The woodcreepers (Dendrocolaptinae) comprise a subfamily of suboscinepasserinebirdsendemic to the Neotropics. They have traditionally been considered a distinct familyDendrocolaptidae, but most authorities now place them as a subfamily of the ovenbirds (Furnariidae). They superficially resemble the Old Worldtreecreepers, but they are unrelated and the similarities are due to convergent evolution. The subfamily contains around 57 species in 15 to 20 genera.[1]
Woodcreepers range from 14 to 35 cm in length.[2][1] Generally brownish birds, the true woodcreepers maintain an upright vertical posture, supported by their specialized stiff tails.
They feed mainly on insects taken from tree trunks. However, woodcreepers often form part of the core group at the centre of flocks attending army ant swarms. Woodcreepers are arboreal cavity-nesting birds; two or three white eggs are laid and incubated for about 15 to 21 days.[2]
These birds can be difficult to identify in that they tend to have similar brown upperparts, and the more distinctive underparts are hard to see on a bird pressed against a trunk in deep forest shade. The bill shape, extend/shape of spots/streaks, and call are useful aids to determining species.
The wedge-billed woodcreeper is the smallest species in the subfamily (the xenops are smaller, but their exact taxonomic position has not been resolved).
The woodcreepers are generally fairly uniform in appearance. They range in size from the wedge-billed woodcreeper (13 cm (5.1 in)) to the strong-billed woodcreeper (35 cm (14 in)). Males tend to be slightly larger than females on average, but considerable overlap in size occurs in most species. Pronounced sexual dimorphism in size and plumage is rare. Bill size and shape accounts for much of the variation between the species. Bills can be straight or highly decurved, and can account for as much as a quarter of the length of the bird (as happens in the long-billed woodcreeper). The plumage is usually subdued and often brown, or sometimes rufous or other dark colours. Many species have patterns such as checking, spotting, or barring on their plumage. The feathers of the tail are rigid and are used for supporting the body when climbing tree trunks;[3][4] the tail can support most of the body weight and birds that lose their tail find climbing difficult. Woodcreepers climb by flexing their legs and hopping up the trunk. The feet of the woodcreepers are also modified for climbing. The front toes are strongly clawed and toe IV is as long as toe III to increase the ability of the bird to grasp around branches.[4] The legs are short but strong.[1] Woodcreepers are also characterized by a belly feather growth pattern not found in any other birds.
Habitat and distribution
The scimitar-billed woodcreeper is unusual for the subfamily in living in open woodlands, and in being predominately a ground forager.
The woodcreepers are generally forest birds of Central and South America. Most species occur in rainforests, with the centre of diversity of the subfamily being the Amazon Basin. As many as 19 species of woodcreeper may co-occur in some areas of the Amazon, although in other rainforests, such as those in Costa Rica, the numbers are much lower. Other habitats used by the woodcreepers include pine-oak woodland, montane cloud forest, and pine forests. A few species, like the scimitar-billed woodcreeper, inhabit savannah or other partly open environments. Woodcreepers are absent from the temperate forests of southern South America.[1]
Behaviour
Diet and feeding
The woodcreepers are insectivores that are mostly arboreal in nature. Insects form the majority of the diet, with some spiders, centipedes, millipedes and even lizards being taken as well. A few specimens collected by scientists had fruit or seeds in their stomachs, but plant material is not thought to be regularly taken by any species. A few species forage on the ground, but most forage on the trunks of trees, on and on the underside of branches. They are generally solitary or occur in pairs, but frequently join mixed-species feeding flocks. The flocks they join are usually the lower level ones rather than canopy flocks, and are usually those insectivorous ones rather than frugivorous ones. Prey is almost always obtained by moving up the trunk or branch, and there are two main foraging techniques, probing and sallying. Probers investigate rough bark, mosses, masses of trapped dead leaves, bromeliads, and other areas where prey may be hiding, whereas those that sally launch into the air briefly to snatch prey that has been flushed by their movement. Several species regularly attend swarms of army ants to catch prey flushed by the ants.[5]
Systematics
The former family has been merged into the ovenbird family, Furnariidae, by most authorities because analyses of mt and nDNAsequence data showed Sclerurus leaftossers and Geositta miners to be basal to the Furnariidae and the woodcreepers.[6] An alternative option was recommended by Moyle et al. (2009),[7] in which the woodcreepers maintain their status as a family, while the ovenbirds (as traditionally defined) are split into two families: Scleruridae and Furnariidae.
