The National Innovation System (also NIS, National System of Innovation) is the flow of technology and information among people, enterprises and institutions which is key to the innovative process on the national level. According to innovation system theory, innovation and technology development are results of a complex set of relationships among actors in the system, which includes enterprises, universities and government research institutes.
The term National System of Innovation originated when Christopher Freeman and Bengt-Åke Lundvall worked together in the late 1980s. Freeman's research drew heavily on political economy of Friedrich List and his historical account of the rise of Japan as an economic superpower. Lundvall's work explored the important social interactions between suppliers and customers and their role in encouraging innovation in Denmark. Apart from a general definition, as above, there is no canonical definition of national innovation systems. A few dominant definitions are listed below (quoted in an OECD publication)[1] which overlap quite a bit:
A national system of innovation has been defined as follows:
"... the network of institutions in the public and private sectors whose activities and interactions initiate, import, modify and diffuse new technologies."[2]
"... the elements and relationships which interact in the production, diffusion and use of new, and economically useful, knowledge ... and are either located within or rooted inside the borders of a nation state."[3]
"... a set of institutions whose interactions determine the innovative performance ... of national firms."[4]
"... the national institutions, their incentive structures and their competencies, that determine the rate and direction of technological learning (or the volume and composition of change generating activities) in a country."[5]
"... that set of distinct institutions which jointly and individually contribute to the development and diffusion of new technologies and which provides the framework within which governments form and implement policies to influence the innovation process. As such it is a system of interconnected institutions to create, store and transfer the knowledge, skills and artefacts which define new technologies."[6]
A country’s innovative performance largely depends on how these actors relate to each other as elements of a collective system of knowledge creation and use as well as the technologies they use. For example, public research institutes, academia and industry serve as research producers carrying out research and development (R&D) activities. On the other hand, governments either central or regional play the role of coordinator among research producers in terms of their policy instruments, visions and perspectives for the future. Furthermore, in order to promote innovation the different innovative actors must have strong links with each other based on a strong level of trust and governments should promote and activate trust among the different innovation actors.[7] The links can take the form of joint research, personnel exchanges, crosspatenting, and purchase of equipment.[1] Finally, NSI are shaped by distinct socio-cultural qualities of national communities. Therefore, there are national trajectories of innovativeness, technology orientation and learning, which results in each nation, either highly developed or not, having some kind of NSI, no matter if working well or not.[8] Furthermore, the success factors of NSI have been seen by many scholars in the creation of supportive institutions and organizations (with a key role of education) and collaboration links Bridging Scales in Innovation Policies throughout the various elements that constitute a NSI. Examples include public R&D and companies, as well as common objectives and innovative cultures of agents, altogether entailing self/reinforcing progress and synergies. Differences in the structures and strategies of NSI among various economically successful countries indicate, however, that there is no universal best practise recipe.[8]
^ abOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (1997). National innovation systems(PDF). Paris. OCLC 901313898.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Freeman, C. (1995). "The 'National System of Innovation' in historical perspective". Cambridge Journal of Economics: 5–24. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035309. ISSN 1464-3545.
^Lundvall, Bengt-Åke (2010). National systems of innovation : toward a theory of innovation and interactive learning. London: Anthem. ISBN978-1-84331-890-3. OCLC 742616994.
^Patel, Parimal (1994). "The nature and economic importance of national innovations systems". STI Review. STI review. - Paris : OECD, ISSN 1010-5247, ZDB-ID 284967-7. - 1994, p. 9-32. Paris: 9–32. ISSN 1010-5247.
^Metcalfe, S. (1995). "The Economic Foundations of Technology Policy: Equilibrium and Evolutionary Perspectives". Handbook of the economics of innovations and technological change. Stoneman, Paul. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. ISBN9780631177739. OCLC 31170120.
^Chung, S (2002). "Building a national innovation system through regional innovation systems". Technovation. 22 (8): 485–491. doi:10.1016/s0166-4972(01)00035-9. ISSN 0166-4972.
^ abFromhold-Eisebith, Martina (2007). "Bridging Scales in Innovation Policies: How to Link Regional, National and International Innovation Systems". European Planning Studies. 15 (2): 217–233. doi:10.1080/09654310601078754. ISSN 0965-4313. S2CID 154902491.
Further readingedit
Edquist, C. (1997), Systems of Innovation: Technologies, Institutions, and Organizations, Pinter, London.
Freeman, C. (1987), Technology and Economic Performance: Lessons from Japan, Pinter, London.
Miettinen, R. (2002), National Innovation System: Scientific Concept or Political Rhetoric, Edita, Helsinki.
Nawar, Abdel-Hameed (2005), NIS in Egypt: The Need for A Strategic Shift, Faculty of Economics and Political Science, manuscript
OECD, (1997), National Innovation Systems, OECD Publications, Paris.
