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Native American studies

October 15, 2023

Native American studies (also known as American Indian, Indigenous American, Aboriginal, Native, or First Nations studies) is an interdisciplinary academic field that examines the history, culture, politics, issues, spirituality, sociology and contemporary experience of Native peoples in North America,[1] or, taking a hemispheric approach, the Americas.[2] Increasingly, debate has focused on the differences rather than the similarities between other Ethnic studies disciplines such as African American studies, Asian American Studies, and Latino/a Studies.

In particular, the political sovereignty of many indigenous nations marks substantive differences in historical experience from that of other racial and ethnic groups in the United States and Canada. Drawing from numerous disciplines such as anthropology, sociology, history, literature, political science, and gender studies, Native American studies scholars consider a variety of perspectives and employ diverse analytical and methodological tools in their work.[1]

Two key concepts shape Native American studies, according to Crow Creek Lakota scholar Elizabeth Cook-Lynn, indigenousness (as defined in culture, geography, and philosophy) and sovereignty (as legally and historically defined).[3] Practitioners advocate for decolonization of indigenous peoples, political autonomy, and the establishment of a discipline dedicated to alleviating contemporary problems facing indigenous peoples.[1]

History Edit

The Native American historical experience is marked by forcible and sometimes cooperative attempts at assimilation into mainstream European-American culture (Americanization). Beginning with missionaries and leading up to federally controlled schools, the aim was to educate American Indians so that they could return to their communities and facilitate cultural assimilation. As described by David Beck in his article "American Indian Higher Education before 1974: From Colonization to Self-Determination", the schools were a tool for assimilation. Their focus was not academic, but training for industrial or domestic jobs.[1]

The Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s-1960s contested mainstream methods of assimilationist indoctrination and the curriculum in K-12 schools and universities throughout the United States. American Indian students, coupled with sympathetic professors, assisted in creating programs with new goals. Rather than being focused on education for community assimilation there was a move to educate for empowerment. Programs that practiced community outreach and focused on student retention on campus arose from that movement. The school programs fostered a new interpretation of American Indian history, sociology, and politics.[1]

During the First Convocation of American Indian Scholars in March 1970 at Princeton University, indigenous scholars drafted a plan to develop "Native American Studies as an Academic Discipline", which would defend indigenous control of land and indigenous rights and would ultimately reform US Indian Policy.[4] This discipline would be informed by traditional knowledge, especially oral history,[5] and would "defend indigenous nationhood in America".[3]

In contrast to Western anthropology, the knowledge base of Native American studies is endogenous, emerging from indigenous communities. Developers of Native American studies widely dismissed scientific objectivity,[3] since Western cultural biases have historically informed anthropology and other disciplines.

Discourse about Diversity and Decolonization Edit

Since the inception of Native American Studies, there’s been discourse on the question of who should study and contribute to the field of Native Americans Studies.[6][7] These fundamental questions range from who can study Native American Studies in undergraduate courses[6] to how academics of non-Indian descent dominate Native American Studies and surrounding discourse.[7]

Linda Tuhiwai Smith is a professor of education and Maori development and Pro-Vice-Chancellor Maori at the University of Waikato in Hamilton, New Zealand. Smith explains that the word "research" is linked to European colonialism. Indigenous peoples are apprehensive and cautious of that connection, and the pursuit of knowledge, or research, is deeply embedded in multiple layers of European and Colonial processes. Colonial definitions and understandings of native peoples were reported to the West and then those representations were sent back and attached to indigenous identity. In this way, research is very powerful. Indigenous researchers must be afforded the opportunity to critique and fine tune the methodologies so that their experiences are more accurately represented.[8] 

Periodization Edit

Philip Deloria, professor of Native American History at Harvard University, a popularly accepted authority in the field, explores the historiography of Native American history by focusing in on important questions. Deloria acknowledges the abundance of work in the canon, but also understands the lack of diversity among its authors. Through his examination of the system or organization and possible future inclusions and multiplicities of the field, Deloria leads the reader to the question of epistemology. He highlights the idea of difference insisting that historians must analyze how non-native writers have viewed the Native Americans as different and how Natives have viewed those assessments. Another focus of Deloria's, is on periodization. He provides four broad historical periods in written Native American History. In analyzing the work from Frontiers History, Racial Science, Modernist History, Native Narrative, and Postmodernist History, shifts in historical writing can be identified.[9] Deloria defines frontier perspective as the process where settlers looked at Native Americans in terms of location and the moving boundary between the outside and the inside. The Racial Science perspective is when people studied Native Americans as biological specimens and tried to categorize them racially. The perspective of Modernism describes Native Americans as some tragedy, considering social boundaries as rigid with only a few exceptions. On the other hand, Deloria describes Native Narrative as viewed from the point of view of Native Americans. The postmodernist perspective dissolves social boundaries.[9] All of Deloria's research brings him to the conclusion that the most interesting new work in the field of Native American History can come from both Native and Non-Native writers, who have fully explored the work of the other side.[9]

