NPC1

Niemann-Pick disease, type C1 (NPC1) is a membrane protein that mediates intracellular cholesterol trafficking in mammals. In humans the protein is encoded by the NPC1 gene (chromosome location 18q11).^[5][6]

NPC1
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 3GKH, 3GKI, 3GKJ, 5F1B, 5F18, 5HNS, 3JD8, 5I31, 5JNX
Identifiers
Aliases	NPC1, NPC, NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1, SLC65A1, POGZ
External IDs	OMIM: 607623; MGI: 1097712; HomoloGene: 228; GeneCards: NPC1; OMA:NPC1 - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 18 (human)^[1] Band 18q11.2 Start 23,506,184 bp^[1] End 23,586,506 bp^[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 18 (mouse)^[2] Band 18 A1|18 6.15 cM Start 12,322,749 bp^[2] End 12,369,457 bp^[2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in secondary oocyte middle frontal gyrus corpus callosum inferior ganglion of vagus nerve parotid gland internal globus pallidus upper lobe of left lung inferior olivary nucleus minor salivary glands right lung Top expressed in secondary oocyte interventricular septum hair follicle saccule yolk sac sciatic nerve lip adrenal gland right lung lobe left lobe of liver More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function virus receptor activity lipid transporter activity sterol transporter activity cholesterol binding protein binding transmembrane signaling receptor activity signaling receptor activity Cellular component integral component of membrane vesicle endosome Golgi apparatus nuclear envelope membrane late endosome membrane plasma membrane integral component of plasma membrane extracellular region endoplasmic reticulum perinuclear region of cytoplasm membrane raft lysosome extracellular exosome lysosomal membrane integral component of lysosomal membrane Biological process cellular response to steroid hormone stimulus steroid metabolic process response to cadmium ion endocytosis negative regulation of macroautophagy lipid metabolism bile acid metabolic process cholesterol transport establishment of protein localization to membrane cellular response to low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus cholesterol metabolic process negative regulation of cell death autophagy protein glycosylation membrane raft organization cholesterol efflux lysosomal transport viral entry into host cell cholesterol homeostasis viral process adult walking behavior signal transduction low-density lipoprotein particle clearance intracellular cholesterol transport lipid transport Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 4864 18145 Ensembl ENSG00000141458 ENSMUSG00000024413 UniProt O15118 O35604 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000271 NM_008720 RefSeq (protein) NP_000262 NP_032746 Location (UCSC) Chr 18: 23.51 – 23.59 Mb Chr 18: 12.32 – 12.37 Mb PubMed search ^[3] ^[4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

NPC1 gene is located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 18 at position 11.2.

Function

NPC1 was identified as the gene that when mutated, results in Niemann-Pick disease, type C. Niemann-Pick disease, type C is a rare neurovisceral lipid storage disorder resulting from autosomal recessively inherited loss-of-function mutations in either NPC1 or NPC2. This disrupts intracellular lipid transport, leading to the accumulation of lipid products in the late endosomes and lysosomes. Approximately 95% of NPC patients are found to have mutations in the NPC1 gene.

NPC1 encodes a putative integral membrane protein containing sequence motifs consistent with a role in intracellular transport of cholesterol and sphingosine to post-lysosomal destinations.^[5][7]

Clinical significance

Obesity

Mutations in the NPC1 gene have been strongly linked with obesity.^[8] A genome-wide association study identified NPC1 mutations as a risk factor in childhood obesity and adult morbid obesity, and 1,416 age-matched normal weight controls.^[8] Mutations in NPC1 were also correlated with ordinary weight gain in the population. Previous studies in mice have suggested that the NPC1 gene has a role in controlling appetite, as mice with a non-functioning NPC1 gene suffer late-onset weight loss and have poor food intake. NPC1 gene variant could account for around 10 per cent of all childhood obesity and about 14 per cent of adult morbid obesity cases.^[8]

Obesity is a widely known disorder that is caused by having too high of a body fat percentage (defined as more than 25% body fat percentage for men, and more than 33% for women) — specifically a large excess of white adipose tissue — responsible for dramatically increasing the risks of developing other medical conditions such as Type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, osteoarthritis, cancer, and many more. Being obese is different from being overweight (which is simply weighing too much or over the recommended amount) as that does not account for body fat percentage or a body fat to body weight ratio, meaning that the weight can come from other areas in the body such as bone and/or muscle. In just the United States alone, approximately 40% of Americans aged twenty and above are obese, and over 70% of Americans aged twenty and above are overweight (which includes obesity), making obesity a major health issue that must be researched and addressed further.