The genus Xenops, which have usually been considered ovenbirds, represent an early divergence. Although some analyses suggested that they are more closely related to the woodcreepers than to true furnariids,[8] other studies have not found the same results.[7][9] Others suggested placing Xenops in its own family Xenopidae.[10]
Evolutionary relationships among woodcreeper species are now fairly well known thanks to the use of DNA sequence data.[11][7][9] Some previous results based on morphology[12] were not supported by molecular data, mostly due to instances of convergent evolution in beak morphology.[11] Plumage patterns, on the other hand, are more in agreement with the molecular data.
^ abcdMarantz, C. A.; Aleixo, A.; Bevier, L. R.; Patten, M. A., (2003): Family Dendrocolaptidae (Woodcreepers). In: del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Sargatal, Jordi (editors): Handbook of Birds of the World, Volume 6: Broadbills to Tapaculos: 358–447. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN84-87334-50-4
^ abWillis, Edwin O. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. p. 163. ISBN1-85391-186-0.
^Tubaro, Pablo L.; Lijtmaer, Dario A.; Palacios, Maria G.; Kopuchian, Cecilia (2002). "Adaptive Modification of Tail Structure in Relation to Body Mass and Buckling in Woodcreepers". The Condor. 104 (2): 281–296. doi:10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0281:AMOTSI]2.0.CO;2. hdl:11336/136482. JSTOR 1370031.
^ abClaramunt, Santiago; Derryberry, Elizabeth P.; Brumfield, Robb T.; Remsen, J. V. (2012). "Ecological Opportunity and Diversification in a Continental Radiation of Birds: Climbing Adaptations and Cladogenesis in the Furnariidae". The American Naturalist. 179 (5): 649–666. doi:10.1086/664998. ISSN 0003-0147.
^Willis, E.; Oniki, Y. (1978). "Birds and Army Ants". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 9: 243–263. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.09.110178.001331. JSTOR 2096750.
^Irestedt, Martin; Fjeldså, Jon; Johansson, Ulf S.; Ericson, Per G.P. (2002). "Systematic relationships and biogeography of the tracheophone suboscines (Aves: Passeriformes)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 23 (3): 499–512. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00034-9. PMID 12099801.
^ abcdeMoyle, R. G.; Chesser, R. T.; Brumfield, R. T.; Tello, J. G.; Marchese, D. J.; Cracraft, J. (2009). "Phylogeny and phylogenetic classification of the antbirds, ovenbirds, woodcreepers, and allies (Aves: Passeriformes: infraorder Furnariides)". Cladistics. 25 (4): 386–405. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00259.x.
^Fjeldså, Jon; Irestedt, Martin; Ericson, Per G. P. (2005). "Molecular data reveal some major adaptational shifts in the early evolution of the most diverse avian family, the Furnariidae" (PDF). Journal of Ornithology. 146: 1–13. doi:10.1007/s10336-004-0054-5.
^ abDerryberry, Elizabeth P.; Claramunt, Santiago; Derryberry, Graham; Chesser, R. Terry; Cracraft, Joel; Aleixo, Alexandre; Pérez-Emán, Jorge; Remsen Jr., J. V.; Brumfield, Robb T. (2011). "Lineage diversification and morphological evolution in a large-scale continental radiation: the Neotropical ovenbirds and woodcreepers (Aves: Furnariidae)". Evolution. 65 (10): 2973–2986. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01374.x. ISSN 0014-3820. PMID 21967436.
^Ohlson, J; Irestedt, M; Ericson, P; Fjeldså, J (2013). "Phylogeny and classification of the New World suboscines (Aves, Passeriformes)". Zootaxa. 3613 (1): 1–35. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3613.1.1.