Universities and colleges with Native American studies departments, programs, and courses Edit

United States

Canada

Europe

Publications Edit

Conferences Edit

Notable scholars Edit

See also Edit

Notes Edit

  1. ^ a b c d e Heitshu, Marshall (2009)
  2. ^ Morris, C. Patrick (1986). "Native American Studies: A Personal Overview". Wíčazo Ša Review. 2 (2): 9–16. doi:10.2307/1409012. JSTOR 1409012.
  3. ^ a b c Cook-Lynn (1997), p. 11
  4. ^ Cook-Lynn (1997), p. 9
  5. ^ Cook-Lynn (1997), p. 10
  6. ^ a b Champagne, Duane (1996). "American Indian Studies Is for Everyone". American Indian Quarterly. 20 (1): 77–82. doi:10.2307/1184943. ISSN 0095-182X.
  7. ^ a b Cook-Lynn (1997), p. 19
  8. ^ Cain, Tiffany (2013-11-25). "Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples, 2nd Edition by Linda Tuhiwai Smith. London and New York: Zed Books, 2012. 240 pp". Anthropology & Education Quarterly. 44 (4): 443–445. doi:10.1111/aeq.12032. ISSN 0161-7761.
  9. ^ a b c Deloria, Philip J.; Salisbury, Neal, eds. (2002-01-01). A Companion to American Indian History. doi:10.1002/9780470996461. ISBN 9780470996461.

References Edit

  • Cook-Lynn, Elizabeth (Spring 1997). "Who Stole Native American Studies?". Wíčazo Ša Review. 12 (1): 9–28. doi:10.2307/1409161. JSTOR 1409161.
  • Heitshu, Sara C.; Marshall, Thomas H. (2009). Native American Studies: A Guide to Reference and Information Sources. Social Sciences (2nd revised ed.). Libraries Unlimited, U.S. ISBN 978-1-56308-971-8.

Further reading Edit

  • Brooks, Lisa; Elliott, Michael; Krupat, Arnold; Pulitano, Elvira; Womack, Craig (June 21, 2011). "Cosmopolitanism and Nationalism in Native American Literature: A Panel Discussion". Southern Spaces.
  • Crosby, Heather (2011). "Explaining Achievement: Factors affecting Native American College Student Success". Applied Research Projects. Texas State University-San Marcos.
  • Kidwell, Clara Sue; Velie, Alan R. (2005). Native American studies. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-7829-5.

External links Edit

  • Native American and Indigenous Studies Association
  • Native American Art Studies Association
  • Guide to Native American Studies Programs in the United States and Canada
  • Native Studies Review