There are many factors that can affect obesity, including environment, diet, life-style (sedentary vs. active), genetic predisposition—and even within only the genetic component it is rarely ever just one single gene that is the main cause for obesity or increase in obesity risks. There are numerous genes (over a hundred) that can contribute to and are known to be strongly associated with or responsible for obesity. These include genes such as MC4R, LEP, LEPR, and FTO. One of the lesser known gene diseases that is known to be linked to obesity is the NPC1 disease, which is otherwise known as the Niemann-Pick disease type C1. It is important to note that the mutations of this gene are responsible for obesity risk factors, and not the gene itself causing obesity risk factors. The protein product of the NPC1 gene regulates cholesterol and fatty acid transports from lysosomes. It plays a crucial part in metabolism and the overall maintenance of homeostasis related to fats and lipids. One study found that NPC1 mRNA levels were increased in both fat depots, enriched in fat cells, and down-regulated by weight loss.^[9] This gene also interacts with diets consisting of high fats to increase weight gain through "differential regulation of central energy metabolism pathways."^[10] Specifically, presence of this gene showed significantly increased glycolysis and lipogenesis (which involve turning excess glucose or carbohydrates into fats). In this particular study, Castillo et al. found that when mice with the heterozygous gene (NPC1+/-) were compared to mice with the "normal" homozygous gene (NPC1+/+), heterozygous mice were more susceptible to weight gain when both groups were fed high-fat foods. (BALB/cJ Npc1 mouse models were used, which "possesses a retroposon insertion that prematurely terminates protein translation, thereby producing a nonfunctional truncated NPC1 protein".) Although this isn't a study involving humans, it can be presumed that very similar results will be obtained for people as well and provides valuable information related to this genetic disease and disorder.

NPC1 disease is an autosomal-recessive lipid storage disease. It is mostly known for cholesterol infiltration, which in turn can cause liver failure, lung failure, and even neurodegeneration.^[11][12] While the Niemann-Pick disease is caused by homozygous pathogenic mutations in the NPC1 gene, heterozygous mutations can still cause "highly-penetrant obesity." It was also revealed that NPC1 mutations are consistent with a model of balanced selection, where heterozygotes have higher reproductive fitness and homozygotes have lower reproductive fitness. These heterozygous mutations can account for ethnic-dependent percentage of obesity in the general population, while homozygous mutations are recently found to be more frequently appearing in South Asian populations.^[12] Results from many previous studies suggest that NPC1 plays a role in adipocyte processes which underlie causes in obesity. More research needs to be done in order to better understand the relationship of the NPC1 gene and obesity risk factors among ethnicities. There are even recent studies being done to investigate other relatedness factors of obesity and NPC1, such as age and sex, that are yet to be absolutely determined.

HIV-AIDS

Cholesterol pathways play an important role at multiple stages during the HIV-1 infection cycle. HIV-1 fusion, entry, assembly, and budding occur at cholesterol-enriched microdomains called lipid rafts. The HIV-1 accessory protein, Nef, has been shown to induce many genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis and homeostasis. Intracellular cholesterol trafficking pathways mediated by NPC1 are needed for efficient HIV-1 production.^[13][14]

Ebola virus

The human Niemann–Pick C1 (NPC1) cholesterol transporter appears to be essential for Ebola virus infection: a series of independent studies have presented evidence that Ebola virus enters human cells after binding to NPC1.^[15][16] When cells from Niemann Pick Type C patients lacking this transporter were exposed to Ebola virus in the laboratory, the cells survived and appeared impervious to the virus, further indicating that Ebola relies on NPC1 to enter cells.^[16] The same studies described similar results with Marburg virus, another filovirus, showing that it too needs NPC1 to enter cells.^[15][16] In one of the studies, NPC1 was shown to be critical to filovirus entry because it mediates infection by binding directly to the viral envelope glycoprotein.^[16] A later study confirmed the findings that NPC1 is a critical filovirus receptor that mediates infection by binding directly to the viral envelope glycoprotein and that the second lysosomal domain of NPC1 mediates this binding.^[17]

In one of the original studies, a small molecule was shown to inhibit Ebola virus infection by preventing the virus glycoprotein from binding to NPC1.^[16][18] In the other study, mice that were heterozygous for NPC1 were shown to be protected from lethal challenge with mouse adapted Ebola virus.^[15] Together, these studies suggest NPC1 may be potential therapeutic target for an Ebola anti-viral drug.

