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Jamaican blackbird

The Jamaican blackbird (Nesopsar nigerrimus) is a species of bird in the New World blackbird and oriole family Icteridae. It is the only species (monotypic) in the genus Nesopsar.[2] The species has sometimes been included in the genus Agelaius, but molecular systematics have shown it not be closely related to any living New World blackbird or grackle.[3] The species is endemic to Jamaica, where it is restricted to Cockpit Country, some central areas and the Blue and John Crow Mountains.

Jamaican blackbird
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Icteridae
Genus: Nesopsar
P.L. Sclater, 1859
Species:
N. nigerrimus
Binomial name
Nesopsar nigerrimus
(Osburn, 1859)

Description edit

The Jamaican blackbird is a small icterid with all black plumage.[4] It has a short tail that is often flayed.

Habitat edit

It is strictly arboreal and has a wheezing call. Pairs occupy large territories in a variety of wet montane forest types, including elfin and mist forests, that have substantial epiphytes and mosses on the trees. The Jamaican blackbird's habitats are confined to areas of above 575m and are rarely seen in lowland areas.

Ecology edit

In the absence of specialised tree probers such as the woodcreepers, ovenbirds and woodpeckers (Jamaica does have a species of woodpecker, the Jamaican woodpecker, but it is a generalist that typically feeds away from tree trunks), which occur in similar forests on the mainland, the Jamaican blackbird has convergently evolved to fill this ecological niche.[5] The majority of the food taken by this species is found on the trunks of trees and their inner branches, feeding on animal prey, mostly insects, which it finds in bark or in bromeliads. It has shorter legs and longer claws that typical icterids, uses its tail for support when climbing tree trunks, both of which are adaptations to its niche, and has a longer bill and stronger jaw muscles than other New World blackbirds used for probing, spreading and hammering. It utilises a different niche from the other (semi) endemic icterid, the Jamaican oriole, which forages mainly in the outer branches of the trees.

Conservation edit

The principal threat to the Jamaican blackbird is habitat loss.[4] There are numerous threats to Jamaican forests, including bauxite mining, charcoal production, forestry, farming and development. This species is particularly vulnerable because it is dependent on large trees which support many epiphytes. Because of these threats it is listed as Endangered by the IUCN. It is protected in the Blue and John Crow Mountains National Park, and efforts are underway to stop bauxite mining in Cockpit Country.

References edit

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2020). "Nesopsar nigerrimus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22724163A179996910. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22724163A179996910.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. ^ Thomas M. Brooks; John D. Pilgrim; Ana S. L. Rodrigues & Gustavo A. B. Da Fonseca (2005). "Conservation status and geographic distribution of avian evolutionary history". In Andy Purvis; John L. Gittleman & Thomas Brooks (eds.). Phylogeny and Conservation. Conservation Biology. Vol. 8. Cambridge University Press. pp. 267–294. ISBN 978-0-521-82502-3.
  3. ^ Johnson, Kevin & and Scott M. Lanyon (1999) "Molecular Systematics of the Grackles and Allies, and the Effect of Additional Sequence (Cyt B and ND2)." Auk 116 (3): 759-768
  4. ^ a b BirdLife International (2008) Species factsheet: Nesopsar nigerrimus. Downloaded 2 July 2008
  5. ^ Cruz, Alexander (1978) "Adaptive evolution in the Jamaican Blackbird Nesopsar nigerrimus." Ornis Scandinavia 9: 130-137. From abstract: "Nesopsar's feeding habit probably evolved on the island in the absence of species of Dendrocolaptidae and Furnariidae specialized for arboreal rummaging. Compared with other icterids, Nesopsar has shorter legs and more curved claws, which are advantageous in arboreal (trunk) foraging."

jamaican, blackbird, nesopsar, nigerrimus, species, bird, world, blackbird, oriole, family, icteridae, only, species, monotypic, genus, nesopsar, species, sometimes, been, included, genus, agelaius, molecular, systematics, have, shown, closely, related, living. The Jamaican blackbird Nesopsar nigerrimus is a species of bird in the New World blackbird and oriole family Icteridae It is the only species monotypic in the genus Nesopsar 2 The species has sometimes been included in the genus Agelaius but molecular systematics have shown it not be closely related to any living New World blackbird or grackle 3 The species is endemic to Jamaica where it is restricted to Cockpit Country some central areas and the Blue and John Crow Mountains Jamaican blackbird Conservation status Endangered IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Aves Order Passeriformes Family Icteridae Genus NesopsarP L Sclater 1859 Species N nigerrimus Binomial name Nesopsar nigerrimus Osburn 1859 Contents 1 Description 2 Habitat 3 Ecology 4 Conservation 5 ReferencesDescription editThe Jamaican blackbird is a small icterid with all black plumage 4 It has a short tail that is often flayed Habitat editIt is strictly arboreal and has a wheezing call Pairs occupy large territories in a variety of wet montane forest types including elfin and mist forests that have substantial epiphytes and mosses on the trees The Jamaican blackbird s habitats are confined to areas of above 575m and are rarely seen in lowland areas Ecology editIn the absence of specialised tree probers such as the woodcreepers ovenbirds and woodpeckers Jamaica does have a species of woodpecker the Jamaican woodpecker but it is a generalist that typically feeds away from tree trunks which occur in similar forests on the mainland the Jamaican blackbird has convergently evolved to fill this ecological niche 5 The majority of the food taken by this species is found on the trunks of trees and their inner branches feeding on animal prey mostly insects which it finds in bark or in bromeliads It has shorter legs and longer claws that typical icterids uses its tail for support when climbing tree trunks both of which are adaptations to its niche and has a longer bill and stronger jaw muscles than other New World blackbirds used for probing spreading and hammering It utilises a different niche from the other semi endemic icterid the Jamaican oriole which forages mainly in the outer branches of the trees Conservation editThe principal threat to the Jamaican blackbird is habitat loss 4 There are numerous threats to Jamaican forests including bauxite mining charcoal production forestry farming and development This species is particularly vulnerable because it is dependent on large trees which support many epiphytes Because of these threats it is listed as Endangered by the IUCN It is protected in the Blue and John Crow Mountains National Park and efforts are underway to stop bauxite mining in Cockpit Country References edit BirdLife International 2020 Nesopsar nigerrimus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e T22724163A179996910 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2020 3 RLTS T22724163A179996910 en Retrieved 11 November 2021 Thomas M Brooks John D Pilgrim Ana S L Rodrigues amp Gustavo A B Da Fonseca 2005 Conservation status and geographic distribution of avian evolutionary history In Andy Purvis John L Gittleman amp Thomas Brooks eds Phylogeny and Conservation Conservation Biology Vol 8 Cambridge University Press pp 267 294 ISBN 978 0 521 82502 3 Johnson Kevin amp and Scott M Lanyon 1999 Molecular Systematics of the Grackles and Allies and the Effect of Additional Sequence Cyt B and ND2 Auk 116 3 759 768 a b BirdLife International 2008 Species factsheet Nesopsar nigerrimus Downloaded 2 July 2008 Cruz Alexander 1978 Adaptive evolution in the Jamaican Blackbird Nesopsar nigerrimus Ornis Scandinavia 9 130 137 From abstract Nesopsar s feeding habit probably evolved on the island in the absence of species of Dendrocolaptidae and Furnariidae specialized for arboreal rummaging Compared with other icterids Nesopsar has shorter legs and more curved claws which are advantageous in arboreal trunk foraging Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jamaican blackbird amp oldid 1214503521, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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