^ abIrestedt, Martin; Fjeldså, Jon; Ericson, Per G. P. (2004). "Phylogenetic relationships of woodcreepers (Aves: Dendrocolaptinae) – incongruence between molecular and morphological data" (PDF). Journal of Avian Biology. 35 (3): 280–288. doi:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2004.03234.x.
^Raikow, Robert J. (1994). "A phylogeny of the woodcreepers (Dendrocolaptinae)" (PDF). Auk. 111 (1): 104–114. doi:10.2307/4088509.
^Derryberry, E.; Claramunt, S.; Chesser, R. T.; Aleixo, A.; Cracraft, J.; Moyle, R. G.; Brumfield, R. T. (2010). "Certhiasomus, a new genus of woodcreeper (Aves: Passeriformes: Dendrocolaptidae)". Zootaxa. 2416: 44–50.
^Claramunt, Santiago; Derryberry, Elizabeth P.; Chesser, R. Terry; Aleixo, Alexandre; Brumfield, Robb T. (2010). "Polyphyly of Campylorhamphus, and description of a new genus for C. pucherani (Dendrocolaptinae)". Auk. 127 (2): 430–439. doi:10.1525/auk.2009.09022.
^Aleixo, Alexandre (2002). Molecular systematics, phylogeography, and population genetics of Xiphorhynchus (Aves: Dendrocolaptidae) in the Amazon basin(PDF). Ph.D. dissertation, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA.
^Aleixo, Alexandre (2002). "Molecular Systematics and the Role of the "Várzea"-"Terra-Firme" Ecotone in the Diversification of Xiphorhynchus Woodcreepers (Aves: Dendrocolaptidae)". Auk. 119 (3): 621–640. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0621:MSATRO]2.0.CO;2.
External links
Woodcreeper videos on the Internet Bird Collection
March 03, 2023
woodcreeper, woodcreepers, dendrocolaptinae, comprise, subfamily, suboscine, passerine, birds, endemic, neotropics, they, have, traditionally, been, considered, distinct, family, dendrocolaptidae, most, authorities, place, them, subfamily, ovenbirds, furnariid. The woodcreepers Dendrocolaptinae comprise a subfamily of suboscine passerine birds endemic to the Neotropics They have traditionally been considered a distinct family Dendrocolaptidae but most authorities now place them as a subfamily of the ovenbirds Furnariidae They superficially resemble the Old World treecreepers but they are unrelated and the similarities are due to convergent evolution The subfamily contains around 57 species in 15 to 20 genera 1 WoodcreepersCocoa woodcreeperScientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder PasseriformesFamily FurnariidaeSubfamily DendrocolaptinaeGeneraAround 15 20 see article textWoodcreepers range from 14 to 35 cm in length 2 1 Generally brownish birds the true woodcreepers maintain an upright vertical posture supported by their specialized stiff tails They feed mainly on insects taken from tree trunks However woodcreepers often form part of the core group at the centre of flocks attending army ant swarms Woodcreepers are arboreal cavity nesting birds two or three white eggs are laid and incubated for about 15 to 21 days 2 These birds can be difficult to identify in that they tend to have similar brown upperparts and the more distinctive underparts are hard to see on a bird pressed against a trunk in deep forest shade The bill shape extend shape of spots streaks and call are useful aids to determining species Contents 1 Description 2 Habitat and distribution 3 Behaviour 3 1 Diet and feeding 4 Systematics 5 References 6 External linksDescription Edit The wedge billed woodcreeper is the smallest species in the subfamily the xenops are smaller but their exact taxonomic position has not been resolved The woodcreepers are generally fairly uniform in appearance They range in size from the wedge billed woodcreeper 13 cm 5 1 in to the strong billed woodcreeper 35 cm 14 in Males tend to be slightly larger than females on average but considerable overlap in size occurs in most species Pronounced sexual dimorphism in size and plumage is rare Bill size and shape accounts for much of the variation between the species Bills can be straight or highly decurved and can account for as much as a quarter of the length of the bird as happens in the long billed woodcreeper The plumage is usually subdued and often brown or sometimes rufous or other dark colours Many species have patterns such as checking spotting or barring on their plumage The feathers of the tail are rigid and are