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Natural gas in Russia

January 19, 2024

In 2021 Russia was the world's second-largest producer of natural gas, producing an estimated 701 billion cubic meters (bcm) of gas a year, and the world's largest natural gas exporter, shipping an estimated 250 bcm a year.[1] In 2022 the export market collapsed[vague], following the Russian invasion of Ukraine and Russia reducing exports after countries refused to pay in rubles.[citation needed]

Russian natural gas production (red) and exports (black), 1993–2011[needs update]

According to The World Factbook estimate, the country also has the largest proven reserves (47 trillion cubic meters (tcm)).[1] BP estimates put Russia with 33 tcm.[2][3] Additionally, Russia is likely to have the largest volume of undiscovered natural gas deposits, an additional 6.7 tcm, according to 2011 US Geological Survey estimations.[4] Russia consumes approximately 460 bcm a year.[1] Flaring is a problem in Russia.[5]

Subsidies edit

There is a long history of subsidy of natural gas in Russia. Subsidies for natural gas has been one of the reasons for the limited growth of renewable energy in the country.[6] However, it is difficult to estimate the extent of subsidy, as there is no benchmark price.[7] Often netback calculations[clarification needed] have been used,[8] but there are arguments against their validity in determining the size of domestic subsidies.

Gazprom has had its gas sale price to domestic and industrial customers regulated by the Russian government since 1991, sometimes close to the operational cost, meaning that it needs to obtain high export sale values to generate a profit to subsidise the poor domestic return.[9]

The IEA estimated 2021 gas subsidies at 42 billion USD, the largest in the world (it also estimated electricity subsidies as the largest).[10] Between 2014 and 2021 domestic gas prices in Russia increased annually by between 2% and 7%, in 2022 prices rose 8.5% with a 2023 price rise of a further 8%.[11]

Consumption edit

In 2022 over 40% of electricity was generated by gas.[12]

Automotive edit

 
NefAZ bus with methane gas engine in Belgorod

The use of natural gas cars in Russia is encouraged by the government.[13] Aftermarket conversion kits are sold by companies like Italgas, while some GAZ Group vehicles are sold with natural gas systems.[13] As of late 2016, Gazprom has a network of 254 filling stations in the country,[14] with plans to reach 500 stations by 2020.[15] The NEFAZ bus manufacturing company makes gas-powered buses using Daimler engines.[16] A natural gas variant of the Lada Vesta was introduced in 2017.[17]

Flaring edit

Russia flares more than any other country.[5] The level of flaring increased in 2022 following the loss of the export pipelines to the EU to 1.6 bcm per annum, 9,000 tonnes of CO2 being emitted daily.[18]

Exports edit

The EU edit

The European Union in 2020 received over 50% of its natural gas from Russia, with around 40% in 2021 (140 bcm).[19] In 2022, following the invasion of Ukraine Russia began to restrict gas supply to the EU to punish countries for supporting Ukraine.[20] The supply of gas has not been made a subject of EU sanctions,[20] although the payment system was restricted. Germany, previously the main purchaser of Russian gas, reduced, then ceased imports by December 2022, as had most of the other EU countries. 2022 saw the EU buy just 60 bcm of gas from Russia.[19]

Production of Russian gas in 2022 was 20% lower than in 2021 and it is likely to be years before Russia will find alternative buyers for the lost 120 bcm EU export market.[21]

The EU aims to end gas imports from Russia by 2027, including LNG.[22]

China edit

On 21 May 2014, Russia and China announced an agreement between state controlled gas companies Gazprom and China National Petroleum Corporation after a decade of negotiations. Under the agreement, Russia will supply China 38bcm of natural gas each year for 30 years, starting in 2018.[23] Both countries will be responsible for building new infrastructure to make the transport possible. Russia will spend about US$55 billion to build a pipeline from Siberia to Vladivostok, while China will spend $20 billion on infrastructure within its borders.[24] The Kovykta and Chayanda gas fields which will supply the majority of the natural gas are currently largely undeveloped.[25]

Tentative agreements had been reached several times since 2005, but each time final negotiations broke down over price.[25] The agreed upon price was not disclosed, but those familiar with the situation said getting a lower price than European buyers was a key demand of China in the negotiations.[23] However, Russian representatives said the price would fluctuate based on the market price of oil, making the deal closer to what Russia had wanted than to what China had been asking for.[24] The total value of the deal was estimated at US$400 billion.[23] It will increase Russian exports to countries not part of the former Soviet Union by 25% and make China the country's 2nd largest customer, after Germany.[25]