External linksedit
National Innovation Systems (OECD, 1997)
January 01, 1970
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The National Innovation System also NIS National System of Innovation is the flow of technology and information among people enterprises and institutions which is key to the innovative process on the national level According to innovation system theory innovation and technology development are results of a complex set of relationships among actors in the system which includes enterprises universities and government research institutes Contents 1 Origins of term 2 See also 3 Notes 4 Further reading 5 External linksOrigins of term editThe term National System of Innovation originated when Christopher Freeman and Bengt Ake Lundvall worked together in the late 1980s Freeman s research drew heavily on political economy of Friedrich List and his historical account of the rise of Japan as an economic superpower Lundvall s work explored the important social interactions between suppliers and customers and their role in encouraging innovation in Denmark Apart from a general definition as above there is no canonical definition of national innovation systems A few dominant definitions are listed below quoted in an OECD publication 1 which overlap quite a bit A national system of innovation has been defined as follows the network of institutions in the public and private sectors whose activities and interactions initiate import modify and diffuse new technologies 2 the elements and relationships which interact in the production diffusion and use of new and economically useful knowledge and are either located within or rooted inside the borders of a nation state 3 a set of institutions whose interactions determine the innovative performance of national firms 4 the national institutions their incentive structures and their competencies that determine the rate and direction of technological learning or the volume and composition of change generating activities in a country 5 that set of distinct institutions which jointly and individually contribute to the development and diffusion of new technologies and which provides the framework within which governments form and implement policies to influence the innovation process As such it is a system of interconnected institutions to create store and transfer the knowledge skills and artefacts which define new technologies 6 A country s innovative performance largely depends on how these actors relate to each other as elements of a collective system of knowledge creation and use as well as the technologies they use For example public research institutes academia and industry serve as research producers carrying out research and development R amp D activities On the other hand governments either central or regional play the role of coordinator among research producers in terms of their policy instruments visions and perspectives for the future Furthermore in order to promote innovation the different innovative actors must have strong links with each other based on a strong level of trust and governments should promote and activate trust among the different innovation actors 7 The links can take the form of joint research personnel exchanges crosspatenting and purchase of equipment 1 Finally NSI are shaped by distinct socio cultural qualities of national communities Therefore there are national trajectories of innovativeness technology orientation and learning which results in each nation either highly developed or not having some kind of NSI no matter if working well or not 8 Furthermore the success factors of NSI have been seen by many scholars in the creation of supportive institutions and organizations with a key role of education and collaboration links Bridging Scales in Innovation Policies throughout the various elements that constitute a NSI Examples include public R amp D and companies as well as common objectives and innovative cultures of agents altogether entailing self reinforcing progress and synergies Differences in the structures and strategies of NSI among various economically successful countries indicate however that there is no universal best practise recipe 8 See also editAmerican School Diffusion of innovations Friedrich List Innovation system Knowledge Assessment Methodology by the World Bank Institute Local innovation system Military industrial complex Quadruple and quintuple innovation helix Q2IH framework Relational capital Regional innovation systemNotes edit a b Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development 1997 National innovation systems PDF Paris OCLC 901313898 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint date and year link CS1 maint location missing publisher link Freeman C 1995 The National System of Innovation in historical perspective Cambridge Journal of Economics 5 24 doi 10 1093 oxfordjournals cje a035309 ISSN 1464 3545 Lundvall Bengt Ake 2010 National systems of innovation toward a theory of innovation and interactive learning London Anthem ISBN 978 1 84331 890 3 OCLC 742616994 Nelson Richard R ed 1993 National innovation systems a comparative analysis New York Oxford University Press ISBN 9780195076172 OCLC 802844490 Patel Parimal 1994 The nature and economic importance of national innovations systems STI Review STI review Paris OECD ISSN 1010 5247 ZDB ID 284967 7 1994 p 9 32 Paris 9 32 ISSN 1010 5247 Metcalfe S 1995 The Economic Foundations of Technology Policy Equilibrium and Evolutionary Perspectives Handbook of the economics of innovations and technological change Stoneman Paul Oxford UK Blackwell ISBN 9780631177739 OCLC 31170120 Chung S 2002 Building a national innovation system through regional innovation systems Technovation 22 8 485 491 doi 10 1016 s0166 4972 01 00035 9 ISSN 0166 4972 a b Fromhold Eisebith Martina 2007 Bridging Scales in Innovation Policies How to Link Regional National and International Innovation Systems European Planning Studies 15 2 217 233 doi 10 1080 09654310601078754 ISSN 0965 4313 S2CID 154902491 Further reading editEdquist C 1997 Systems of Innovation Technologies Institutions and Organizations Pinter London Freeman C 1987 Technology and Economic Performance Lessons from Japan Pinter London Miettinen R 2002 National Innovation System Scientific Concept or Political Rhetoric Edita Helsinki Nawar Abdel Hameed 2005 NIS in Egypt The Need for A Strategic Shift Faculty of Economics and Political Science manuscript OECD 1997 National Innovation Systems OECD Publications Paris External links editNational Innovation Systems OECD 1997 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title National innovation system amp oldid 1161595514, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
