Nannochoristidae is a family of scorpionflies with many unusual traits. It is a tiny, relict family with a single extant genus, Nannochorista, with eight species occurring in New Zealand, southeastern Australia, Tasmania, Argentina and Chile. Due to the groups distinctiveness from other scorpionflies, it is sometimes placed in its own order, the Nannomecoptera. Some studies have placed them as the closest living relatives of fleas.[1] Most mecopteran larvae are eruciform, or shaped like caterpillars. Nannochoristid larvae, however, are elateriform, and have elongated and slender bodies. The larvae are aquatic, which is unique among mecopterans. The larvae are predatory, hunting on the beds of shallow streams, primarily on the larvae of aquatic Diptera like chironomids.[2]
Fossils indicate that Nannochoristidae formerly had a wider distribution, being present in the Northern Hemisphere during the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous.[3]
Some research suggests the nannochoristids are the only holometabolous insects with true larval compound eyes .[4] All other eyed larvae have stemmata, which are structurally different from adult compound eyes with ommatidia. This is unusual, since most adult features are present as imaginal discs in larvae and not formed until pupation. The presence of compound eyes in nannochoristid larvae suggests the timing of the development of adult features can be initiated earlier in development, which has important implications for insect evolutionary development.
^ abTihelka, Erik; Giacomelli, Mattia; Huang, Di-Ying; Pisani, Davide; Donoghue, Philip C. J.; Cai, Chen-Yang (2020-12-21). "Fleas are parasitic scorpionflies". Palaeoentomology. 3 (6): 641–653–641–653. doi:10.11646/palaeoentomology.3.6.16. hdl:1983/8d3c12c6-529c-4754-b59d-3abf88a32fc9. ISSN 2624-2834. S2CID 234423213.
^Fraulob, Maximilian; Wipfler, Benjamin; Hünefeld, Frank; Pohl, Hans; Beutel, Rolf G. (March 2012). "The larval abdomen of the enigmatic Nannochoristidae (Mecoptera, Insecta)". Arthropod Structure & Development. 41 (2): 187–198. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2011.11.001. PMID 22309703.
^LIU, NAN; Zhao, Yunyun; REN, DONG (2010-04-07). "Two new fossil species of Itaphlebia (Mecoptera: Nannochoristidae) from Jiulongshan Formation, Inner Mongolia, China". Zootaxa. 2420 (1): 37. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2420.1.3. ISSN 1175-5334.
^Melzer, R. R.; H. F. Paulus & N. P. Kristensen (1994). "The larval eye of nannochoristid scorpionflies (Insecta, Mecoptera)". Acta Zoologica. 75 (3): 201–208. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.1994.tb01207.x.
^Whiting, Michael F.; Whiting, Alison S.; Hastriter, Michael W.; Dittmar, Katharina (2008). "A molecular phylogeny of fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera): origins and host associations". Cladistics. 24 (5): 677–707. CiteSeerX10.1.1.731.5211. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00211.x. S2CID 33808144.
^Yeates, David K.; Wiegmann, Brian. "Endopterygota Insects with complete metamorphosis". Tree of Life. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
^Whiting, Michael F. (2002). "Mecoptera is paraphyletic: multiple genes and phylogeny of Mecoptera and Siphonaptera". Zoologica Scripta. 31 (1): 93–104. doi:10.1046/j.0300-3256.2001.00095.x. S2CID 56100681. Archived from the original on 2013-01-05.
^Wiegmann, Brian; Yeates, David K. (2012). The Evolutionary Biology of Flies. Columbia University Press. p. 5. ISBN978-0-231-50170-5.
^Cao, Yizi; Lin, Xiaodan; Shih, Chungkun; Ren, Dong (2022-06-24). "Two new species of Itaphlebia (Insecta, Mecoptera, Nannochoristidae) from the late Middle Jurassic of China". ZooKeys (1108): 175–188. doi:10.3897/zookeys.1108.85378. ISSN 1313-2970. PMID 36760696.