October 15, 2023
native, american, studies, also, known, american, indian, indigenous, american, aboriginal, native, first, nations, studies, interdisciplinary, academic, field, that, examines, history, culture, politics, issues, spirituality, sociology, contemporary, experien. Native American studies also known as American Indian Indigenous American Aboriginal Native or First Nations studies is an interdisciplinary academic field that examines the history culture politics issues spirituality sociology and contemporary experience of Native peoples in North America 1 or taking a hemispheric approach the Americas 2 Increasingly debate has focused on the differences rather than the similarities between other Ethnic studies disciplines such as African American studies Asian American Studies and Latino a Studies In particular the political sovereignty of many indigenous nations marks substantive differences in historical experience from that of other racial and ethnic groups in the United States and Canada Drawing from numerous disciplines such as anthropology sociology history literature political science and gender studies Native American studies scholars consider a variety of perspectives and employ diverse analytical and methodological tools in their work 1 Two key concepts shape Native American studies according to Crow Creek Lakota scholar Elizabeth Cook Lynn indigenousness as defined in culture geography and philosophy and sovereignty as legally and historically defined 3 Practitioners advocate for decolonization of indigenous peoples political autonomy and the establishment of a discipline dedicated to alleviating contemporary problems facing indigenous peoples 1 Contents 1 History 1 1 Discourse about Diversity and Decolonization 1 2 Periodization 2 Universities and colleges with Native American studies departments programs and courses 3 Publications 4 Conferences 5 Notable scholars 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksHistory EditThe Native American historical experience is marked by forcible and sometimes cooperative attempts at assimilation into mainstream European American culture Americanization Beginning with missionaries and leading up to federally controlled schools the aim was to educate American Indians so that they could return to their communities and facilitate cultural assimilation As described by David Beck in his article American Indian Higher Education before 1974 From Colonization to Self Determination the schools were a tool for assimilation Their focus was not academic but training for industrial or domestic jobs 1 The Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s 1960s contested mainstream methods of assimilationist indoctrination and the curriculum in K 12 schools and universities throughout the United States American Indian students coupled with sympathetic professors assisted in creating programs with new goals Rather than being focused on education for community assimilation there was a move to educate for empowerment Programs that practiced community outreach and focused on student retention on campus arose from that movement The school programs fostered a new interpretation of American Indian history sociology and politics 1 During the First Convocation of American Indian Scholars in March 1970 at Princeton University indigenous scholars drafted a plan to develop Native American Studies as an Academic Discipline which would defend indigenous control of land and indigenous rights and would ultimately reform US Indian Policy 4 This discipline would be informed by traditional knowledge especially oral history 5 and would defend indigenous nationhood in America 3 In contrast to Western anthropology the knowledge base of Native American studies is endogenous emerging from indigenous communities Developers of Native American studies widely dismissed scientific objectivity 3 since Western cultural biases have historically informed anthropology and other disciplines Discourse about Diversity and Decolonization Edit Since the inception of Native American Studies there s been discourse on the question of who should study and contribute to the field of Native Americans Studies 6 7 These fundamental questions range from who can study Native American Studies in undergraduate courses 6 to how academics of non Indian descent dominate Native American Studies and surrounding discourse 7 Linda Tuhiwai Smith is a professor of education and Maori development and Pro Vice Chancellor Maori at the University of Waikato in Hamilton New Zealand Smith explains that the word research is linked to European colonialism Indigenous peoples are apprehensive and cautious of that connection and the pursuit of knowledge or research is deeply embedded in multiple layers of European and Colonial processes Colonial definitions and understandings of native peoples were reported to the West and then those representations were sent back and attached to indigenous identity In this way research is very powerful Indigenous researchers must be afforded the opportunity to critique and fine tune the methodologies so that their experiences are more accurately represented 8 Periodization Edit Philip Deloria professor of Native American History at Harvard University a popularly accepted authority in the field explores the historiography of Native American history by focusing in on important questions Deloria acknowledges the abundance of work in the canon but also understands the lack of diversity among its authors Through his examination of the system or organization and possible future inclusions and multiplicities of the field Deloria leads the reader to the question of epistemology He highlights the idea of difference insisting that historians must analyze how non native writers have viewed the Native Americans as different and how Natives have viewed those assessments Another focus of Deloria s is on periodization He provides four broad historical periods in written Native American History In analyzing the work from Frontiers History Racial Science Modernist History Native Narrative and Postmodernist History shifts in historical writing can be identified 9 Deloria defines frontier perspective as the process where settlers looked at Native Americans in terms of location and the moving boundary between the outside and the inside The Racial Science perspective is when people studied Native Americans as biological specimens and tried to categorize them racially The perspective of Modernism describes Native Americans as some tragedy considering social boundaries as rigid with only a few exceptions On the other hand Deloria describes Native Narrative as viewed from the point of view of Native Americans The postmodernist perspective dissolves