Mechanisms in pathology

In a mouse model carrying the underlying mutation for Niemann-Pick type C1 disease in the NPC1 protein, the expression of Myelin gene Regulatory Factor (MRF) has been shown to be significantly decreased.^[19] MRF is a transcription factor of critical importance in the development and maintenance of myelin sheaths.^[20] A perturbation of oligodendrocyte maturation and the myelination process might therefore be an underlying mechanism of the neurological deficits.^[19]

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000141458 – Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000024413 – Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. "Entrez Gene: NPC1 Niemann-Pick disease, type C1".
6. Carstea ED, Polymeropoulos MH, Parker CC, et al. (March 1993). "Linkage of Niemann-Pick disease type C to human chromosome 18". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 90 (5): 2002–4. Bibcode:1993PNAS...90.2002C. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.5.2002. PMC 46008. PMID 8446622.
7. Carstea ED, Morris JA, Coleman KG, et al. (July 1997). "Niemann-Pick C1 disease gene: homology to mediators of cholesterol homeostasis". Science. 277 (5323): 228–31. doi:10.1126/science.277.5323.228. PMID 9211849.
8. Meyre D, Delplanque J, Chèvre JC, et al. (February 2009). "Genome-wide association study for early-onset and morbid adult obesity identifies three new risk loci in European populations". Nature Genetics. 41 (2): 157–9. doi:10.1038/ng.301. PMID 19151714. S2CID 11218794.
9. Bambace C, Dahlman I, Arner P, et al. (2013-01-30). "NPC1 in human white adipose tissue and obesity". BMC Endocrine Disorders. 13 (1): 5. doi:10.1186/1472-6823-13-5. ISSN 1472-6823. PMC 3566954. PMID 23360456.
10. Castillo JJ, Jelinek D, Wei H, et al. (2017-08-01). "The Niemann-Pick C1 gene interacts with a high-fat diet to promote weight gain through differential regulation of central energy metabolism pathways". American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 313 (2): E183–E194. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00369.2016. ISSN 0193-1849. PMC 5582887. PMID 28487438.
11. Lamri A, Pigeyre M, Garver WS, et al. (2018-04-01). "The Extending Spectrum of NPC1-Related Human Disorders: From Niemann–Pick C1 Disease to Obesity". Endocrine Reviews. 39 (2): 192–220. doi:10.1210/er.2017-00176. ISSN 0163-769X. PMC 5888214. PMID 29325023.
12. Chiorean A, Garver WS, Meyre D (2020-11-02). "Signatures of natural selection and ethnic-specific prevalence of NPC1 pathogenic mutations contributing to obesity and Niemann–Pick disease type C1". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 18787. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1018787C. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-75919-4. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7608643. PMID 33139814.
13. Tang Y, Leao IC, Coleman EM, et al. (August 2009). "Deficiency of niemann-pick type C-1 protein impairs release of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and results in Gag accumulation in late endosomal/lysosomal compartments". Journal of Virology. 83 (16): 7982–95. doi:10.1128/JVI.00259-09. PMC 2715784. PMID 19474101.
14. Coleman EM, Walker TN, Hildreth JE (January 2012). "Loss of Niemann Pick type C proteins 1 and 2 greatly enhances HIV infectivity and is associated with accumulation of HIV Gag and cholesterol in late endosomes/lysosomes". Virology Journal. 9 (1): 31. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-9-31. PMC 3299633. PMID 22273177.
15. Carette JE, Raaben M, Wong AC, et al. (August 2011). "Ebola virus entry requires the cholesterol transporter Niemann-Pick C1". Nature. 477 (7364): 340–3. Bibcode:2011Natur.477..340C. doi:10.1038/nature10348. PMC 3175325. PMID 21866103.
    • Amanda Schaffer (January 16, 2012). "Key Protein May Give Ebola Virus Its Opening". The New York Times.
16. Côté M, Misasi J, Ren T, et al. (August 2011). "Small molecule inhibitors reveal Niemann-Pick C1 is essential for Ebola virus infection". Nature. 477 (7364): 344–8. Bibcode:2011Natur.477..344C. doi:10.1038/nature10380. PMC 3230319. PMID 21866101.
    • Amanda Schaffer (January 16, 2012). "Key Protein May Give Ebola Virus Its Opening". The New York Times.
17. Miller EH, Obernosterer G, Raaben M, et al. (April 2012). "Ebola virus entry requires the host-programmed recognition of an intracellular receptor". The EMBO Journal. 31 (8): 1947–60. doi:10.1038/emboj.2012.53. PMC 3343336. PMID 22395071.
18. Flemming A (September 2011). "Achilles heel of Ebola viral entry". Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery. 10 (10): 731. doi:10.1038/nrd3568. PMID 21959282. S2CID 26888076.
19. Yan X, Lukas J, Witt M, et al. (December 2011). "Decreased expression of myelin gene regulatory factor in Niemann-Pick type C 1 mouse". Metabolic Brain Disease. 26 (4): 299–306. doi:10.1007/s11011-011-9263-9. PMID 21938520. S2CID 26878522.
20. Koenning M, Jackson S, Hay CM, et al. (September 2012). "Myelin gene regulatory factor is required for maintenance of myelin and mature oligodendrocyte identity in the adult CNS". The Journal of Neuroscience. 32 (36): 12528–42. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1069-12.2012. PMC 3752083. PMID 22956843.