The agreement was reached as Chinese and Russian leaders met to discuss greater cooperation in Asia without involvement of Western powers. It was seen as an important political and economic victory for Russian President Vladimir Putin. It allows Russia to diversify its natural business outside of Europe and weakens the force of economic sanctions placed by the West in the aftermath of the 2014 Crimean crisis.[23] More generally, it allows Russia to reduce its isolation due to the crisis in Ukraine.[24] For China, the deal helps lessen its dependence on coal to produce electric power, using a cleaner method of electricity generation through natural gas. It also helps meet the country's growing demand for natural gas.[24]

The Power of Siberia pipeline, was commissioned in December 2019. Carrying a maximum of 61 bcm per annum, it runs 3,968 km (2,466 mi) to the Chinese border, where it then connect to a 3,371 km (2,095 mi) pipeline to distribute the gas in China.

A new pipeline Power of Siberia 2, with a 50 bcm annual capacity that will run 6,700 km (4,200 mi) across Russia, Mongolia and China is proposed for construction 2024-2029.[26]

Turkey edit

Much natural gas in Turkey is imported from Russia through pipelines under the Black Sea.[27]

Disputes with Ukraine edit

Main article: Russia–Ukraine gas disputes

2005-2009 edit

Since 2005, the Russian gas supplier Gazprom and the Ukrainian oil and gas company Naftogaz have been involved in a number of disputes. These disputes have grown beyond simple business disputes into transnational political issues that threaten natural gas supplies in numerous European countries dependent on natural gas imports from Russian suppliers, which are transported through Ukraine.[28]

During 2005, Russia claimed Ukraine was not paying for gas, but diverting that which was intended to be exported to the EU from the pipelines. Ukrainian officials at first denied the accusation, but later Naftogaz admitted that natural gas intended for other European countries was retained and used for domestic needs.[29][30] The dispute reached a peak on 1 January 2006, when Russia cut off all gas supplies passing through Ukrainian territory.[31] On 4 January 2006, a preliminary agreement between Russia and Ukraine was achieved, and the supply was restored. The situation calmed until October 2007 when new disputes began over Ukrainian gas debts. This led to reduction of gas supplies in March 2008. During the last months of 2008, relations once again became tense when Ukraine and Russia could not agree on the debts owed by Ukraine.[citation needed]

In January 2009, this disagreement resulted in supply disruptions in many European nations, with eighteen European countries reporting major drops in or complete cut-offs of their gas supplies transported through Ukraine from Russia.[32][33] In September 2009 officials from both countries stated they felt the situation was under control and that there would be no more conflicts over the topic,[34][35] at least until the Ukrainian 2010 presidential elections.[36] However, in October 2009, another disagreement arose about the amount of gas Ukraine would import from Russia in 2010. Ukraine intended to import less gas in 2010 as a result of reduced industry needs because of its economic recession; however, Gazprom insisted that Ukraine fulfill its contractual obligations and purchase the previously agreed upon quantities of gas.[37]

On 8 June 2010, a Stockholm court of arbitration ruled Naftogaz of Ukraine must return 12.1 billion cubic metres (430 billion cubic feet) of gas to RosUkrEnergo, a Swiss-based company in which Gazprom controls a 50% stake. Russia accused the Ukrainian side of siphoning gas from pipelines passing through Ukraine in 2009.[38][39] Several high-ranking Ukrainian officials stated the return "would not be quick".[40]

2014 edit

In 2014, Russia seized Crimea and took assets belonging to Ukraine, with no compensation paid. In 2023, A court in The Hague ordered Russia to pay US$5 billion in compensation to Naftogaz.[41]

Effect on Russian natural gas during war with Ukraine edit

See also: 2022–2023 Russia–European Union gas dispute

The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, as the latest part of the Russo-Ukrainian War, caused the weaponising of natural gas, which Russia tried to use to stop Western European countries from providing support to Ukraine. Threatening and then actually restricting gas supplies to Western Europe resulted in Nord Stream 1 deliveries being halted indefinitely,[42][43] with Nord Stream 2 having had its commissioning put on hold by Germany following Russia's recognition of the Ukrainian separatist regions of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic as independent,[44] was followed by the September 26 2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage.