used for supporting the body when climbing tree trunks 3 4 the tail can support most of the body weight and birds that lose their tail find climbing difficult Woodcreepers climb by flexing their legs and hopping up the trunk The feet of the woodcreepers are also modified for climbing The front toes are strongly clawed and toe IV is as long as toe III to increase the ability of the bird to grasp around branches 4 The legs are short but strong 1 Woodcreepers are also characterized by a belly feather growth pattern not found in any other birds Habitat and distribution Edit The scimitar billed woodcreeper is unusual for the subfamily in living in open woodlands and in being predominately a ground forager The woodcreepers are generally forest birds of Central and South America Most species occur in rainforests with the centre of diversity of the subfamily being the Amazon Basin As many as 19 species of woodcreeper may co occur in some areas of the Amazon although in other rainforests such as those in Costa Rica the numbers are much lower Other habitats used by the woodcreepers include pine oak woodland montane cloud forest and pine forests A few species like the scimitar billed woodcreeper inhabit savannah or other partly open environments Woodcreepers are absent from the temperate forests of southern South America 1 Behaviour EditDiet and feeding Edit The woodcreepers are insectivores that are mostly arboreal in nature Insects form the majority of the diet with some spiders centipedes millipedes and even lizards being taken as well A few specimens collected by scientists had fruit or seeds in their stomachs but plant material is not thought to be regularly taken by any species A few species forage on the ground but most forage on the trunks of trees on and on the underside of branches They are generally solitary or occur in pairs but frequently join mixed species feeding flocks The flocks they join are usually the lower level ones rather than canopy flocks and are usually those insectivorous ones rather than frugivorous ones Prey is almost always obtained by moving up the trunk or branch and there are two main foraging techniques probing and sallying Probers investigate rough bark mosses masses of trapped dead leaves bromeliads and other areas where prey may be hiding whereas those that sally launch into the air briefly to snatch prey that has been flushed by their movement Several species regularly attend swarms of army ants to catch prey flushed by the ants 5 Systematics EditThe former family has been merged into the ovenbird family Furnariidae by most authorities because analyses of mt and nDNA sequence data showed Sclerurus leaftossers and Geositta miners to be basal to the Furnariidae and the woodcreepers 6 An alternative option was recommended by Moyle et al 2009 7 in which the woodcreepers maintain their status as a family while the ovenbirds as traditionally defined are split into two families Scleruridae and Furnariidae The genus Xenops which have usually been considered ovenbirds represent an early divergence Although some analyses suggested that they are more closely related to the woodcreepers than to true furnariids 8 other studies have not found the same results 7 9 Others suggested placing Xenops in its own family Xenopidae 10 Evolutionary relationships among woodcreeper species are now fairly well known thanks to the use of DNA sequence data 11 7 9 Some previous results based on morphology 12 were not supported by molecular data mostly due to instances of convergent evolution in beak morphology 11 Plumage patterns on the other hand are more in agreement with the molecular data DNA studies revealed that Deconychura species belong into separate genera 13 and that the Greater scythebill should be placed in its own genus 14 Moving Lepidocolaptes fuscus to Xiphorhynchus restores monophyly of Lepidocolaptes Additionally the species level taxonomy of several groups requires further study Examples of species where vocal and morphological variations suggests that more than one species level taxon could be involved are the curve billed scythebill and the white chinned olivaceous strong billed and straight billed woodcreepers The genus Xiphorhynchus also