Further reading

• Vanier MT, Suzuki K (January 1998). "Recent advances in elucidating Niemann-Pick C disease". Brain Pathology. 8 (1): 163–74. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.1998.tb00143.x. PMC 8098395. PMID 9458174. S2CID 10300500.
• Liscum L, Klansek JJ (April 1998). "Niemann-Pick disease type C". Current Opinion in Lipidology. 9 (2): 131–5. doi:10.1097/00041433-199804000-00009. PMID 9559270.
• Morris JA, Carstea ED (December 1998). "Niemann-Pick C disease: cholesterol handling gone awry". Molecular Medicine Today. 4 (12): 525–31. doi:10.1016/S1357-4310(98)01374-4. PMID 9866822.
• Garver WS, Heidenreich RA (August 2002). "The Niemann-Pick C proteins and trafficking of cholesterol through the late endosomal/lysosomal system". Current Molecular Medicine. 2 (5): 485–505. doi:10.2174/1566524023362375. PMID 12125814.
• Greer WL, Riddell DC, Byers DM, et al. (July 1997). "Linkage of Niemann-Pick disease type D to the same region of human chromosome 18 as Niemann-Pick disease type C". American Journal of Human Genetics. 61 (1): 139–42. doi:10.1086/513899. PMC 1715879. PMID 9245994.
• Greer WL, Riddell DC, Gillan TL, et al. (July 1998). "The Nova Scotia (type D) form of Niemann-Pick disease is caused by a G3097-->T transversion in NPC1". American Journal of Human Genetics. 63 (1): 52–4. doi:10.1086/301931. PMC 1377252. PMID 9634529.
• Watari H, Blanchette-Mackie EJ, Dwyer NK, et al. (February 1999). "Niemann-Pick C1 protein: obligatory roles for N-terminal domains and lysosomal targeting in cholesterol mobilization". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96 (3): 805–10. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96..805W. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.3.805. PMC 15306. PMID 9927649.
• Patel SC, Suresh S, Kumar U, et al. (February 1999). "Localization of Niemann-Pick C1 protein in astrocytes: implications for neuronal degeneration in Niemann- Pick type C disease". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96 (4): 1657–62. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96.1657P. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.4.1657. PMC 15549. PMID 9990080.
• Morris JA, Zhang D, Coleman KG, et al. (August 1999). "The genomic organization and polymorphism analysis of the human Niemann-Pick C1 gene". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 261 (2): 493–8. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.1070. PMID 10425213.
• Yamamoto T, Nanba E, Ninomiya H, et al. (1999). "NPC1 gene mutations in Japanese patients with Niemann-Pick disease type C". Human Genetics. 105 (1–2): 10–6. doi:10.1007/s004399900059. PMID 10480349.
• Greer WL, Dobson MJ, Girouard GS, et al. (November 1999). "Mutations in NPC1 highlight a conserved NPC1-specific cysteine-rich domain". American Journal of Human Genetics. 65 (5): 1252–60. doi:10.1086/302620. PMC 1288277. PMID 10521290.
• Millat G, Marçais C, Rafi MA, et al. (November 1999). "Niemann-Pick C1 disease: the I1061T substitution is a frequent mutant allele in patients of Western European descent and correlates with a classic juvenile phenotype". American Journal of Human Genetics. 65 (5): 1321–9. doi:10.1086/302626. PMC 1288284. PMID 10521297.
• Davies JP, Ioannou YA (August 2000). "Topological analysis of Niemann-Pick C1 protein reveals that the membrane orientation of the putative sterol-sensing domain is identical to those of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and sterol regulatory element binding protein cleavage-activating protein". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (32): 24367–74. doi:10.1074/jbc.M002184200. PMID 10821832.
• Millat G, Marçais C, Tomasetto C, et al. (June 2001). "Niemann-Pick C1 disease: correlations between NPC1 mutations, levels of NPC1 protein, and phenotypes emphasize the functional significance of the putative sterol-sensing domain and of the cysteine-rich luminal loop". American Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (6): 1373–85. doi:10.1086/320606. PMC 1226124. PMID 11333381.
• Sun X, Marks DL, Park WD, et al. (June 2001). "Niemann-Pick C variant detection by altered sphingolipid trafficking and correlation with mutations within a specific domain of NPC1". American Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (6): 1361–72. doi:10.1086/320599. PMC 1226123. PMID 11349231.

External links

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to NPC1.

• NPC1+protein,+human at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
• Hide & Seek Foundation for Lysosomal Disease Research

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.