Sanctions on Russian banks make it hard for Gazprom to receive money from international sales, which in 2022 fell 45.5% to 100.9bcm.[45]

Gazprom published a loss during the second half of 2022 of 1.3 trillion roubles ($17.3 billion) after losing 75% of its export sales.[11]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c "The World Factbook: Russia". CIA. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
  2. ^ . Opec.org. Archived from the original on 2018-02-27. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
  3. ^ BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013-12-06 at the Wayback Machine.
  4. ^ Christopher J. Schenk (2012). "An Estimate of Undiscovered Conventional Oil and Gas Resources of the World". US Geological Survey.
  5. ^ a b Global Gas Flaring Tracker Report (PDF) (Report). March 2023.
  6. ^ Overland, Indra; Kjaernet, Heidi (2009). Russian Renewable Energy: The Potential for International Cooperation. Ashgate.
  7. ^ Overland, Indra; Kutschera, Hilde (2011). "Pricing Pain: Social Discontent and Political Willpower in Russia's Gas Sector". Europe-Asia Studies. 63 (2): 311–331. doi:10.1080/09668136.2011.547700. hdl:11250/2442561 – via ResearchGate.
  8. ^ Lunden, Lars Petter; Fjaertoft, Daniel; Overland, Indra; Prachakova, Alesia (2012). "Gazprom vs. other Russian gas producers: The evolution of the Russian gas sector". Energy Policy. 61: 663–670. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.06.055. hdl:11250/2442564 – via ResearchGate.
  9. ^ "Domestic Gas Prices in Russia - Towards Export Netback?" (PDF). November 2011.
  10. ^ "Energy subsidies – Topics". IEA. Retrieved 2023-09-04.
  11. ^ a b "Russia approves big hikes in Gazprom's domestic gas prices". 18 July 2023.
  12. ^ "Russian Federation | Electricity Transition". Ember. 2022-03-28. Retrieved 2023-09-04.
  13. ^ a b Kramer, Andrew E. (11 April 2013). "Russia Skips Hybrids in Push for Natural Gas Cars". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
  14. ^ "NGV fuel". Gazprom.com. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
  15. ^ "О сети". gazprom-agnks.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 25 June 2017.
  16. ^ "Газовые автобусы НЕФАЗ будут обслуживать Чемпионат мира по футболу в Екатеринбурге". Национальная Газомоторная Ассоциация. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
  17. ^ "Метановая Лада Веста стала мелкосерийной". autoreview.ru. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
  18. ^ "Russia burns gas into the atmosphere while cutting supplies to EU". Reuters. 26 August 2022.
  19. ^ a b "The need for action". Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  20. ^ a b "EU gas supply: When Russia went into self-destruct mode". Deutsche Welle. 31 August 2023.
  21. ^ "Gazprom in Search of New Natural Gas Markets After Exports to Europe Plummeted in 2022". Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  22. ^ "The EU can manage without Russian liquified natural gas". Bruegel | The Brussels-based economic think tank. 2023-08-30. Retrieved 2023-09-04.
  23. ^ a b c d Jane Perlez (21 May 2014). "China and Russia Reach 30-Year Gas Deal". New York Times. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
  24. ^ a b c d . Washington Post. AP. 21 May 2014. Archived from the original on 22 May 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
  25. ^ a b c Brain Speglee; Wayne Ma; Gregory L. White (May 21, 2014). "Russia and China Agree on Long-Sought Natural Gas Supply Contract". Retrieved May 21, 2014.
  26. ^ "Russia announces progress with China on the Power of Siberia 2 gas pipeline". 23 March 2023.
  27. ^ "Turkey-Russia Energy Cooperation on Natural Gas". Retrieved 2023-09-08.
  28. ^ "EU reaches gas deal with Ukraine". BBC News. 1 August 2009. Retrieved 1 August 2009.
  29. ^ "Ukraine gas row hits EU supplies". BBC. 1 January 2006. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
  30. ^ "Ukraine 'stealing Europe's gas'". BBC. 2 January 2006. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
  31. ^ "Ukraine takes extra Russian gas". BBC. 24 January 2006. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
  32. ^ "18 countries affected by Russia-Ukraine gas row". Reuters. 7 January 2009. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
  33. ^ Cendrowicz, Leo (9 January 2009). . Time. Archived from the original on January 17, 2009. Retrieved 9 January 2009.
  34. ^ "Ukraine says has good winter gas stocks for Europe". Reuters. 7 September 2009. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
  35. ^ "There are no controversies on gas issues between Ukraine and Russia". UNIAN. 8 September 2009. Retrieved 8 September 2009.
  36. ^ "Gazprom sees political risk to Ukraine gas payments". Reuters. 12 September 2009. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
  37. ^ "Ukraine, Russia's Gazprom disagree on 2010 imports". Kyiv Post. 8 October 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2009.
  38. ^ "Ukraine to remain without gas because of RosUkrEnergo? | Events". Mignews.com.ua. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
  39. ^ "Бойко обещает как-то удовлетворить Фирташа". Minprom.ua. 12 June 2010. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
  40. ^ "Бойко объяснил Фирташу, что газ он быстро не получит | Украинская правда". Pravda.com.ua. 2010-06-13. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
  41. ^ "Ukraine's Naftogaz declares victory over Russia in $5B court battle". 13 April 2023.
  42. ^ Cooban, Anna (31 August 2022). "Russia cuts more gas supplies to Europe as inflation hits another record". CNN.
  43. ^ "Gazprom: Nord Stream 1 gas to stay shut until fault fixed, "workshop conditions needed"". Reuters. 2022-09-02.
  44. ^ "Germany freezes Nord Stream 2 gas project as Ukraine crisis deepens". 2022-02-22. Retrieved 2023-03-08.
  45. ^ "Russian Gas Exports Outside Ex-Soviet States Fell 46 Percent In 2022, Gazprom Figures Show". Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty. 2 January 2023.