requires much more research in this regard 15 16 Hylexetastes may contain anything from one to four species Subfamily Dendrocolaptinae woodcreepers Tribe Image Genus SpeciesSittasomini intermediate woodcreepers 7 Certhiasomus Derryberry et al 2010 Spot throated woodcreeper Certhiasomus stictolaemus DeconychuraCherrie 1891 Long tailed woodcreeper Deconychura longicauda SittasomusSwainson 1827 Olivaceous woodcreeper Sittasomus griseicapillus DendrocinclaG R Gray 1840 Tyrannine woodcreeper Dendrocincla tyrannina Thrush like woodcreeper Dendrocincla turdina Tawny winged woodcreeper Dendrocincla anabatina Plain brown woodcreeper Dendrocincla fuliginosa White chinned woodcreeper Dendrocincla merula Ruddy woodcreeper Dendrocincla homochroaDendrocolaptini strong billed woodcreepers 7 Glyphorynchus Wied Neuwied 1831 Wedge billed woodcreeper Glyphorynchus spirurus Nasica Lesson 1830 Long billed woodcreeper Nasica longirostris Dendrexetastes Eyton 1851 Cinnamon throated woodcreeper Dendrexetastes rufigula Dendrocolaptes Hermann 1804 Northern barred woodcreeper Dendrocolaptes sanctithomae Amazonian barred woodcreeper Dendrocolaptes certhia Concolor woodcreeper Dendrocolaptes certhia concolor Hoffmanns s woodcreeper Dendrocolaptes hoffmannsi Black banded woodcreeper Dendrocolaptes picumnus Planalto woodcreeper Dendrocolaptes platyrostris Hylexetastes P L Sclater 1889 Bar bellied woodcreeper Hylexetastes stresemanni Red billed woodcreeper Hylexetastes perrotii Uniform woodcreeper Hylexetastes perrotii uniformis Brigida s woodcreeper Hylexetastes perrotii brigidai Xiphocolaptes Lesson 1840 White throated woodcreeper Xiphocolaptes albicollis Moustached woodcreeper Xiphocolaptes falcirostris Great rufous woodcreeper Xiphocolaptes major Strong billed woodcreeper Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus Dendroplex Swainson 1827 Straight billed woodcreeper Dendroplex picus Zimmer s woodcreeper Dendroplex kienerii formerly Xiphorhynchus necopinus Xiphorhynchus Swainson 1827 possibly polyphyletic Lesser woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus fuscus formerly in Lepidocolaptes Spix s woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus spixii Elegant woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus elegans Jurua woodcreeper or Ihering s woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus elegans juruanus Ocellated woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus ocellatus Tschudi s woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus ocellatus chunchotambo Chestnut rumped woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus pardalotus Striped woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus obsoletus Spotted woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus erythropygius Olive backed woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus triangularis Ivory billed woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus flavigaster Black striped woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus lachrymosus Buff throated woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus guttatus Lafresnaye s woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus guttatus guttatoides Dusky billed woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus guttatus guttatoides eytoni Cocoa woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus susurrans Lawrence s woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus susurrans nanus Campylorhamphus W Bertoni 1901 Red billed scythebill Campylorhamphus trochilirostris Brown billed scythebill Campylorhamphus pusillus Black billed scythebill Campylorhamphus falcularius Curve billed scythebill Campylorhamphus procurvoidesDrymotoxeres Claramunt Derryberry Chesser RT Aleixo amp Brumfield 2010 Greater scythebill Drymotoxeres pucheranii Drymornis Eyton 1852 Scimitar billed woodcreeper Drymornis bridgesii Lepidocolaptes Reichenbach 1853 Narrow billed woodcreeper Lepidocolaptes angustirostris White striped woodcreeper Lepidocolaptes leucogaster Guianan woodcreeper Lepidocolaptes albolineatus Duida woodcreeper Lepidocolaptes duidae Inambari woodcreeper Lepidocolaptes fatimalimae Dusky capped woodcreeper Lepidocolaptes fuscicapillus Spot crowned woodcreeper