social boundaries 9 All of Deloria s research brings him to the conclusion that the most interesting new work in the field of Native American History can come from both Native and Non Native writers who have fully explored the work of the other side 9 Universities and colleges with Native American studies departments programs and courses EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Native American studies news newspapers books scholar JSTOR July 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message United States Blackfeet Community College Browning MT College of Menominee Nation Keshena WI Dartmouth College Hanover NH Fort Lewis College Durango CO Haskell Indian Nations University Lawrence KS Haskell Indian Nations University Lawrence KS Montana State University Bozeman MT Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ Northwest Indian College Bellingham WA Navajo Technical University Crownpoint NM Salish Kootenai College Pablo MT San Diego State University San Diego CA Sitting Bull College Fort Yates ND Southwestern Community College Sylva NC Southwestern Indian Polytechnic Institute Albuquerque NM United Tribes Technical College Bismarck ND University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks AK University of Arizona Tucson AZ University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA University of California Davis Davis CA University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA University of California Riverside Riverside CA University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz CA University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu HI University of Kansas Lawrence KS University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN University of Montana Missoula MT University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM University of North Carolina at Pembroke Pembroke NC University of North Dakota Grand Forks ND University of Oklahoma Norman OK University of Utah Salt Lake City UT University of Washington Seattle WA University of Wisconsin Madison Madison WI Canada Carleton University Ottawa Ontario McGill University Montreal Quebec Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia University of Calgary Calgary Alberta University of Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan University of Toronto Toronto Ontario University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia University of Winnipeg Winnipeg Manitoba Europe Blackfeet Community College Browning MT Leiden University Leiden Netherlands University of Aberdeen Aberdeen Scotland University of Bern Bern Switzerland University of Cologne Cologne Germany University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark University of East Anglia Norwich England University of Edinburgh Edinburgh Scotland University of Exeter Exeter England University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland University of Osnabruck Osnabruck Germany University of St Andrews St Andrews Scotland University of Tromso Tromso Norway Publications EditDecolonization Indigeneity Education amp Society Wicazo Sa Review American Indian Quarterly American Indian Culture and Research Journal Canadian Journal of Native Studies Native Studies Review Studies in American Indian Literatures SAIL TransmotionConferences EditNative American and Indigenous Studies Association NAISA American Indian Studies Conference Native American Literature SymposiumNotable scholars EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Native American studies news newspapers books scholar JSTOR July 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message Taiaiake Alfred Kanien kehaka Kahnawake Mohawk Paula Gunn Allen Laguna Pueblo Sioux Cutcha Risling Baldy Hupa Yurok Karuk Greg Cajete Santa Clara Pueblo Dean Chavers Lumbee Brenda Child Red Lake Ojibwe Allison Hedge Coke Elizabeth Cook Lynn Crow Creek Sioux Philip S Deloria Standing Rock Sioux Vine Deloria Jr Standing Rock Sioux Raymond DeMallie Jack D Forbes self identified Powhatan Renape Lenape descent Daniel Heath Justice Cherokee Nation Trudie Lamb Richmond Schaghticoke Stacy Leeds Cherokee Nation Devon A Mihesuah Choctaw Nation Lorin Morgan Richards Jean O Brien White Earth Ojibwe Simon J Ortiz Acoma Pueblo Luana Ross Salish and Kootenai Greg Sarris Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria Audra Simpson Mohawk James Thomas Stevens Mohawk Charlene Teters Spokane Tribe Gerald Vizenor White Earth Anishinaabe Robert A Williams Jr Lumbee Craig Womack self identified Muscogee descent Alfred Young Man Rocky Boy Chippewa Cree See also Edit nbsp Indigenous peoples of the Americas portalCenter for World Indigenous Studies Cultural studies Dine College Press Indian Country Today Indigenous Law Centre PostcolonialismNotes Edit a b c d e Heitshu Marshall 2009 Morris C Patrick 1986 Native American Studies A Personal Overview Wicazo Sa Review 2 2 9 16 doi 10 2307 1409012 JSTOR 1409012 a b c Cook Lynn 1997 p 11 Cook Lynn 1997 p 9 Cook Lynn 1997 p 10 a b Champagne Duane 1996 American Indian Studies Is for Everyone American Indian Quarterly 20 1 77 82 doi 10 2307 1184943 ISSN 0095 182X a b Cook Lynn 1997 p 19 Cain Tiffany 2013 11 25 Decolonizing Methodologies Research and Indigenous Peoples 2nd Edition by Linda Tuhiwai Smith London and New York Zed Books 2012 240 pp Anthropology amp Education Quarterly 44 4 443 445 doi 10 1111 aeq 12032 ISSN 0161 7761 a b c Deloria Philip J Salisbury Neal eds 2002 01 01 A Companion to American Indian History doi 10 1002 9780470996461 ISBN 9780470996461 References EditCook Lynn Elizabeth Spring 1997 Who Stole Native American Studies Wicazo Sa Review 12 1 9 28 doi 10 2307 1409161 JSTOR 1409161 Heitshu Sara C Marshall Thomas H 2009 Native American Studies A Guide to Reference and Information Sources Social Sciences 2nd revised ed Libraries Unlimited U S ISBN 978 1 56308 971 8 Further reading EditBrooks Lisa Elliott Michael Krupat Arnold Pulitano Elvira Womack Craig June 21 2011 Cosmopolitanism and Nationalism in Native American Literature A Panel Discussion Southern Spaces Crosby Heather 2011 Explaining Achievement Factors affecting Native American College Student Success Applied Research Projects Texas State University San Marcos Kidwell Clara Sue Velie Alan R 2005 Native American studies University of Nebraska Press ISBN 978 0 8032 7829 5 External links EditNative American and Indigenous Studies Association Native American Art Studies Association Guide to Native American Studies Programs in the United States and Canada Native Studies Review Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Native American studies amp oldid 1165891571, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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