January 19, 2024
natural, russia, 2021, russia, world, second, largest, producer, natural, producing, estimated, billion, cubic, meters, year, world, largest, natural, exporter, shipping, estimated, year, 2022, export, market, collapsed, vague, following, russian, invasion, uk. In 2021 Russia was the world s second largest producer of natural gas producing an estimated 701 billion cubic meters bcm of gas a year and the world s largest natural gas exporter shipping an estimated 250 bcm a year 1 In 2022 the export market collapsed vague following the Russian invasion of Ukraine and Russia reducing exports after countries refused to pay in rubles citation needed Russian natural gas production red and exports black 1993 2011 needs update According to The World Factbook estimate the country also has the largest proven reserves 47 trillion cubic meters tcm 1 BP estimates put Russia with 33 tcm 2 3 Additionally Russia is likely to have the largest volume of undiscovered natural gas deposits an additional 6 7 tcm according to 2011 US Geological Survey estimations 4 Russia consumes approximately 460 bcm a year 1 Flaring is a problem in Russia 5 Contents 1 Subsidies 2 Consumption 2 1 Automotive 3 Flaring 4 Exports 4 1 The EU 4 2 China 4 3 Turkey 4 4 Disputes with Ukraine 4 4 1 2005 2009 4 4 2 2014 4 5 Effect on Russian natural gas during war with Ukraine 5 See also 6 ReferencesSubsidies editThere is a long history of subsidy of natural gas in Russia Subsidies for natural gas has been one of the reasons for the limited growth of renewable energy in the country 6 However it is difficult to estimate the extent of subsidy as there is no benchmark price 7 Often netback calculations clarification needed have been used 8 but there are arguments against their validity in determining the size of domestic subsidies Gazprom has had its gas sale price to domestic and industrial customers regulated by the Russian government since 1991 sometimes close to the operational cost meaning that it needs to obtain high export sale values to generate a profit to subsidise the poor domestic return 9 The IEA estimated 2021 gas subsidies at 42 billion USD the largest in the world it also estimated electricity subsidies as the largest 10 Between 2014 and 2021 domestic gas prices in Russia increased annually by between 2 and 7 in 2022 prices rose 8 5 with a 2023 price rise of a further 8 11 Consumption editIn 2022 over 40 of electricity was generated by gas 12 Automotive edit nbsp NefAZ bus with methane gas engine in BelgorodThe use of natural gas cars in Russia is encouraged by the government 13 Aftermarket conversion kits are sold by companies like Italgas while some GAZ Group vehicles are sold with natural gas systems 13 As of late 2016 Gazprom has a network of 254 filling stations in the country 14 with plans to reach 500 stations by 2020 15 The NEFAZ bus manufacturing company makes gas powered buses using Daimler engines 16 A natural gas variant of the Lada Vesta was introduced in 2017 17 Flaring editRussia flares more than any other country 5 The level of flaring increased in 2022 following the loss of the export pipelines to the EU to 1 6 bcm per annum 9 000 tonnes of CO2 being emitted daily 18 Exports editThe EU edit The European Union in 2020 received over 50 of its natural gas from Russia with around 40 in 2021 140 bcm 19 In 2022 following the invasion of Ukraine Russia began to restrict gas supply to the EU to punish countries for supporting Ukraine 20 The supply of gas has not been made a subject of EU sanctions 20 although the payment system was restricted Germany previously the main purchaser of Russian gas reduced then ceased imports by December 2022 as had most of the other EU countries 2022 saw the EU buy just 60 bcm of gas from Russia 19 Production of Russian gas in 2022 was 20 lower than in 2021 and it is likely to be years before Russia will find alternative buyers for the lost 120 bcm EU export market 21 The EU aims to end gas imports from Russia by 2027 including LNG 22 China edit On 21 May 2014 Russia and China