Lepidocolaptes affinis Montane woodcreeper Lepidocolaptes lacrymiger Streak headed woodcreeper Lepidocolaptes souleyetii Scaled woodcreeper Lepidocolaptes squamatus Wagler s woodcreeper Lepidocolaptes squamatus wagleri Scalloped woodcreeper Lepidocolaptes falcinellusReferences Edit a b c d Marantz C A Aleixo A Bevier L R Patten M A 2003 Family Dendrocolaptidae Woodcreepers In del Hoyo Josep Elliott Andrew amp Sargatal Jordi editors Handbook of Birds of the World Volume 6 Broadbills to Tapaculos 358 447 Lynx Edicions Barcelona ISBN 84 87334 50 4 a b Willis Edwin O 1991 Forshaw Joseph ed Encyclopaedia of Animals Birds London Merehurst Press p 163 ISBN 1 85391 186 0 Tubaro Pablo L Lijtmaer Dario A Palacios Maria G Kopuchian Cecilia 2002 Adaptive Modification of Tail Structure in Relation to Body Mass and Buckling in Woodcreepers The Condor 104 2 281 296 doi 10 1650 0010 5422 2002 104 0281 AMOTSI 2 0 CO 2 hdl 11336 136482 JSTOR 1370031 a b Claramunt Santiago Derryberry Elizabeth P Brumfield Robb T Remsen J V 2012 Ecological Opportunity and Diversification in a Continental Radiation of Birds Climbing Adaptations and Cladogenesis in the Furnariidae The American Naturalist 179 5 649 666 doi 10 1086 664998 ISSN 0003 0147 Willis E Oniki Y 1978 Birds and Army Ants Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 9 243 263 doi 10 1146 annurev es 09 110178 001331 JSTOR 2096750 Irestedt Martin Fjeldsa Jon Johansson Ulf S Ericson Per G P 2002 Systematic relationships and biogeography of the tracheophone suboscines Aves Passeriformes Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 23 3 499 512 doi 10 1016 S1055 7903 02 00034 9 PMID 12099801 a b c d e Moyle R G Chesser R T Brumfield R T Tello J G Marchese D J Cracraft J 2009 Phylogeny and phylogenetic classification of the antbirds ovenbirds woodcreepers and allies Aves Passeriformes infraorder Furnariides Cladistics 25 4 386 405 doi 10 1111 j 1096 0031 2009 00259 x Fjeldsa Jon Irestedt Martin Ericson Per G P 2005 Molecular data reveal some major adaptational shifts in the early evolution of the most diverse avian family the Furnariidae PDF Journal of Ornithology 146 1 13 doi 10 1007 s10336 004 0054 5 a b Derryberry Elizabeth P Claramunt Santiago Derryberry Graham Chesser R Terry Cracraft Joel Aleixo Alexandre Perez Eman Jorge Remsen Jr J V Brumfield Robb T 2011 Lineage diversification and morphological evolution in a large scale continental radiation the Neotropical ovenbirds and woodcreepers Aves Furnariidae Evolution 65 10 2973 2986 doi 10 1111 j 1558 5646 2011 01374 x ISSN 0014 3820 PMID 21967436 Ohlson J Irestedt M Ericson P Fjeldsa J 2013 Phylogeny and classification of the New World suboscines Aves Passeriformes Zootaxa 3613 1 1 35 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 3613 1 1 a b Irestedt Martin Fjeldsa Jon Ericson Per G P 2004 Phylogenetic relationships of woodcreepers Aves Dendrocolaptinae incongruence between molecular and morphological data PDF Journal of Avian Biology 35 3 280 288 doi 10 1111 j 0908 8857 2004 03234 x Raikow Robert J 1994 A phylogeny of the woodcreepers Dendrocolaptinae PDF Auk 111 1 104 114 doi 10 2307 4088509 Derryberry E Claramunt S Chesser R T Aleixo A Cracraft J Moyle R G Brumfield R T 2010 Certhiasomus a new genus of woodcreeper Aves Passeriformes Dendrocolaptidae Zootaxa 2416 44 50 Claramunt Santiago Derryberry Elizabeth P Chesser R Terry Aleixo Alexandre Brumfield Robb T 2010 Polyphyly of Campylorhamphus and description of a new genus for C pucherani Dendrocolaptinae Auk 127 2 430 439 doi 10 1525 auk 2009 09022 Aleixo Alexandre 2002 Molecular systematics phylogeography and population genetics ofXiphorhynchus Aves Dendrocolaptidae in the Amazon basin PDF Ph D dissertation Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA Aleixo Alexandre 2002 Molecular Systematics and the Role of the Varzea Terra Firme Ecotone in the Diversification of Xiphorhynchus Woodcreepers Aves Dendrocolaptidae Auk 119 3 621 640 doi 10 1642 0004 8038 2002 119 0621 MSATRO 2 0 CO 2 External links EditWoodcreeper videos on the Internet Bird Collection Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Woodcreeper amp oldid 1136088407, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