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March 04, 2023
nannochoristidae, family, scorpionflies, with, many, unusual, traits, tiny, relict, family, with, single, extant, genus, nannochorista, with, eight, species, occurring, zealand, southeastern, australia, tasmania, argentina, chile, groups, distinctiveness, from. Nannochoristidae is a family of scorpionflies with many unusual traits It is a tiny relict family with a single extant genus Nannochorista with eight species occurring in New Zealand southeastern Australia Tasmania Argentina and Chile Due to the groups distinctiveness from other scorpionflies it is sometimes placed in its own order the Nannomecoptera Some studies have placed them as the closest living relatives of fleas 1 Most mecopteran larvae are eruciform or shaped like caterpillars Nannochoristid larvae however are elateriform and have elongated and slender bodies The larvae are aquatic which is unique among mecopterans The larvae are predatory hunting on the beds of shallow streams primarily on the larvae of aquatic Diptera like chironomids 2 NannochoristidaeTemporal range Jurassic Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NNannochorista philpottiScientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ArthropodaClass InsectaOrder MecopteraFamily NannochoristidaeTillyard 1917GeneraSee textFossils indicate that Nannochoristidae formerly had a wider distribution being present in the Northern Hemisphere during the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous 3 Some research suggests the nannochoristids are the only holometabolous insects with true larval compound eyes 4 All other eyed larvae have stemmata which are structurally different from adult compound eyes with ommatidia This is unusual since most adult features are present as imaginal discs in larvae and not formed until pupation The presence of compound eyes in nannochoristid larvae suggests the timing of the development of adult features can be initiated earlier in development which has important implications for insect evolutionary development Phylogeny EditThe cladogram of external relationships based on a 2008 DNA and protein analysis shows the family as a clade sister to the Siphonaptera fleas and rest of Mecoptera and more distantly related to the Diptera true flies and Mecoptera scorpionflies 5 6 7 8 Panzygothoraca Panorpida Antliophora Diptera true flies Mecopteroidea NannochoristidaeMecoptera scorpionflies hangingflies exc Boreidae amp Nannochoristidae Boreidae snow scorpionflies Siphonaptera fleas Amphiesmenoptera Trichoptera caddisflies Lepidoptera butterflies and moths Hymenoptera sawflies wasps ants bees part of Endopterygota A more recent study in 2021 found Nannochoristidae to be the sister group to fleas with strong support 1 Antliophora Diptera true flies Boreidae snow scorpionflies 30 spp Nannochoristidae southern scorpionflies 8 spp Siphonaptera fleas 2500 spp Pistillifera scorpionflies hangingflies 400 spp Genera EditAfter Cao et al 2022 9 Nannochorista Tillyard 1917 8 species Argentina Chile Tasmania Australia New Zealand Koonwarra fossil bed Australia Early Cretaceous Aptian Dahurochorista Sukatsheva 1985 one species Ichetuy Formation Russia Late Jurassic Oxfordian Dahurolarva Sukatsheva 1985 one species Ichetuy Formation Oxfordian Russia based on larvae only Itaphlebia Sukatsheva 1985 14 species Itat Formation Russia Middle Jurassic Bathonian Daohugou China Middle Jurassic Callovian Karabastau Formation Kazakhstan Late Jurassic Oxfordian Doronino Formation Russia Early Cretaceous Barremian Namdyrus Sukacheva 1993 Khaya Formation Russia Late Jurassic Tithonian Tarantogus Sukatsheva 1985 Itat Formation Russia Bathonian based on larvae only Undisca Sukatsheva 1990 Glushkovo Formation Russia TithonianReferences Edit a b Tihelka Erik Giacomelli Mattia Huang Di Ying Pisani Davide Donoghue Philip C J Cai Chen Yang 2020 12 21 Fleas are parasitic scorpionflies Palaeoentomology 3 6 641 653 641 653 doi 10 11646 palaeoentomology 3 6 16 hdl 1983 8d3c12c6 529c 4754 b59d 3abf88a32fc9 ISSN 2624 2834 S2CID 234423213 Fraulob Maximilian Wipfler Benjamin Hunefeld Frank Pohl Hans Beutel Rolf G March 2012 The larval abdomen of the enigmatic Nannochoristidae Mecoptera Insecta Arthropod Structure amp Development 41 2 187 198 doi 10 1016 j asd 2011 11 001 PMID 22309703 LIU NAN Zhao Yunyun REN DONG 2010 04 07 Two new fossil species of Itaphlebia Mecoptera Nannochoristidae from Jiulongshan Formation Inner Mongolia China Zootaxa 2420 1 37 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 2420 1 3 ISSN 1175 5334 Melzer R R H F Paulus amp N P Kristensen 1994 The larval eye of nannochoristid scorpionflies Insecta Mecoptera Acta Zoologica 75 3 201 208 doi 10 1111 j 1463 6395 1994 tb01207 x Whiting Michael F Whiting Alison S Hastriter Michael W Dittmar Katharina 2008 A molecular phylogeny of fleas Insecta Siphonaptera origins and host associations Cladistics 24 5 677 707 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 731 5211 doi 10 1111 j 1096 0031 2008 00211 x S2CID 33808144 Yeates David K Wiegmann Brian Endopterygota Insects with complete metamorphosis Tree of Life Retrieved 24 May 2016 Whiting Michael F 2002 Mecoptera is paraphyletic multiple genes and phylogeny of Mecoptera and Siphonaptera Zoologica Scripta 31 1 93 104 doi 10 1046 j 0300 3256 2001 00095 x S2CID 56100681 Archived from the original on 2013 01 05 Wiegmann Brian Yeates David K 2012 The Evolutionary Biology of Flies Columbia University Press p 5 ISBN 978 0 231 50170 5 Cao Yizi Lin Xiaodan Shih Chungkun Ren Dong 2022 06 24 Two new species of Itaphlebia Insecta Mecoptera Nannochoristidae from the late Middle Jurassic of China ZooKeys 1108 175 188 doi 10 3897 zookeys 1108 85378 ISSN 1313 2970 PMID 36760696 Wikispecies has information related to Nannochoristidae Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nannochoristidae amp oldid 1140006658, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
