article Koro medicine Koro or Genital retraction syndrome is a culture specific syndrome from Southeast Asia in which the patient has an overpowering belief that the genitalia or nipples in females are shrinking and will shortly disappear In China it is known as shuk yang shook yong and suo yang simplified Chinese 缩阳 traditional Chinese 縮陽 This has been associated with cultures placing a heavy emphasis on balance or on fertility and reproduction Zou huo ru mo edit Main article Zou huo ru mo medicine Zou huo ru mo 走火入魔 or qigong deviation 氣功偏差 is a mental condition characterized by the perception that there is an uncontrolled flow of qi in the body Other complaints include localized pains headache insomnia and uncontrolled spontaneous movements 6 7 8 See also editInternational Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems ICD of the World Health Organization Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM of the American Psychiatric Association DSM IV Codes Political abuse of psychiatry in ChinaReferences edit a b Chen Yan Fang 2002 Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders CCMD 3 Towards Integration in International Classification Psychopathology 35 2 3 171 175 doi 10 1159 000065140 ISSN 0254 4962 PMID 12145505 S2CID 24080102 a b c Lee Sing 2001 09 01 FROM DIVERSITY TO UNITY The Classification of Mental Disorders in 21st Century China Psychiatric Clinics of North America 24 3 421 431 doi 10 1016 S0193 953X 05 70238 0 ISSN 0193 953X PMID 11593854 Dai Yunfei Yu Xin Xiao Zeping Xu Yifeng Zhao Min Correia Joao Mendonca Maj Mario Reed Geoffrey M September 2014 Comparison of Chinese and international psychiatrists views on classification of mental disorders Psychiatrists views on classification Asia Pacific Psychiatry 6 3 267 273 doi 10 1111 appy 12146 S2CID 37499559 Phillips Michael R 2001 06 30 Characteristics experience and treatment of schizophrenia in China Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 3 2 109 119 doi 10 31887 DCNS 2001 3 2 mrphillips PMC 3181649 PMID 22033637 Janssen Diederik F 2014 Paraphilia Acultural or Anti Anthropological Sexual Offender Treatment 9 2 Chen Nancy N 2003 Chapter 4 Qiqong Deviation or Psychosis Breathing spaces qigong psychiatry and healing in China Columbia University Press pp 77 107 ISBN 0 231 12804 5 Breathing spaces qigong psychiatry and healing in China Columbia University Press Palmer David A 2007 Chapter 6 Controversy and Crisis Qigong fever body science and utopia in China Columbia University Press pp 158 170 ISBN 978 0 231 14066 9 Registration required Ownby David 2008 Falun Gong and the future of China Oxford Oxford University Press pp 181 186 ISBN 978 0 19 532905 6 Registration required Chen YF 2002 Chinese classification of mental disorders CCMD 3 towards integration in international classification Psychopathology 35 2 3 171 5 doi 10 1159 000065140 PMID 12145505 S2CID 24080102 Lee S September 2001 From diversity to unity The classification of mental disorders in 21st century China Psychiatr Clin North Am 24 3 421 31 doi 10 1016 S0193 953X 05 70238 0 PMID 11593854 Parker G Gladstone G Chee KT June 2001 Depression in the planet s largest ethnic group the Chinese Am J Psychiatry 158 6 857 64 doi 10 1176 appi ajp 158 6 857 PMID 11384889 Zhong J Leung F January 2007 Should borderline personality disorder be included in the fourth edition of the Chinese classification of mental disorders Chin Med J 120 1 77 82 doi 10 3901 jme 2007 04 077 PMID 17254494 Archived from the original on 2018 10 03 Retrieved 2010 12 26 External links editCSP webpage about the CCMD Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders amp oldid 1175256551, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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