announced an agreement between state controlled gas companies Gazprom and China National Petroleum Corporation after a decade of negotiations Under the agreement Russia will supply China 38bcm of natural gas each year for 30 years starting in 2018 23 Both countries will be responsible for building new infrastructure to make the transport possible Russia will spend about US 55 billion to build a pipeline from Siberia to Vladivostok while China will spend 20 billion on infrastructure within its borders 24 The Kovykta and Chayanda gas fields which will supply the majority of the natural gas are currently largely undeveloped 25 Tentative agreements had been reached several times since 2005 but each time final negotiations broke down over price 25 The agreed upon price was not disclosed but those familiar with the situation said getting a lower price than European buyers was a key demand of China in the negotiations 23 However Russian representatives said the price would fluctuate based on the market price of oil making the deal closer to what Russia had wanted than to what China had been asking for 24 The total value of the deal was estimated at US 400 billion 23 It will increase Russian exports to countries not part of the former Soviet Union by 25 and make China the country s 2nd largest customer after Germany 25 The agreement was reached as Chinese and Russian leaders met to discuss greater cooperation in Asia without involvement of Western powers It was seen as an important political and economic victory for Russian President Vladimir Putin It allows Russia to diversify its natural business outside of Europe and weakens the force of economic sanctions placed by the West in the aftermath of the 2014 Crimean crisis 23 More generally it allows Russia to reduce its isolation due to the crisis in Ukraine 24 For China the deal helps lessen its dependence on coal to produce electric power using a cleaner method of electricity generation through natural gas It also helps meet the country s growing demand for natural gas 24 The Power of Siberia pipeline was commissioned in December 2019 Carrying a maximum of 61 bcm per annum it runs 3 968 km 2 466 mi to the Chinese border where it then connect to a 3 371 km 2 095 mi pipeline to distribute the gas in China A new pipeline Power of Siberia 2 with a 50 bcm annual capacity that will run 6 700 km 4 200 mi across Russia Mongolia and China is proposed for construction 2024 2029 26 Turkey edit Much natural gas in Turkey is imported from Russia through pipelines under the Black Sea 27 Disputes with Ukraine edit Main article Russia Ukraine gas disputes 2005 2009 edit Since 2005 the Russian gas supplier Gazprom and the Ukrainian oil and gas company Naftogaz have been involved in a number of disputes These disputes have grown beyond simple business disputes into transnational political issues that threaten natural gas supplies in numerous European countries dependent on natural gas imports from Russian suppliers which are transported through Ukraine 28 During 2005 Russia claimed Ukraine was not paying for gas but diverting that which was intended to be exported to the EU from the pipelines Ukrainian officials at first denied the accusation but later Naftogaz admitted that natural gas intended for other European countries was retained and used for domestic needs 29 30 The dispute reached a peak on 1 January 2006 when Russia cut off all gas supplies passing through Ukrainian territory 31 On 4 January 2006 a preliminary agreement between Russia and Ukraine was achieved and the supply was restored The situation calmed until October 2007 when new disputes began over Ukrainian gas debts This led to reduction of gas supplies in March 2008 During the last months of 2008 relations once again became tense when Ukraine and Russia could not agree on the debts owed by Ukraine citation needed In January 2009 this disagreement resulted in supply disruptions in many European nations with eighteen European countries reporting major drops in or complete cut offs of their gas supplies