At 3 meters long, between 0.7 and 1.5 meters in diameter, and weighing 4-5 tons, the earliest nuclear weapons were so large and heavy that they could only be carried by strategic bombers such as the United States Boeing B-29 Superfortress, Convair B-36 Peacemaker and the Soviet Tupolev Tu-4.[1] However, use of these aircraft in the 1950s for nuclear strikes on forward positions of enemy troops in a theatre of military operations was impractical.[2] By the mid-1950s, nuclear weapons development led to increases in their power and technical characteristics while reducing their diameters and masses, and therefore creating the possibility of using them in a variety of delivery vehicles. In particular, tactical strike aircraft became suitable carriers, but their application depended on factors including time of day, weather conditions, and the intensity of enemy air defenses.[3] Additionally, the response time of tactical strike aircraft was very large. Under these circumstances, it became desirable to provide army units with their own means of delivering nuclear warheads. In the 1950s, these means included traditional artillery pieces, recoil-less rifles, and unguided tactical missiles. Work was carried out on all three of these options in the United States, and, after some delay, in the Soviet Union too.
The available nuclear weapons technology did not allow the creation of sufficiently compact ammunition, so artillery solutions, including the American 280-mm T131 gun and Soviet 406-mm SM-54 (2A3) rifled gun and 420-mm SM-58 (2B1) smoothbore mortar, became too heavy and clumsy — the 2A3 weighed 55 tonnes, the T131 weighed 75.5 tonnes. These pieces could not be towed over bridges, could not navigate urban and rural streets, and required a lot of time to prepare for firing.
In both the US and the USSR, the alternative to these too-heavy artillery shells was unguided tactical rockets as carriers of nuclear weapons. The main advantages were:
Inertial guidance systems of the 1950s and 60s at ranges of around 30 km could achieve accuracies of only around 500–1000 m (CEP), comparable with the accuracy of unguided rockets.
The use of radio guidance was undesirable because it made the rocket vulnerable to interference. Additionally, it required the establishment of a guidance post on the ground or in the air.
Active homing systems for marine and air targets had not yet been developed in the early 1950s, let alone systems designed for ground targets.
References
^Knaack, Marcelle Size (1978). Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems. Volume 1. Post-World War II Fighters 1945-1973. Washington DC: Office of Air Force History. doi:10.21236/ada057002.
^"Secret Understandings on the Use of Nuclear Weapons, 1950-1974". nsarchive2.gwu.edu. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
^Green, William C. (2019-07-11), "Theater and Tactical Nuclear Weapons Policy", Soviet Nuclear Weapons Policy, Routledge, pp. 195–243, doi:10.4324/9780429307065-5, ISBN978-0-429-30706-5, retrieved 2020-01-22
January 07, 2023
mars, mars, nato, reporting, name, frog, grau, index, soviet, solid, fuel, tactical, missile, system, with, range, typeartillery, rocket, systemplace, originsoviet, unionspecificationsmaximum, firing, range18, engine3r1guidancesystemballisticthe, chief, design. The Mars NATO reporting name FROG 2 GRAU index 2K1 was a Soviet solid fuel tactical missile system with a range of 7 to 18 km 2K1 MarsTypeArtillery rocket systemPlace of originSoviet UnionSpecificationsMaximum firing range18 km 11 mi Engine3R1GuidancesystemballisticThe chief designer was N P Mazur Weight of launcher 15 tons based on PT 76 tank rocket engine 3R1 missile diameter 1 75 m guidance by launcher maximum speed of launcher 35 km hHistory EditBackground Edit At 3 meters long between 0 7 and 1 5 meters in diameter and weighing 4 5 tons the earliest nuclear weapons were so large and heavy that they could only be carried by strategic bombers such as the United States Boeing B 29 Superfortress Convair B 36 Peacemaker and the Soviet Tupolev Tu 4 1 However use of these aircraft in the 1950s for nuclear strikes on forward positions of enemy troops in a theatre of military operations was impractical 2 By the mid 1950s nuclear weapons development led to increases in their power and technical characteristics while reducing their diameters and masses and therefore creating the possibility of using them in a variety of delivery vehicles In particular tactical strike aircraft became suitable carriers but their application depended on factors including time of day weather conditions and the intensity of enemy air defenses 3 Additionally the response time of tactical strike aircraft was very large Under these circumstances it became desirable to provide army units with their own means of delivering nuclear warheads In the 1950s these means included traditional artillery pieces recoil less rifles and unguided tactical missiles Work was carried out on all three of these options in the United States and after some delay in the Soviet Union too The available nuclear weapons technology did not allow the creation of sufficiently compact ammunition so artillery solutions including the American 280 mm T131 gun and Soviet 406 mm SM 54 2A3 rifled gun and 420 mm SM 58 2B1 smoothbore mortar became too heavy and clumsy the 2A3 weighed 55 tonnes the T131 weighed 75 5 tonnes These pieces could not be towed over bridges could not navigate urban and rural streets and required a lot of time to prepare for firing In both the US and the USSR the alternative to these too heavy artillery shells was unguided tactical rockets as carriers of nuclear weapons The main advantages were Inertial guidance systems of the 1950s and 60s at ranges of around 30 km could achieve accuracies of only around 500 1000 m CEP comparable with the accuracy of unguided rockets The use of radio guidance was undesirable because it made the rocket vulnerable to interference Additionally it required the establishment of a guidance post on the ground or in the air Active homing systems for marine and air targets had not yet been developed in the early 1950s let alone systems designed for ground targets References Edit Knaack Marcelle Size 1978 Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems Volume 1 Post World War II Fighters 1945 1973 Washington DC Office of Air Force History doi 10 21236 ada057002 Secret Understandings on the Use of Nuclear Weapons 1950 1974 nsarchive2 gwu edu Retrieved 2020 01 22 Green William C 2019 07 11 Theater and Tactical Nuclear Weapons Policy Soviet Nuclear Weapons Policy Routledge pp 195 243 doi 10 4324 9780429307065 5 ISBN 978 0 429 30706 5 retrieved 2020 01 22 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 2K1 Mars amp oldid 1098220653, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