transported through Ukraine from Russia 32 33 In September 2009 officials from both countries stated they felt the situation was under control and that there would be no more conflicts over the topic 34 35 at least until the Ukrainian 2010 presidential elections 36 However in October 2009 another disagreement arose about the amount of gas Ukraine would import from Russia in 2010 Ukraine intended to import less gas in 2010 as a result of reduced industry needs because of its economic recession however Gazprom insisted that Ukraine fulfill its contractual obligations and purchase the previously agreed upon quantities of gas 37 On 8 June 2010 a Stockholm court of arbitration ruled Naftogaz of Ukraine must return 12 1 billion cubic metres 430 billion cubic feet of gas to RosUkrEnergo a Swiss based company in which Gazprom controls a 50 stake Russia accused the Ukrainian side of siphoning gas from pipelines passing through Ukraine in 2009 38 39 Several high ranking Ukrainian officials stated the return would not be quick 40 2014 edit In 2014 Russia seized Crimea and took assets belonging to Ukraine with no compensation paid In 2023 A court in The Hague ordered Russia to pay US 5 billion in compensation to Naftogaz 41 Effect on Russian natural gas during war with Ukraine edit See also 2022 2023 Russia European Union gas dispute The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine as the latest part of the Russo Ukrainian War caused the weaponising of natural gas which Russia tried to use to stop Western European countries from providing support to Ukraine Threatening and then actually restricting gas supplies to Western Europe resulted in Nord Stream 1 deliveries being halted indefinitely 42 43 with Nord Stream 2 having had its commissioning put on hold by Germany following Russia s recognition of the Ukrainian separatist regions of the Donetsk People s Republic and the Luhansk People s Republic as independent 44 was followed by the September 26 2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Sanctions on Russian banks make it hard for Gazprom to receive money from international sales which in 2022 fell 45 5 to 100 9bcm 45 Gazprom published a loss during the second half of 2022 of 1 3 trillion roubles 17 3 billion after losing 75 of its export sales 11 See also edit nbsp Russia portal nbsp Energy portal2021 2022 global energy crisis Worldwide crisis affected by shortage of energy suppliesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets 2022 Russia European Union gas dispute Fossil fuel financing related conflictsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Energy in Russia Overview of the production consumption import and export of energy and electricity in Russia Energy policy of China Energy sources used and produced by China Energy policy of Russia Overview of the energy policy of Russia Environmental injustice in Europe List of countries by natural gas consumption List of countries by natural gas exports List of countries by natural gas production List of countries by natural gas proven reserves List of natural gas pipelines Natural gas prices Wholesale prices in the market of natural gas Natural gas transmission system of Ukraine Russia in the European energy sector Russia Ukraine gas disputes Disputes between Naftogaz Ukrayiny and GazpromReferences edit a b c The World Factbook Russia CIA Retrieved 21 May 2014 Table 3 2 Natural gas proven reserves by country Opec org Archived from the original on 2018 02 27 Retrieved 2014 05 22 BP Statistical Review of World Energy Archived 2013 12 06 at the Wayback Machine Christopher J Schenk 2012 An Estimate of Undiscovered Conventional Oil and Gas Resources of the World US Geological Survey a b Global Gas Flaring Tracker Report PDF Report March 2023 Overland Indra Kjaernet Heidi 2009 Russian Renewable Energy The Potential for International Cooperation Ashgate Overland Indra Kutschera Hilde 2011 Pricing Pain Social Discontent and Political Willpower in Russia s Gas Sector Europe Asia Studies 63 2 311 331 doi 10 1080 09668136 2011 547700 hdl 11250 2442561 via ResearchGate Lunden Lars Petter Fjaertoft Daniel Overland Indra Prachakova Alesia 2012 Gazprom vs other Russian gas producers The evolution of the Russian gas sector Energy Policy 61 663 670 doi 10 1016 j enpol 2013 06 055 hdl 11250 2442564 via ResearchGate Domestic Gas Prices in Russia Towards Export Netback PDF November 2011 Energy subsidies Topics IEA Retrieved 2023 09 04 a b Russia approves big hikes in Gazprom s domestic gas prices 18 July 2023 Russian Federation Electricity Transition Ember 2022 03 28 Retrieved 2023 09 04 a b Kramer Andrew E 11 April 2013 Russia Skips Hybrids in Push for Natural Gas Cars The New York Times Retrieved 25 June 2017 NGV fuel Gazprom com Retrieved 25 June 2017 O seti gazprom agnks ru in Russian Retrieved 25 June 2017 Gazovye avtobusy NEFAZ budut obsluzhivat Chempionat mira po futbolu v Ekaterinburge Nacionalnaya Gazomotornaya Associaciya Retrieved 25 June 2017 Metanovaya Lada Vesta stala melkoserijnoj autoreview ru Retrieved 25 June 2017 Russia burns gas into the atmosphere while cutting supplies to EU Reuters 26 August 2022 a b The need for action Retrieved 5 September 2023 a b EU gas supply When Russia went into self destruct mode Deutsche Welle 31 August 2023 Gazprom in Search of New Natural Gas Markets After Exports to Europe Plummeted in 2022 Retrieved 11 January 2022 The EU can manage without Russian liquified natural gas Bruegel The Brussels based economic think tank 2023 08 30 Retrieved 2023 09 04 a b c d Jane Perlez 21 May 2014 China and Russia Reach 30 Year Gas Deal New York Times Retrieved 21 May 2014 a b c d China signs 30 year deal for Russian natural gas Washington Post AP 21 May 2014 Archived from the original on 22 May 2014 Retrieved 21 May 2014 a b c Brain Speglee Wayne Ma Gregory L White May 21 2014 Russia and China Agree on Long Sought Natural Gas Supply Contract Retrieved May 21 2014 Russia announces progress with China on the Power of Siberia 2 gas pipeline 23 March 2023 Turkey Russia Energy Cooperation on Natural Gas Retrieved 2023 09 08 EU reaches gas deal with Ukraine BBC News 1 August 2009 Retrieved 1 August 2009 Ukraine gas row hits EU supplies BBC 1 January 2006 Retrieved 16 December 2008 Ukraine stealing Europe s gas BBC 2 January 2006 Retrieved 16 December 2008 Ukraine takes extra Russian gas BBC 24 January 2006 Retrieved 16 December 2008 18 countries affected by Russia Ukraine gas row Reuters 7 January 2009 Retrieved 7 January 2009 Cendrowicz Leo 9 January 2009 Russia Europe Gas Spat Ends For Now Time Archived from the original on January 17 2009 Retrieved 9 January 2009 Ukraine says has good winter gas stocks for Europe Reuters 7 September 2009 Retrieved 7 September 2009 There are no controversies on gas issues between Ukraine and Russia UNIAN 8 September 2009 Retrieved 8 September 2009 Gazprom sees political risk to Ukraine gas payments Reuters 12 September 2009 Retrieved 12 September 2009 Ukraine Russia s Gazprom disagree on 2010 imports Kyiv Post 8 October 2009 Retrieved 8 October 2009 Ukraine to remain without gas because of RosUkrEnergo Events Mignews com ua Retrieved 2014 05 22 Bojko obeshaet kak to udovletvorit Firtasha Minprom ua 12 June 2010 Retrieved 2014 05 22 Bojko obyasnil Firtashu chto gaz on bystro ne poluchit Ukrainskaya pravda Pravda com ua 2010 06 13 Retrieved 2014 05 22 Ukraine s Naftogaz declares victory over Russia in 5B court battle 13 April 2023 Cooban Anna 31 August 2022 Russia cuts more gas supplies to Europe as inflation hits another record CNN Gazprom Nord Stream 1 gas to stay shut until fault fixed workshop conditions needed Reuters 2022 09 02 Germany freezes Nord Stream 2 gas project as Ukraine crisis deepens 2022 02 22 Retrieved 2023 03 08 Russian Gas Exports Outside Ex Soviet States Fell 46 Percent In 2022 Gazprom Figures Show Radiofreeeurope Radioliberty 2 January 2023 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Natural gas in Russia amp oldid 1195830014, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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